Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes (/fɔːks/; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606),[a] also

Guy Fawkes
known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a
member of a group of provincial English Catholics who was involved
in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in
York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which
his mother married a recusant Catholic.

Fawkes converted to Catholicism and left for mainland Europe, where

he fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against
Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to
Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without
success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to
England. Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to
assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne.
The plotters leased an undercroft beneath the House of Lords; Fawkes
was placed in charge of the gunpowder that they stockpiled there. The
authorities were prompted by an anonymous letter to search
Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and they
found Fawkes guarding the explosives. He was questioned and
tortured over the next few days and confessed to wanting to blow up George Cruikshank's illustration of
the House of Lords.
Guy Fawkes, published in William
Immediately before his execution on 31 January, Fawkes fell from the Harrison Ainsworth's 1840 novel
scaffold where he was to be hanged and broke his neck, thus avoiding Guy Fawkes
the agony of being hanged, drawn and quartered. He became Born 13 April 1570
synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failure of which has been (presumed)
commemorated in the UK as Guy Fawkes Night since 5 November
York, England
1605, when his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly
accompanied by fireworks. Died 31 January 1606
(aged 35)
Westminster,
London, England
Contents
Other names Guido Fawkes,
Early life John Johnson
Childhood
Occupation Soldier, alférez
Military career
Criminal Executed
Gunpowder Plot
status
Overseas
Parent(s) Edward Fawkes
Discovery
(father)
Torture
Edith (née Blake or
Trial and execution Jackson) (mother)
Legacy
Motive Gunpowder Plot, a
References conspiracy to
External links assassinate King
James VI & I and
members of the
Early life Houses of
Parliament
Conviction(s) High treason
Childhood
Criminal Hanged, drawn and
Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He was the penalty quartered
second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an Role Explosives
advocate of the consistory court at York,[b] and his wife, Edith.[c]
Guy's parents were regular communicants of the Church of England, Enlisted 20 May 1604
as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Date 5 November 1605
Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as apprehended
Lord Mayor of York in 1536.[4] Guy's mother's family were recusant
Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest.[5]
Guy was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular
in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton.[6]

The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the

church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary
gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born
about 13 April.[5] In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named
Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that Fawkes was baptised at the church
year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and of St Michael le Belfrey, York, next
Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 to York Minster (seen at left).
respectively.[6][7]

In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the
Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a
Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn
and Percy families of Scotton,[8] but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school
had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of
noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire,
author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who
were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593.[9]
Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes
in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests
(the latter executed in 1601).[10]

After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount
took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by Anthony-
Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18.[11] At least one
source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this.[12][d]

Military career

In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton in York that he had inherited from his father.[e] He travelled
to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from
1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land
operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war, and the Spanish Armada of 1588 was only five
years in the past. He joined Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-fifties
who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands. Stanley had been held
in high regard by Elizabeth I, but following his surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of
his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an alférez or junior officer, fought well at the
siege of Calais in 1596, and by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy.[3] That year, he travelled to
Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of
his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I (who became king of England that year) as "a
heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England." He denounced Scotland, and the
King's favourites among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as
they are, for very long".[13] Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III was unwilling to offer
him any support.[14]

Gunpowder Plot
In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of
English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned
to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him
with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess
Elizabeth.[15][16] Fawkes was described by the Jesuit
priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond as
"pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed
to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends". Tesimond
also claimed Fawkes was "a man highly skilled in A contemporary engraving of eight of the thirteen
matters of war", and that it was this mixture of piety and conspirators, by Crispijn van de Passe. Fawkes is
professionalism that endeared him to his fellow third from the right.
conspirators.[3] The author Antonia Fraser describes
Fawkes as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick
reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard", and
that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the
surprise of his enemies."[5]

The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck
and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London.[f] Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting
with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the King and his government by blowing up "the Parliament
House with gunpowder". Wintour, who at first objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel to the
continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen,[18] and
Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however,
introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away from England for many years, and thus was largely
unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had first-hand
experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some
whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott",[3] and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to
England.[17] Wintour's news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he
feared that "the deeds would nott answere".[g]

