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ƝCarriageƞ is the term for the vehicle jolting with 5miles/hour to the smooth

comfort vehicle with a km/min. in the early version i.e. 1896 -98 ƛBody is nothing but a

convenient seat for the driver and a cover for the engine and other chassis.

Initially horse carriage builder build the body to a steel framing/chassis.

To reduce the weight and to get difference in shape, sheet metal panels replaced

hardwood framing reinforced with ironwork.

Around 1909-Vehicle speed 12miles/hr-design of body took place.

In 1913 Henry Ford started mass production of cars-Ford ƠModel-Tơ with slogan ƠCar

for everyoneơ

This car took few man-hours to assemble engine but several man-hours for body

manufacture.

In the next model ƠModel-Aơ many wooden components are replaced.

In 1930 Butt corporation of Philadelphia made all metal body, using sheet metal

pressings-jointed by welding.

In 1930 only Spot welding had been introduced.

First style-Two seater open and equipped with sheets for covering the driver and

passengers during inclement weather.

Later a glass screen was erected in front of the driver.

Four-seater style with collapsible hood and celluloid side screen -Ơall weatherơ body.

Popular Ɲsaloonƞ model-enclosed body, glass windscreen, wind-up windows and sheet

metal roof.

In 1950 integral construction was introduced in passenger car construction.


 

1. Saloon or Sedan

i) Four door saloon

ii) Two door saloon

iii) Pillar less saloon

iv) Hatch back

v) Fast back

vi) Notch back

2. Convertibles

3. Limousine

4. Estate car

5. Sports Coupe

6. Coupe



Saloon is a passenger car with two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in

the rear compartment for passengers. The vehicle usually has a separate rearboot for

luggage.

This is most popular passenger car

Passenger comfort such as easy Entery and Exit, Good A/C,heating,ventelation

system and styling are the fetures of the model.

- Drag co-efficient is about 0.35-0.5

- The features of Two door and Pillar less saloon are as same that of Four door

saloon.

- In Pillar less saloon, there not be center pillar and In case of Two door saloon,

there is only Two doors are available.

vertically to access a storage  not separated from the rest of the passenger

compartment. May be 3 or 5-door and 2 to 5 seats.

- Fast back- Fast back sedan is a two-box sedan, with  slope from the

roof to the base of the Boot, but excludes the Hatback feature.

- Notch back- Notchback sedan is a three-box sedan, where the passenger volume

is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle (when seen from the side).

The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the rear window at a

sharp angle to the roof, and the trunk lid is also parallel to the ground.



A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract

and fold away, converting it from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle.

 

- limousine is a luxury sedan or saloon car, especially one with

a lengthened wheelbase. The chassis of a limousine may have been extended by

the manufacturer or by an independent coach builder. It is usually provided with

a partition between the passenger compartment and driver compeartment.

- It is provided with components and equipments of high quality and better finish.

-Cusion seats, A/C, cooling glass etc are the features of this model.

 

-The luggage compartment is countinuation of the passenger of the

passenger compartment without partition between them.

-Thus more luggage space and longer wheel base are the speciality of this model.

-The other names are ƠUniversalơ, ƠKombiơ, Ơ Station wagenơ, ƠCampaing vanơ,
ƠBreak vanơ.

-Convertible limousine has provited with windup window and foldind roof.

˜  

-It is a two seater with fixed roof.

-Better Aerodynamic shape to better acceleration.

-Light weight combined with rigidity.

-Drag Co-efficient is 0.2-0.3

!

-Similar to sports coupe but with two small seats at back.

" 

Good allround visibility is now one of the main requirements of body

design.This is clearely depends on the size of the window openings and their

position relative to the occupents.

Forward visibilty can be improved by bringing the front seats of the

passenger car closer to the front windscreen. On the other hand the problem of

entry is increased, since the distance between the seat and the pillar is decreased.

Ease entery is possible by suitably shaping doors( as shown by dotted line) at

the expence of a more complecated structure.

