Group
REEFERMAN TRAINING
Refrigeration basics
Thursday, October 8, 2015
Refrigeration
Technique that analyzes phenomenon
and processes taking place in a wide
domain of temperatures, aprox. +100
degree centigrade and -273.15 degree
centigrade
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration domains
+40…+100 degree centigrade – Heat
pumps
0…+5 degree centigrade – Air
conditioning
-200…0 degree centigrade –
Industrial refrigeration
-273.15…-200 degree centigrade -
cryogenic
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Refrigeration methods
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Refrigeration basics – heat vs temperature
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration basics - pressure
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration basics - pressure
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Refrigeration basics – phase change
REEFERMAN TRAINING Thursday, October
REFRIGERATION BASICS 8, 2015
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Refrigeration basics – phase change
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Refrigeration basics
Refrigeration is the removal of
heat from a material or space,
so that it’s temperature is lower
than that of it’s surroundings.
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Refrigeration therms
A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise, by one
degree, the temperature of a pound of water. So if you
buy an air conditioner rated at 10,000 BTUs, it has the
ability to cool 10,000 pounds -- about 1,200 gallons -- of
water, one degree in an hour. Refrigeration is normally
measured in “Tons”. 12,000 BTU’s equal 1 ton.
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Refrigeration therms
Saturation Temperature - Also referred to as the boiling
point or the condensing temperature. This is the
temperature at which a refrigerant will change state from
a liquid to a vapor or vice versa.
Latent Heat - Latent Heat is the heat given up or absorbed
by a substance as it changes state. It is called latent
because it is not associated with a change in
temperature. Each substance has a characteristic latent
heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat
of condensation and latent heat of sublimation.
Sensible Heat - Heat, that when added or removed,
causes a change in temperature but not in state.
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Refrigeration therms
Superheated Vapor - Refrigerant vapor is heated above
its saturation temperature. If a refrigerant is
superheated, there is no liquid present. Superheat is an
indication of how full the evaporator is of liquid
refrigerant. High superheat means the evaporator is
empty. Low superheat means the evaporator is full.
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Refrigeration therms
Sub-cooling is a temperature below saturated pressure-temperature.
Sub-cooling is a measurement of how much liquid is in the
condenser. In air conditioning, it is important to measure sub-cooling
because the longer the liquid stays in the condenser, the greater the
sensible (visible) heat loss. Low sub-cooling means that a condenser
is empty.
High sub-cooling means that a condenser is full. Over filling a
system, increases pressure due to the liquid filling of a condenser
that shows up as high sub-cooling. To move the refrigerant from
condenser to the liquid line, it must be pushed down the liquid line to
a metering device. If a pressure drop occurs in the liquid line and the
refrigerant has no sub-cooling, the refrigerant will start to re-vaporize
(change state from a liquid to a vapor) before reaching the metering
devise.
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Refrigeration therms
Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that helps to account for the
flow of energy through a thermodynamic process.
The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because
isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic
equilibrium, which is the state of maximum entropy.
Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic
system. It includes the internal energy, which is the energy
required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to
make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing
its volume and pressure.
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential. Enthalpy change accounts
for energy transferred to the environment at constant pressure
through expansion or heating.
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Pressure – Enthalpy graph – Exemple for water
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration cycle
Heat flows in direction of decreasing
temperature, i.e., from high-temperature to
low temperature regions. The transfer of
heat from a low-temperature to high-
temperature requires a refrigerator and/or
heat pump.
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration cycle
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of
heat and work interactions. A refrigerator or heat pump that
operates on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a Carnot
refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigeration cycle
The Ideal Vapor‐Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The vapor-compression refrigeration is the most widely used
cycle for refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps.
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Refrigeration cycle
• When refrigerant absorbs the unwanted heat, this raises the
refrigerant’s temperature so that it changes from a liquid to a
gas — it evaporates. The system then uses condensation to
release the heat and change the refrigerant back into a liquid.
• This cycle is based on the physical principle, that a liquid
extracts heat from the surrounding area as it expands (boils)
into a gas.
REEFERMAN TRAINING Thursday, October
REFRIGERATION BASICS 8, 2015
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Refrigeration cycle
REEFERMAN TRAINING Thursday, October
REFRIGERATION BASICS 8, 2015
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Refrigerant R744 – Carbon Dioxide – Transcritical cycle
REEFERMAN TRAINING REFRIGERATION BASICS
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Refrigerant R744 – Carbon Dioxide – Phase change
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Thank you