One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy, was promoted in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London that
belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began
using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy.[20] The contemporaneous account of the prosecution
(taken from Thomas Wintour's confession)[21] claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from
beneath Whynniard's house to Parliament, although this story may have been a government fabrication; no
evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been
found; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation, but even then
he could not locate the tunnel.[22] If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy
tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling,
they heard a noise from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenant's
widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft, directly beneath the House of Lords.[3][23]

The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and filthy, it
was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store.[24] According to
Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July.[25] On 28 July
however, the ever-present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, 5
November.[26]

Overseas

In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of
the plotters' plan.[27] At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st
Earl of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William
Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no
more than a vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on
21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England. Fawkes was a well-known Flemish
mercenary, and would be introduced to "Mr Catesby" and "honourable friends of the nobility and others who
would have arms and horses in readiness".[28] Turner's report did not, however, mention Fawkes's pseudonym
in England, John Johnson, and did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the plot had been
discovered.[3][29]

It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August 1605, when he
and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was
brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it.[30] Fawkes's final role in the plot was settled during a
series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames. Simultaneously, a
revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned
upon, and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers his
holy duty to kill the King and his retinue.[31]

Discovery

A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who

would be present at Parliament during the opening.[32] On the
evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter
warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee
whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a
terrible blowe this parleament".[33] Despite quickly becoming aware
of the letter – informed by one of Monteagle's servants – the
conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it
"was clearly thought to be a hoax".[34] Fawkes checked the Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot
undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been (c. 1823), Henry Perronet Briggs
disturbed.[35] Monteagle's suspicions had been aroused, however, and
the letter was shown to King James. The King ordered Sir Thomas
Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5
November. Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night, armed with a slow match and a watch
given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away".[3] He was found leaving the
cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under
piles of firewood and coal.[36]

Torture

Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy chamber,
where he remained defiant.[37] When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much
gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native
mountains."[38] He identified himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his
father's name as Thomas and his mother's as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he
explained as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and
expressed regret at his failure to do so. His steadfast manner earned him the admiration of King James, who
described Fawkes as possessing "a Roman resolution".[39]

James's admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be
tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators.[40] He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to
the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack: "the gentler Tortures are to
be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]".[37][41]
Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The King composed a list of questions to be put to
"Johnson", such as "as to what he is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him", "When and where
he learned to speak French?", and "If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?"[42] The room in which
Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room.[43]

Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and
obtained Fawkes's confession.[37] He searched his prisoner, and
found a letter addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise,
"Johnson" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its
authors.[44] On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who
reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook
this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which
might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his
own soul". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the
night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until "I
Fawkes's signature of "Guido", made
had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his soon after his torture, is a barely
complices".[45] His composure was broken at some point during the evident scrawl compared to a later
following day.[46] instance.

The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked "Since Johnson's being in

the Tower, he beginneth to speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his
interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King. He began to reveal their names
on 8 November, and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession, on
9 November, implicated Francis Tresham. Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571 prisoners were made to dictate
their confessions, before copying and signing them, if they still could.[47] Although it is uncertain if he was
tortured on the rack, Fawkes's scrawled signature suggests the suffering he endured at the hands of his
interrogators.[48]

Trial and execution

The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower
to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators.[h] They were kept in the Star Chamber before being
taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The King and his close
family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges.
Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, "otherwise called Guido Johnson". He pleaded not guilty, despite his
apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured.[50]

The jury found all the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief
Justice Sir John Popham pronounced them guilty of high
treason.[51] The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the
court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to
his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to be
"put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of
both". Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their
eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed. They would then be
decapitated, and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed
so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air".[52]
A 1606 etching by Claes (Nicolaes) Jansz Fawkes's and Tresham's testimony regarding the Spanish treason
Visscher, depicting Fawkes's execution was read aloud, as well as confessions related specifically to the
Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence offered was a
conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been kept
in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private, but their conversation
was intercepted by a government spy. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not
guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment.[53]

