Faraday’s Law of Induction
Potential drop along the closed contour is minus the rate of change
of magnetic flux.
We can change the magnetic flux in several ways including changing
the magnitude of the magnetic field, changing the area of the loop, or
by changing the angle the loop with respect to the magnetic field
10
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law (1)
Lenz’s Law defines a rule for determining the direction of an
induced current in a loop
An induced current will have a direction such that the
magnetic field due to the induced current opposes the
change in the magnetic flux that induces the current
Meaning, if the flux increases, the induced B-field will be
directed against external B-field
25
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law
- Induced current
- Induced magnetic field
in the direction so to
oppose the change
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law
- Induced current
- Induced magnetic field
in the direction so to
oppose the change
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law
- Induced current
- Induced magnetic field
in the direction so to
oppose the change
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law
- Induced current
- Induced magnetic field
in the direction so to
oppose the change
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Lenz’s Law
- Induced current
- Induced magnetic field
in the direction so to
oppose the change
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Eddy currents
E-field line is circular.
If within a conductor, it will
drive current: eddy current.
x x x
That current will produce its
own B-field, opposing the
external change (Lenz’s law) x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Eddy currents
E-field line is circular.
If within a conductor, it will
drive current: eddy current.
x x x
That current will produce its
own B-field, opposing the
external change (Lenz’s law) x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Eddy currents
E-field line is circular.
If within a conductor, it will
drive current: eddy current.
x x x
That current will produce its
own B-field, opposing the
external change (Lenz’s law) x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Eddy currents
E-field line is circular.
If within a conductor, it will
drive current: eddy current.
x x x
That current will produce its
own B-field, opposing the
external change (Lenz’s law) x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Eddy currents
E-field line is circular.
If within a conductor, it will
drive current: eddy current.
x x x
That current will produce its
own B-field, opposing the
external change (Lenz’s law) x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductive E-field: work along closed path
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductive E-field: work along closed path
x x x
x x x
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductive E-field: work along closed path
x x x
x x x
v
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductive E-field: work along closed path
x x x
x x x
v
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductive E-field: work along closed path
x x x
x x x
v
E
E-field lines are closed!
This is very different from E-field from a point charge!
5
Monday, March 10, 2014
demo: magnet falling through pipe
The B-field induced by eddy currents will oppose the effect
that induced the current = motion of the magnet.
There will be breaking force.
B-field generated by eddy currents will cause a
repulsive or drag force between the conductor and the
external magnet: magnetic breaking.
• gravitational energy is dissipated by resistivity, can heat an
object.
Monday, March 10, 2014
Demos:
magnet in a tube
Eddy currents
Jumping ring
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
i B
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
Magnetic flux through the
contour is proportional to
current, Φ ∝ i
i B
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
Magnetic flux through the
contour is proportional to
current, Φ ∝ i
Φ = Li
i B
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
Magnetic flux through the
contour is proportional to
current, Φ ∝ i
Φ = Li
i B
L - inductance
(self-inductance)
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance
Magnetic flux through the
contour is proportional to
current, Φ ∝ i
Φ = Li
i B
L - inductance
(self-inductance)
compare with capacitance: q= C V
The unit of inductance is the
henry (H) given by
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance of a current loop.
Monday, March 10, 2014
B-field of a ring current
�
µ0 dl × r
B= I
4π r3
µ0 idl
dBz = dB cos β = cos β
4π r2
cos β = R/r
�
r = z 2 + R2
2
µ0 2πR i
B=
4π (z 2 + R2 )3/2
Recall: E-field of a dipole ~ 1/z3, similarly, B ~ 1/z3
10
Monday, March 10, 2014
Self-inductance of a current loop.
µ0 i
In the plane of the loop B≈
2 R
2
Φ ∼ R B ≈ µ0 iR
Φ = Li
L ≈ µ0 R
Similar to capacitance, inductance is a
geometrical property
11
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance (1)
Consider a long solenoid with N turns
carrying a current i
Same current, flux adds: large
inductance.
This current creates a magnetic field in
the center of the solenoid resulting in a
magnetic flux of ΦB
The quantity NΦB, called the flux
linkage, is always proportional to the
current with a proportionality constant
called the inductance L
41
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance (1)
Consider a long solenoid with N turns
carrying a current i
Same current, flux adds: large
inductance.
