Jason Poland
MSE 2160
Online
Assignment# 5
1. Define engineering stress and engineering strain.
Engineering stress (sigma) is the applied force (F or P) divided by the original cross-sectional
area of the sample (A).
Engineering strain (epsilon) is the amount that a material deforms per unit length in a tensile test
(deltad/d).
2. Define true stress and true strain.
True stress is the applied force divided by the actual cross-sectional area of the sample.
True strain is the calculation of strain using the actual dimensions and not the original.
3. Define modulus of elasticity
Young’s modulus, modulus of elasticity, is the measurement of stiffness of a material. It is the
slope of a tensile strain-stress curve in the linear regime.
4. Explain the terms elastic stress and elastic strain
Elastic stress is the force causing deformation.
Elastic strain is how much a material will rebound when the load is removed.
5. Define plastic deformation and compare it with elastic deformation
Plastic deformation is when a stress is removed and the material doesn’t return to normal. Elastic
deformation is the deformation in a material that automatically returns to normal after the stress
is removed.
6. Why does ‘Silly Putty’ break when you stretch it very fast?
Since it is a polymer there isn’t enough time for slip to happen when stretch very fast
7. (a) A force of 100,000 N is applied to a 10 mm × 20 mm iron bar having a yield
strength of 400 MPa and a tensile strength of 480 MPa. Determine whether the
bar will plastically deformed and whether the bar will experience necking.
Sigma = F/A
Sigma = 100000N/(.010m*.020m) = 500,000,000 Pa = 500MPa
Sigma is greater than both, so there will be plastic deformation as well as necking
(b) Calculate the maximum force that a 0.2-in. diameter rod of Al2O3, having a
yield strength of 35,000 psi, can withstand with no plastic deformation. Express
your answer in pounds force and Newtons.
Sigma = 35,000 psi
A = pi/4(.22)
F = sigma*A = 1,100 lb or 4891 N
8. The following data were collected from a standard 0.505-in.-diameter test specimen
of a copper alloy (initial length (lo) = 2.0 in.).
After fracture, the gage length is 3.014 in. and the diameter is 0.374 in. Plot the data using either
EXCEL (preferred) or MATLAB, and calculate
a) the 0.2% offset yield strength along with
45,000psi
b) the tensile strength,
62,000 psi
c) the modulus of elasticity,
E = (3,000psi – 0)/(0.00165 – 0) = 18 x 106 psi
d) the % elongation,
(3.02 – 2)/2 * 100 = 51%
e) the % reduction in area,
(pi/4(0.5052) – pi/4(0.3742)/ (pi/4(0.5052)) * 100 = 45.2%
f) the engineering stress at fracture,
11,400/(pi/4(0.5052) = 57,000 psi
g) the true stress at fracture, and
11,4000/(pi/4(0.3742) = 103777 psi
h) the modulus of resilience.
½(stress*strain) = 37,500*0.00208/2 = 39.1 psi
Load Gage Length Stress Strain
(lb) (in.) (psi) (in./in.)
0 2.00000 0 0.0
3,000 2.00167 15,000 0.00083
6,000 2.00333 30,000 0.00166
7,500 2.00417 37,500 0.00208
9,000 2.0090 45,000 0.0045
10,500 2.040 52,500 0.02
12,000 2.26 60,000 0.13
12,400 2.50 (max 62,000 0.25
11,400 3.02 57,000 0.51
(fracture)
9. Why is it that we often conduct a bend test on brittle materials?
Brittle materials do not give good results because the failure point is dependent upon flaws in the
material. The bend test is more efficient because it compresses these flaws which gives a better
reading.
10. A bar of Al2O3 that is 0.25 in. thick, 0.5 in. wide, and 9 in. long is tested in
a three-point bending apparatus, with the supports located 6 in. apart. The
deflection of the center of the bar is measured as a function of the applied
load. The data are shown below. Determine the flexural strength and the
flexural modulus.
Flexural strength = 3LF/2wh2 = 3(6)F/2(0.5)(0.252) = 18F/.0625 = 288F
Flexural strength = 288(86) = 24768 psi
Flexural modulus = FL3/4wh3S = 14.5(6)3/4(0.5)(0.253)(0.0025) = 40 x 106 psi
Force Deflection Stress
(lb) (in.) (psi)
14.5 0.0025 4,17
28.9 0.0050 8,32
43.4 0.0075 12,49
57.9 0.0100 16,67
86.0 0.0149 24,76
(fracture)
11. Ceramics are much stronger in compression 8 – Explain why.
than in tension
The flaws in the ceramics close up when the sample is compressed and they grow when they are
under tension. This is due to it being a brittle material.
12. Why is it that you can load a fire truck on four ceramic coffee cups, however, when
we drop a ceramic cup on the floor it is likely to break so easily?
Since ceramics are so brittle slip is very difficult in the material. Due to this fact breaks are more
common than some force forcing slip.
13. What does the term ‘hardness of a material’ mean?
Hardness of a material refers to a surfaces ability to resist indentation.
14. The following data were obtained from a series of Charpy impact tests performed on
four ductile cast irons, each having a different silicon content. Plot the data and
determine
Charpy Impact Test
18
16
14
Impact Energy (J)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
Temperature (C)
2.55% Si 2.85% Si 3.25% Si 3.63% Si
(a) the transition temperature (defined by the mean of the absorbed ener-
gies in the ductile and brittle regions) and
2.55% Si = 2.5+(19+2.5)/2 = 13.2 J T = 26C
2.85% Si = 2.5+(16+2.5)/2 = 11.8 J T = 35C
3.25% Si = 2 +(16+2)/2 = 11 J T = 45C
3.63% Si = 2+(16+2)/2 = 11 J T = 65C
(b) the transition temperature (defined as the temperature that provides 10 J
absorbed energy).
2.55% Si = 15C
2.85% Si = 25C
3.25% Si = 38C
3.63% Si = 56C
(c) Plot the transition temperature versus silicon content and discuss the
effect of silicon on the toughness of the cast iron.
The transition temperature goes up with the Si content. This means the alloy becomes more
brittle at a higher temperature
Transition Temperatures for Si Alloys
70
60
50
40
Temp, C
30
20
10
0
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
% SI
(d) What would be the maximum silicon allowed in the cast iron if a part is
to be used at 25oC?
If the part is to be used at 25C we want a Silicon content of no more than about 3%
Test temperature Impact energy (J)
oC 2.55% Si 2.85% Si 3.25% Si 3.63% Si
−50 2.5 2. 2 2
−5 3 2. 2 2
0 6 55 3 2.5
2 13 1 7 4
5 17 1 1 8
7 19 1 1 13
100 19 1 1 16
125 19 1 1 16
6 6
15. FCC metals are often recommended for use at low temperatures, particularly when
any sudden loading of the part is expected. Explain why.
FCC have a lot of intersecting slip systems which means the materials are less likely to shatter
due to higher transition temperature.
