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Topic 6.4 Gas Exchange

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Nguyễn Ngọc Cảnh
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64 views10 pages

Topic 6.4 Gas Exchange

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Nguyễn Ngọc Cảnh
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Introduction to Gas Exchange Key idea: Gas exchange Is the process by which oxygen land carbon dioxide are exchanged between the colls of an ‘organism and the environment. Living calls require energy for the activities of life. Energy ig released in cells by the breakdown of sugars and other ‘substances in cellular respiration. As a consequence of this process, gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) need to The Need for Gas Exchange Gas exchange is he process by which nygjen is acquired and ‘carbon donde is emoved. Call ‘espiaton erates a constant {demand for xygen (0,) ard a soe te eiminate carbon doce gaz (€O,)-The inputs and outputs for cal cepraon are shown below for 2 gunorliod animal al Gas exchange suracos fare tino manimize sStuson ate Mitochondria ae the main sto of co repiation, which eecurs in evar colo ho body. Glucoso ks brokan down to reloaso energy as ATP, Ncretos ‘8 constant dana for oxygen (0,) and a ned to ‘eliminate carbon cori gas (CO) 1. What is gas exchange?, bbe exchanged by diffusion. Gas exchange occurs between respiring cells and the blood, and between the lungs and the ‘external environment. Diffusion gradients are maintained by transport of gases away from the gas exchange surface. Gas. ‘exchange membranes must be in close proximity tothe blood for this to occur effectively. Gas exchange sutacs provide a means for gases to enter an eave tho body Inhumans the gas exchange surlaces are whi the lungs, wien fare roused thin te chest cal. The lng issue prewdos a large sutace area forthe exchange ct gases by ‘Suson The lungs are protected rom ‘ying out becauee they ae ern “The ribcage proves protection forthe lungs and, together withthe daprragm, assis in vntiatng the ngs by ineressing and ‘eereasing trace owns. Continual ‘movement aint ang ot fhe lungs and {reulaton of sood through the lung capilarios tmanian the concentration gradients fr cifusion (Of gases across the gas exchange surace Fick's Law ‘The fusion rate across gas exchange: surfaces is described by Fick's law: ‘suface area ‘otmembrane Diteronce in concentration ‘areas the membrane “Thickness of he membrane 2. (a) What gases are involved in gas exchange? (b) By which transport process do these gases move? ‘3. What is the main function of a gas exchange surface? 4, Name three features of gas exchange surfaces that allow them to effectively exchange gases: (@ ) cc) un uni > 20122014 BIOZONE nenstonl Ison: o7e-19a717395-0 €: Cay ere) Lier = “ & Y 0 ye? e One beter: 0\ errs en anane eee Y rea ou a en wena NESS IONS. ‘Treatment “Theres currently no eur oF vaccine avaliabio {or HIV, but several drugs help slow down tho ‘etlcis and spread of an HIV infection. ‘Drugs that work agalnst HIV ae called antiretroviral theranw (457. T= HIV is easy transmitted between Inravonous drug users who share nod ‘pla egmegaton) where HIV (Boos nave ractad wit HV proein- ‘estar bead (0) How do the helper Fells res 8. (a) Describe three common ways | rother: (©) Why have the rates of HIV infections from blood products dropped in developed countries? _ 4, Why are a cocktal of afferent antin 5. Drug resistance in HIV is becoming 4 wy is ita problem? © 20122014 81070NE ition! ‘son (9 The Gas Exchange System Key Idea: Lungs are internal sacclke organs connected to with the environment. In humans, this system consists the outside by a system of airways. The smallest airways end of paired lungs connected to the outside air by way of in thin-walled alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. f gystem of tubular passageways: the trachea, bronchi, ‘The gas exchange (or respiratory system) includes all the and bronchioles. The details of exchanges across the gas structures associated with exchanging respiratory gases exchange membrane are described on the next page. Nasal passages warm and moiston the air entering trough the nostis. Each nostril has a border of ais to trap particles and fiter them out of tho systom.. Ar entering the body through the ‘mouth enters the pharynx and mixes ‘th air fom the nasal passages. Lungs aorta! sack ogo. The paired knge of hurans ae connected othe fade aby eystm of nia sways The wachea waster atthe itches onc ard onl re lungs. It is strengthened with eens ee eee el So Temovs stoned panogens bee hey reach te ges exchange srtaces. ‘Tho trachea divides into two bronchi, These are also ‘supported by cariage bands. ach lung has soveral obes ‘and each lobe recowves its ‘own bronchus, The bronchi Bronchioles branch from z «vide many tes, ending in the bronchi ana divide nto tho respiratory bronchioles the progressively smaller branches, ‘alveolar dues, and mary aiveo ‘The cartilage is gradually lost ‘a the bronenioles decrease indameter, ‘The alveolar the sto of eas ‘xchange. They prvide a large ‘surface area (70m) forthe exchange ‘of rspiatory gases by difusion Dtween the ain the tungs and tho ood inthe capilries. The alveot ‘tat afer each breath out. A phospholipid surtactant helps to proven collapse ofthe aloo by I Secroasing surface toncon. “Tho wal ofthe amas esprtory bronchioles lack cartage but have algo amount of ‘smooth muscle. They subdivide into the ‘lveolar ducts which sade the alval (above And ot). Noto the thin alveolar walls. ‘The ung cpllaries surround he aboot very closely. lowing rapid sion of gases botween tho avo and cepilary. Oxygen transported inthe od bound fo hemodibin inthe rd lod ool Con doxie is cariod inthe bloods bearbonao. The transport of ‘gases to and fom the gas exchange suri ‘Onygen errs blood tom arin abel maintains tho concentration gradont for Catbon dle leaves Bood and is breathed ot

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