This current creates a magnetic field in
the center of the solenoid resulting in a
magnetic flux of ΦB Φ = Li
The quantity NΦB, called the flux
linkage, is always proportional to the
current with a proportionality constant
called the inductance L
41
Monday, March 10, 2014
Inductance of a Solenoid
Consider a solenoid with cross sectional area A and length l
The flux linkage is
• n is the number of turns per unit length and B = µ0in
The inductance of a solenoid is then
The inductance of a solenoid depends only on its geometry
43
Monday, March 10, 2014
Self Inductance and Mutual Induction
Consider the situation in which two coils, or inductors, are
close to each other
A current in the first coil produces magnetic flux in the
second coil
Changing the current in the first coil will induce an emf in the
second coil
However, the changing current in the first coil also induces
an emf in itself
This phenomenon is called self-induction
The resulting emf is termed the self-induced emf
44
Monday, March 10, 2014
Self Induction
Faraday’s Law of Induction tells us that the self-induced emf for any
inductor is given by
Thus in any inductor, a self-induced emf appears when the current changes
with time
This self-induced emf depends on the time rate change of the current and
the inductance of the device
Lenz’s Law provides the direction of the self-induced emf
The minus sign expresses that the induced emf always opposes any change
in current
45
Monday, March 10, 2014
Self Inductance: Increasing Current
In the figure below, the current flowing through an inductor
is increasing with time
Thus a self-induced emf arises to oppose the increase in
current
46
Monday, March 10, 2014
Self Inductance: Decreasing Current
In the figure below, the current flowing through an inductor
is decreasing with time
Thus a self-induced emf arises to oppose the decrease in
current
47
Monday, March 10, 2014
Mutual inductance
Φ2 = L12 i1
Φ1 = L21 i2
L21 = L12
18
Monday, March 10, 2014
Demo: Faraday’s law
19
Monday, March 10, 2014
Energy of a Magnetic Field
The instantaneous power provided by the emf source is the
product of the current and voltage in the circuit
Integrating this power over the time it takes to reach a final
current yields the energy stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor
59
Monday, March 10, 2014
Energy of B-field
2
L = µ0 n V
2
Li µ0 2 2
W = = n i V
2 2
ni = B/µ0
2
B
W = V
2µ0
2
B
w= Energy density of B-field
2µ0
21
Monday, March 10, 2014
22
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (1)
We have assumed that our inductors have no resistance
Now let’s treat inductors that have resistance
Reminder: RC circuits
We know that if we place a source of external voltage, Vemf, into a
single loop circuit containing a resistor R and a capacitor C, the
charge q on the capacitor builds up over time as
• where the time constant of the circuit is given by τC = RC
The same time constant governs the decrease of the initial charge q
in the circuit if the emf is suddenly removed
48
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (2)
If we place an emf in a single loop circuit containing a resistance R and an
inductor L, a similar phenomenon occurs
If we had connected only the resistor and not the inductor, the current
would instantaneously rise to the value given by Ohm’s Law as soon as we
closed the switch
However, in the circuit with both the resistor and the inductor, the
increasing current flowing through the inductor creates a self-induced
emf that tends to oppose the increase in current
49
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (3)
As time passes, the change in current decreases and the opposing
self-induced emf decreases and after a long time, the current is
steady
We can use Kirchhoff’s loop rule to analyze this circuit assuming that
the current i at any given time is flowing through the circuit in a
counterclockwise direction
The emf source represents a gain in potential, +Vemf, and the resistor
represents a drop in potential, -iR
50
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (4)
The self-inductance of the inductor represents a drop in
potential because it is opposing the increase in current
The drop in potential due to the inductor is proportional to
the time rate change of the current and is given by
51
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (5)
Thus we can write the sum of the potential drops around the circuit
as
We can rewrite this equation as
The solution to this differential equation is
We can see that the time constant of this circuit is τL = L/R
52
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (6)
Now consider the case in which an emf source had been
connected to the circuit and is suddenly removed
We can use our previous equation with Vemf = 0 to describe
the time dependence of this circuit
53
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (7)
The solution to this differential equation is
where the initial conditions when the emf was connected can be used to
determine the initial current, i0 = Vemf/R
This equation describes a single loop circuit with a resistor and an inductor
that initially has a current i0
The current drops with time exponentially with a time constant τL = L/R
and after a long time the current in the circuit is zero
54
Monday, March 10, 2014
RL Circuits (8)
Variation with time of (a) the voltage across the resistor in a
RL circuit and (b) the potential difference across the
inductor (R = 2000 Ω, L = 4 H, and Vemf = 10 V).
Vemf resistor Vemf inductor
55
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
Answer:
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
Answer:
We can mentally separate the solenoid into a resistance and
an inductance that are wired in series with a battery
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
Answer:
We can mentally separate the solenoid into a resistance and
an inductance that are wired in series with a battery
Step 1: Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (1)
A solenoid has an inductance of 53 mH and a resistance of
0.37 Ω.
Question: If the solenoid is connected to a battery, how long
will the current take to reach half its final equilibrium value?
Answer:
We can mentally separate the solenoid into a resistance and
an inductance that are wired in series with a battery
Step 1: Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
56
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (2)
57
Monday, March 10, 2014
Example: RL Circuits (2)
Step2: The current i increases exponentially from zero to its
final equilibrium value of Vemf/R. Let t0 be the time that the
current i takes to reach half the equilibrium value:
57
Monday, March 10, 2014