On 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others – Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, and Robert Keyes –
were dragged (i.e., "drawn") from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster,
opposite the building they had attempted to destroy.[54] His fellow plotters were then hanged and quartered.
Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold. He asked for forgiveness of the King and state, while keeping up
his "crosses and idle ceremonies" (Catholic practices). Weakened by torture and aided by the hangman,
Fawkes began to climb the ladder to the noose, but either through jumping to his death or climbing too high so
the rope was incorrectly set, he managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his
neck.[37][55][56] His lifeless body was nevertheless quartered[57] and, as was the custom,[58] his body parts
were then distributed to "the four corners of the kingdom", to be displayed as a warning to other would-be
traitors.[59]

Legacy
On 5 November 1605, Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the
King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, provided that
"this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or
disorder".[3] An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a
day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained
in force until 1859.[60] Fawkes was one of 13 conspirators, but he is
the individual most associated with the plot.[61]

In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night,

Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night,[62] and Bonfire Night (which can be
traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November Procession of a Guy (1864)
1605).[63] Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s
onwards, and it became the custom after 1673 to burn an effigy
(usually of the pope) when heir presumptive James, Duke of York,
converted to Catholicism.[3] Effigies of other notable figures have
found their way onto the bonfires, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret
Thatcher,[64] although most modern effigies are of Fawkes.[60] The
"guy" is normally created by children from old clothes, newspapers,
and a mask.[60] During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an
oddly dressed person, while in many places it has lost any pejorative
connotation and instead refers to any male person and the plural form
can refer to people of any gender (as in "you guys").[60][65]
Children preparing for Guy Fawkes
James Sharpe, professor of history at the University of York, has
night celebrations (1954)
described how Guy Fawkes came to be toasted as "the last man to
enter Parliament with honest intentions".[66] William Harrison
Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes; or, The
Gunpowder Treason portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light,[67] and his novel transformed Fawkes
in the public perception into an "acceptable fictional character". Fawkes subsequently appeared as "essentially
an action hero" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The
Conspirators of Old London, published around 1905.[68] According to historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is now
"a major icon in modern political culture" whose face has become "a potentially powerful instrument for the
articulation of postmodern anarchism"[i] in the late 20th century.[69]

References
Footnotes

a. Dates in this article before 14 September 1752 are given in the Julian calendar. The beginning
of the year is treated as 1 January even though it began in England on 25 March.
b. According to one source, he may have been Registrar of the Exchequer Court of the
Archbishop.[1]
c. Fawkes's mother's maiden name is alternatively given as Edith Blake,[2] or Edith Jackson.[3]
d. According to the International Genealogical Index, compiled by the LDS Church, Fawkes
married Maria Pulleyn (b. 1569) in Scotton in 1590, and had a son, Thomas, on 6 February
1591.[9] These entries, however, appear to derive from a secondary source and not from actual
parish entries.[12]
e. Although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography claims 1592, multiple alternative sources
give 1591 as the date. Peter Beal, A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology, 1450 to
2000, includes a signed indenture of the sale of the estate dated 14 October 1591. (pp. 198–
199)
f. Also present were fellow conspirators John Wright, Thomas Percy, and Thomas Wintour (with
whom he was already acquainted).[17]
g. Philip III made peace with England in August 1604.[19]
h. The eighth, Thomas Bates, was considered inferior by virtue of his status, and was held instead
at Gatehouse Prison.[49]
i. See Post-anarchism

