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IADC - Well Intervention

Module 1
Basic Pressure

Alam Alsara Indonesia

Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydro means “a fluid”; Static means “ at rest”

Hydrostatic Pressure (HP) is the pressure exerted by column fluid
at rest, depend on density (MW) and vertical depth (TVD)

= .

Force
Pressure =
Area

Force

Area

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Density Conversion Factor

1 ft contains 7.48 gallons

1 ppg is weight equal to 7.48 pounds
pound
1 ppg = 7.48
f
pound 1
1 ppg = 7.48 x
ft ft

7.48 pound 1
1 ppg = x x
144 in ft

0.052 Psi
1 ft = 12 in, or 1 ft = 144 in Psi
1 ppg = 0.052
ft
/ = .

Pressure, Gradient & Mud Weight

o Pressure (psi) = 0.052 x ppg x ft (TVD)

Exercise 1.1.
Well information: TD at 8,000’ MD / 7,500’ TVD. Current mud weight
is 9.8 ppg. What is the hydrostatic pressue?
Answer :
Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x 9.8 x 7,500 = 3,822 psi
o Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.052 x ppg
Exercise 1.2.
What is the pressure gradient (psi/ft) for 13.0 ppg mud?
Answer :
Pressure Gradient = 0.052 x 13 = 0.676 psi/ft
/
o Mud Weight (ppg) =
.
Exercise 1.3.
What is equivalent mud weight in ppg for a formation with 0.62 psi/ft ?
Answer :
0.62
Mud Weight = = 11.923 ≈ 11.9 ppg
0.052

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Specific Gravity (SG)

Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of a reference substance
Pure Water has a density of 8.33 ppg and a Specific Gravity (SG) of 1

Pressure Gradient psi/ft = 0.052 x Mud Weight

Pressure Gradient psi/ft = 0.052 x 8.33 SG
/
= .

Exercise 1.4.
What is the pressure gradient (psi/ft) for 1.1 SG fluid?
Answer :
Pressure Gradient = 1.1 x 0.433 = 0.4763 psi/ft

Mud Circulating Pressure

o Mud Circulating Pressure: The Bottom-Hole Circulating Pressure

during pump and is equal to Mud Hydrostatic Pressure Plus Annular
Pressure Loss (APL).
o Pump Pressure: The pressure required to overcome the sum of the
Friction (Pressure Loss) in the Mud Circulating System to circulate the
mud down the hole and up to the surface.
o Pump Pressure: Surface Pressure Loss + Drill String Loss + Bit Loss
+ Annulus Loss

1-3%

PSI
Surface Line

25-35%

PSI 5-10%
PSI
Drill String
Annulus
50-65%
PSI

Bit (Nozzle)

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Bottom Hole Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP
SICP
o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD

BHP

FP

Bottom Hole Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP
SICP
o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses

APL

BHP

FP

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Bottom Hole Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP Tripping in Hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure

Surge

BHP

FP

Bottom Hole Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP Tripping In Hole =
Swab 0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure
o BHP Tripping Out Hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD - Swabbing

BHP
FP

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Bottom Hole Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) is the sum of all pressure being exerted
at the bottom of the hole.

SIDP SICP

o Static BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD
o Dynamic BHP =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Annular Friction Losses
o BHP tripping in hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD + Surge Pressure
o BHP tripping out hole =
0.052 x MW x TVD - Swab Pressure
o BHP when the well is shut in :
BHP
BHP in Drilling string =
FP 0.052 x MW x TVD + SIDP
BHP in Annulus =
0.052 x MW x TVD + HSP Influx + SICP

Exercise
Exercise 1.5 (Static)
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of a well which
has a fluid density of 9.2 ppg, a TVD of 6,130 ft ?

Answer :
BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD
= 0.052 x 9.2 x 6,130
= 2,932 psi

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Exercise
Exercise 1.6 (Dynamic)
Hole depth = 9,000’MD/8,500’TVD. Current mud weight is 9.2
ppg. Annular pressure loss = 400 psi. What is the bottom hole
pressure of a well.

Answer :
BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD + APL
= 0.052 x 9.2 x 8,500 + 400
= 4,466 psi

Exercise
Exercise 1.7 (Shut in)
The well is shut in with 450 psi, Current mud weight = 11.5 ppg,
Well depth = 8,000’MD / 7,500’TVD. What is the formation
pressure, psi?

