OPTICS

PHY369 (3, 0)

Monday (A-2): 8:30 – 10:00 Hrs

Friday (D-119): 8:30 – 10:00 Hrs

Muhammad Naveed-Ul-Haq, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
COMSATS University Islamabad
Lahore Campus
 About Me

PhD (2018), Germany.

M.Phil. Physics (2011), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
M.Sc. Physics (2009), University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Former Lecturer in Physics, Govt College Rawalpindi.

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About You!

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 Overview of Learning Activities

• Attendance at lectures: Material will be presented

and explained (80 % attendance required for
Terminal exam).

• Private study: Book reading and working through

the home assignments independently.

• In-Class Quizzes: To give further practice in

applications of theory, and an assessment of student
progress and understanding.

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 Grading

• Homework/Assignments ( x 4) = 10 %
• Quiz (x 4) = 15 %
• 1st Sessional Exam = 10 %
• 2nd Sessional Exam = 15 %
• Terminal/Final Exam = 50 %

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 Effective learning

• Study the recommended

books in library/home.

• Ask questions*.

• Keep-up with the lectures.

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Otherwise
The night before the EXAM

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 Course Objectives

• Understand the Basic Physics Principles Covered During the

Semester
The goal of physics is to understand the physical universe. An
understanding of the physical principles may help you perceive the
world around you in a more comprehensible, enjoyable, and
fascinating way.

• Think Critically, Logically, & Analytically When Solving Problems

In order to solve a problem, you must critically examine the
information available in a given situation; determine an effective
method to approach the problem, and carry through to the
solution, including a critical examination of the final answer to see if
it is reasonable. These skills are not only essential to solving
problems in physics, but to solving problems in general, and are
applicable to many situations in *many* different environments.

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 Course Outline

• Particles and photons,

• electromagnetic spectrum,
• radiometry.
• waves (plane/spherical/cylindrical),
• propagation of light,
• scattering (Rayleigh, Mie, Raman).
• Huygens and Fermat's principles, waves at interfaces,
• Fresnel equations, reflectance, transmittance, total internal reflection,
• evanescent wave,
• Optical properties of metals, dispersion equation,

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 Course Outline
(continued)
• reflection/refraction from spherical surfaces,
• thin lenses, thin-lens combinations, rays, stops, field of view, pupils,
windows, aperture, relative aperture and f-number,
• convergence and refractive power,
• Newtonian equation for thin lenses,
• thick lenses, analytical ray tracing, matrix method of lens analysis,
• matrix analysis of mirrors,
• optical elements: mirror (plane/spherical/cylindrical), half wave plate,
quarter wave plate, prisms, beam splitter, polarized beam splitter,
• birefringent. Pockel effect/cell, Kerr effect/cell, fiber optics,

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 Course Outline
(continued)
• aberrations, optical instruments (telescope, microscope), wave optics:
harmonic waves, wave number, phase velocity,
• complex representation of waves,
• plane and three-dimensional waves (spherical/cylindrical),
• electromagnetic waves (Maxwell equations).
• energy and momentum argument, radiation pressure,
• light in bulk matter,
• dispersion of light, group velocity,
• superluminal and subluminal light,
• all-harmonic periodic waves (Fourier method), coherence, temporal
and spatial coherence. interference (coherent/incoherent)

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 Course Outline
(continued)
• conditions for interference, Fresnel-Arago law, multi beam interference,
interferometers (Young’s double slit, Michelson, Mech-Zehnder, Fabry-
Perot).
• uses of interference (measurement of thickness, uses in lasers, uses in
gravitational waves detections),
• polarization (linear/circular/elliptical),
• Stokes parameters, Jones vector, mathematical representation of
polarizer's/Jones and Mueller matrices,
• angular momentum and photon picture, Malus's law. polarizer (wire
grid/dichroic crystal, Polarization by scattering/reflection, Brewster angle),
• Birefringence, calcite, Fraunhofer diffraction from circular
aperture/rectangular aperture/slit,
• Fresnel diffraction from circular aperture/rectangular
aperture/slit/multiple slits.
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 Course Resources

1. Class lectures
2. Text books*
Fundamental of Physics, 9th Edition,
by: D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and J. Walker
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th
Edition, by: Serway and Jewett
3. World-Wide Web (www…..)

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OPTICS, the study of LIGHT

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Natural and Artificial Imaging
systems

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 History of Optics

• Ancient Greeks (~5-3 century BC) –

Pythagoras (rays emerge from the eyes) –
Democritus (bodies emit “magic” substance, simulacra) –
Plato (combination of both of the above) –
Aristotle (motion transfer between object & eye)
• Middle Ages –
Alkindi, Alhazen defeat emission hypothesis (~9-10 century AD) –
Lens is invented by accident (northern Italy, (~12th century AD) –
Della Porta, da Vinci, Descartes, Gallileo, Kepler formulate geometrical
optics, explain lens behavior, construct optical instruments (~15th
century AD)
• Beyond the middle ages– Newton (1642-1726) and Huygens (1629-
1695) fight over nature of light
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 History of Optics
(continued)
• 18th–19th centuries –
Fresnel, Young experimentally observe diffraction, defeat Newton’s
particle theory – Maxwell formulates electro-magnetic equations, Hertz
verifies antenna emission principle (1899)
• 20th century –
Quantum theory explains wave-particle duality,
Invention of holography (1948) – Invention of laser (1956) – Optical
applications proliferate, computing, communications, fundamental science,
medicine, manufacturing, entertainment 15

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The dual (particle/wave) nature of
light

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The dual (particle/wave) nature of
light

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The Electromagnetic Wave

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Waves in 1-dimension

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Waves in 1-dimension

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Waves in 3-dimensions

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Plane wave fronts

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Circular Waves in 2-dimensions

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Spherical Waves in 2-dimensions

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Spherical wave-fronts

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Rays

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 Interaction of Light with Matter

▪ – absorption

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Interaction of Light with Matter

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 Interaction of Light with Matter

▪ – scattering (wavelength matters)

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 Interaction of Light with Matter

▪ – scattering (wavelength matters)

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 Interaction of Light with Matter

Refraction

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Interaction of Light with Matter

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Interaction of Light with Matter

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Fermat’s Principle
A way to explain reflection and
refraction as the consequence of
one single principle

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 Fermat’s Principle

"The actual path between two points taken by a beam

of light is the one which is traversed in the least time.“
OR
"Light, in going between two points, traverses the
route having the smallest optical path length."
More Precisely:
"A light ray, in going between two points, must
traverse as optical path length which is stationary
with respect to variations of the path."
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 Fermat’s Principle

𝐿= 𝑥 2 + 𝑑2 + 𝐷−𝑥 2 + 𝑑2

𝑑𝐿 𝑥 𝐷−𝑥
= − =0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 +𝑑 2 𝐷−𝑥 2 + 𝑑2

𝑥2 𝐷2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝐷𝑥
2 2
= 2
𝑥 +𝑑 𝐷 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝐷𝑥 + 𝑑 2

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 Fermat’s Principle

Simplifying, we get

𝐷
𝑥=
2

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Questions an Answers

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