Citations

1. Haynes 2005, pp. 28–29

 2. Guy Fawkes (https://web.archive.org/web/20100318043708/http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/faw
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4. "Fawkes, Guy" in The Dictionary of National Biography, Leslie Stephen, ed., Oxford University
Press, London (1921–1922).
5. Fraser 2005, p. 84
6. Sharpe 2005, p. 48
7. Fraser 2005, p. 86 (note)
8. Sharpe 2005, p. 49
9. Herber, David (April 1998), "The Marriage of Guy Fawkes and Maria Pulleyn", The Gunpowder
Plot Society Newsletter (https://web.archive.org/web/20110617064347/http://www.gunpowder-
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10. Fraser 2005, pp. 84–85
11. Fraser 2005, pp. 85–86
12. Fraser 2005, p. 86
13. Fraser 2005, p. 89
14. Fraser 2005, pp. 87–90
15. Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 46
16. Fraser 2005, pp. 140–142
17. Fraser 2005, pp. 117–119
18. Fraser 2005, p. 87
19. Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Catesby, Robert (b. in or after 1572, d. 1605)", Oxford Dictionary of
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20. Fraser 2005, pp. 122–123
21. Nicholls, Mark (2004), "Winter, Thomas (c. 1571–1606)", Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29767), Oxford University Press,
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29767 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29767), archived (http
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22. Fraser 2005, pp. 133–134
23. Haynes 2005, pp. 55–59
24. Fraser 2005, pp. 144–145
25. Fraser 2005, pp. 146–147
26. Fraser 2005, pp. 159–162
27. Bengsten 2005, p. 50
28. Fraser 2005, p. 150
29. Fraser 2005, pp. 148–150
30. Fraser 2005, p. 170
31. Fraser 2005, pp. 178–179
32. Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 62–63
33. Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 68–69
34. Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 72
35. Fraser 2005, p. 189
36. Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 73
37. Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 91–92
38. Cobbett 1857, p. 229.
39. Fraser 2005, pp. 208–209
40. Fraser 2005, p. 211
41. Fraser 2005, p. 215
42. Fraser 2005, p. 212
43. Younghusband 2008, p. 46
44. Bengsten 2005, p. 58
45. Bengsten 2005, p. 59
46. Fraser 2005, pp. 216–217
47. Bengsten 2005, p. 60
48. Fraser 2005, pp. 215–216, 228–229
49. Fraser 2005, p. 263
50. Fraser 2005, pp. 263–266
51. Fraser 2005, p. 273
52. Fraser 2005, pp. 266–269
53. Fraser 2005, pp. 269–271
54. Haynes 2005, pp. 115–116
55. Fraser 2005, p. 283
56. Sharpe 2005, pp. 76–77
57. Allen 1973, p. 37
58. Thompson 2008, p. 102
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archived from the original (http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g08.pdf) (PDF) on 15
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Bibliography

Allen, Kenneth (1973), The Story of Gunpowder (https://archive.org/details/storyofgunpowder00

00alle), Wayland, ISBN 978-0-85340-188-9
Bengsten, Fiona (2005), Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, and the Gunpowder Plot (h
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ISBN 1-4120-5541-5
Cobbett, William (1857), A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland (https://
books.google.com/books?id=rl0JAAAAQAAJ), Simpkin, Marshall and Company
Fox, Adam; Woolf, Daniel R. (2002), The spoken word: oral culture in Britain, 1500–1850,
Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5747-7
Fraser, Antonia (2005) [1996], The Gunpowder Plot, Phoenix, ISBN 0-7538-1401-3
Haynes, Alan (2005) [1994], The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion, Hayes and Sutton,
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Northcote Parkinson, C. (1976), Gunpowder Treason and Plot, Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
ISBN 0-297-77224-4
Sharpe, J. A. (2005), Remember, Remember: A Cultural History of Guy Fawkes Day (illustrated
ed.), Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01935-0
Thompson, Irene (2008), The A to Z of Punishment and Torture: From Amputations to Zero
Tolerance, Book Guild Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84624-203-8
Younghusband, George (2008), A Short History of the Tower of London, Boucher Press,
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External links
Guy Fawkes story from the BBC, including archive video clips (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/pe
ople/guy_fawkes)
Guy Fawkes Day (https://curlie.org/Society/Holidays/Guy_Fawkes_Day/) at Curlie
The Trials of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood,
Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, and Sir Everard Digby (http://www.armitstead.com/gunpowder/g
unpowder_trial.html)
Guy Fawkes Attainder from the Parliamentary Archives (https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-
heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/the-gunpowder-plot-of-1605/collections/1
605-fawkes-attainder/)

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