Answer :
FP = BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD + SIDP
= 0.052 x 11.5 x 7,500 + 450
= 4,935 psi

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Formation Characteristics

 Porosity is a rasio of void (pore) space to

solid volume, depends on:
o Size of sediments
o Shape of sediment
o Sorting of sediments

 Permeability is the ability of the formation Porosity Permeability

to allow fluid movement of flow.
Fast

Pressure
Slow

Time
 Shale & Clay: Porosity  but Permeability 
 Formation pressure or pore pressure (FP) is the pressure exerted
by naturally occurring fluids which are trapped in the pore spaces
of the formation.

Formation Fluid (Pore) Pressure

Salt Water in Mexico
o Subnormal Pressure (Gradient : < 0.433 psi/ft)
o Normal Pressure (Gradient : 0.433 – 0.465 psi/ft)
o Abnormal Pressure (Gradient : > 0.465 psi/ft)

Fresh Water

• Overbalance  BHP  Formation Pressure

• Balance  BHP = Formation Pressure
• Underbalance  BHP  Formation Pressure
• Transition Zone is the formation in which the pressure gradient
begins to change from a normal gradient to a subnormal gradient
or, more usually, to an abnormal gradient

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Formation Pressure
Formation pressure or pore pressure (FP) is the pressure exerted
by naturally occurring fluids which are trapped in the pore spaces
of the formation.

Balance : HP = Formation Pressure

Formation Pressure
Formation pressure or pore pressure (FP) is the pressure exerted
by naturally occurring fluids which are trapped in the pore spaces
of the formation.

Overbalance : HP > Formation Pressure

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Formation Pressure
Formation pressure or pore pressure (FP) is the pressure exerted
by naturally occurring fluids which are trapped in the pore spaces
of the formation.

Underbalance : HP < Formation Pressure

Shut In Well Head Pressure - SIWHP

SIWHP
Exercise 1.8
The following formation has been gathered from
a gas well?
 Well depth , TVD 6,120 ft
 Well depth, MD 12,200 ft
 Formation gradient, 0.572 psi/ft
Hydrostatic
 Gas gradient, 0.0707 psi/ft Pressure
Calculate the shut in surface pressure?

Answer
SIWP = FP – HP
SIWP = 0.572 x 6120 – 0.0707x 6120 Formation Pressure
SIWP = 3,067.956 psi

SIWP = FP - HP

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Exercise
Exercise 1.9
2500 psi
Oil Well with data:
0 psi
SIWHP = 2,500 psi
Oil density = 7.0 ppg
Depth of top perforation = 9,500 ft
What is Formation Pressure?
7 ppg, Oil
9500
Answer :
FP = 0.052 x 7 x 9,500 + 2,500 = 5,958 psi

Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure

MASP = 0.465 x 10,000 – 0.1 x 10,000 = 3,650 psi

10,000 ft

For worst case scenario, gas influx full in annulus

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Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure

 Maximum Anticipated surface pressure is the Maximum

pressure that can come at surface in a known or
predictable set of conditions in worst case scenario (well
full of gas)
 It is the highest pressure predicted to be encountered at
the surface of the well.
 This pressure prediction is based upon the formation
pressure minus a wellbore based filled with the expected
formation fluid (i.e. gas: 2 ppg, oil 6-7 ppg )
 MASP calculation is used for the selection of the minimum
pressure rating of:
o The casing string.
o The BOP stack and its components
o The Well Head and its components

Buoyancy Factor
FG = Force of gravity
FG = m x g
Legend :
o m = Mass (kg)
o g = Gravity (9.81 m/s2)
o V = Volume (m3 )
o D = Density (kg/m3)

FB = Force of buoyancy
FB = V x D x g

FB  FG FG  FB FB = FG

Float Sink Buoyant

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Continued...
Exercise 1.7.
40 kilogram square wooden with dimension : 0.75L x 0.25W x 1H
(meters). Assuming ordinary gravity and water with ordinary density,
1,000 kg/m 3 and 9.81 m/s2. How is condition of square wooden in the
water ?

Answer :
 FB = V x m x g
(0.75 x 0.25 x 1) x 1,000 x 9.81 = 1,839.375 N
 FG = m x g
40 x 9.81 = 392.4 N
 FB  FG

Continued...
Buoyancy Factor is the factor that is used to compensate
loss of weight due to immersion in drilling fluid
String Weight (in mud) = String Weight (in air) x Buoyancy Factor
. Weight
Buoyancy Factor =
.
Note : 65.4 ppg is density of steel

Exercise 1.8.
A drillstring weight 180,000 lbs in air, how much
will it weight in 11.5 ppg mud?
Answer :
65.4 − 11.5
= = 0.8242
65.4
Weight in mud = 180,000 x 0.8242 = 148,356 lbs

Buoyancy
Force

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