In military vehicles the downward visibility is improtant and the driver

must be positioned as high as possible in relation to the lower edge of the

windscreen. There are no strict regulations regarding visibility. It is assumed that

the upward angle of the vertical visibility should be such as to enable the driver to

see the trafic lights etc and this must be taken into consideration at the design

stage.
mearward visibility has assumed considerable importance in modern trafic

conditions and the   in glass area required to maintain a given rear view

veartical angle with a ƝFast Backƞ window is shown in fig.

Visibility can be divided into two aspects

1. Ability to see

2. Ability to be seen



Safety equipments for cars:

Bumber design: The bumber should be designed to absorb more energy.

2. Ignition switch should be connected with door lock that ignition can be switched ,

only when all four doors are perfectely locked.

3. Airbag and Safety bags have to be used.

4. Herlomatic flash or Horn.

5. Collapsible steering.

6. Heat toughened glass.


 

-Four door saloon considered as a hollow tube with holes cut in the sides. Front and

rear bulkheads complete the box form provide torsional stability.moof stable structurecurved

shape-prevents misalignment.

-Floor-complete panel from front to rear. Fitted with integral straightening ribs to prevent

buckling.

-With sill, Wheel arch, cross member and heelboard- strongest part of the body.

#


Car prototype can be considered to be the test model of a new car design that is
intended to be produced in mass quantity. There is no company that goes out and starts

mass production of a new car, without first creating a prototype of it.

A car prototype can also be referred as a test car. These car prototypes are

developed to demonstrate the new qualities of their product to clients. By subjecting these

car prototypes to numerous tests, the car designer gets to see the strengths, weaknesses,

mistakes and limitations in a new car project. Then, by gathering this information, the car

designer proceeds to rework the design through the car prototype until the car reaches the

objectives of the designer. Sometimes, the participating cars in a race are also called

prototypes. The reason for this is that these cars are not mass -produced. These car

prototypes are specialized machines that are supposed to showcase new innovations and

designs that the car manufacturer carries. These car prototypes are the models for future mass-produced cars
the manufacturer will be creating, based on the   of the tests on

the car prototype.

Tests:

- 

$ % 


  % 

= $   : which is what most people initially think of when asked about a crash test.
These are usually impacts upon a solid concrete wall at a specified speed, but can also be vehicle-
vehicle tests. SUVƞs have been singled out in these tests for a while, due to the high ride-height that
they often have.
=     : in which only part of the front of the car impacts with a barrier (vehicle). These are
important, as impact forces (approximately) remain the same as with a frontal impact test, but a smaller
fraction of the car is required to absorb all of the force. These tests are often realized by cars turning
into oncoming traffic. This type of testing is done by the IIHS and Euro CAP
= $  : these forms of accidents have a very significant likelihood of fatality, as cars donƞt
have a significant crumple zone to absorb the impact forces before an occupant is injured.
= m$  : which tests a carƞs ability (specifically the pillars holding the roof) to support itself in a
dynamic impact. More recently dynamic rollover tests have been proposed as opposed to static crush
testing (video).
 = m  %&  %  : are used to   crash barriers and crash cushions will protect
vehicle occupants from roadside hazards, and also to ensure that guard rails, sign posts, light poles and
similar appurtenances do not pose an undue hazard to vehicle occupants.
=   &: Often an old and big car against a small and new car , or two different generations
of the same car model. These tests are performed to show the advancements in crashworthiness

  

Crash test dummies are full-scale anthropomorphic test devices (ATD) that

simulate the dimensions, weight proportions and articulation of the human body, and are

usually instrumented to record data about the dynamic behavior of the ATD in simulated

vehicle impacts.

Non-contact optical speed & distance measurement systems EEP-2, EEP-3, Micro

EEP-10 and DAS 1A

Pass by noise measurement system Ex. M/s Bruel & Kjaer, Denmark.

Gyro platform for pitch, roll and yaw measurement

Measurement of steering wheel Ex. M/s Datron Messtechnik, Germany.

Steering torque / angle measurement system

Dynamic simulation software ƛ ADAMS

Correlation software Ɲn codeƞ

mide quality meter

Fuel flow meters (positive displacement type)

High speed multi-channel data acquisition systems

Draw bar pull measuring Equipment

8 ƛ Channel thermal array recorder