1. You should have your dog……….

Which option can

completed the gap correctly?
• A. being vaccinated B. To be vaccinated. C.
vaccinated D. vaccinate E. vaccinating
2. She had her cat ……………to make its management
calm and easygoing. Select the option which complete
the gap properly.
A. neuter B. neutralized C. neutered D. neutering
E. got neutered
1. This student is supposed to be in the third
polyclinic.
2. This surgery is supposed to performed afternoon.
3. The dean is supposed to the one who ran the
faculty.
4. You are not supposed to be in this operation.
5. You are not supposed to enter this part of the
operation unit without surgical scraps. How many
of these sentences are structurally correct?
•A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. All
 meases
hay fever
whooping cold

mumps
chickenpox
 epilepsy

gangrene

cataract

• A. Cataract B. Epilepsy C. Gangrene

 parkinson's disease

tuberculosis

cystic fibrosis

cirrosis

A. Cirrosis B. Tuberculosis C. Cystic fibrosis D. Parkinson’s disease

 diphteria

cerebral palsy

gastroenteritis

A. Cerebral Palsy B. Gastroenteritis C. Diphteria

Reported Speech
• Imagine that you want to tell someone else what the patient said. You can
either repeat the patient’s words or use reported speech.
• The reporting verb (said in the examples below) can come before or after
the reported clause (there was a conference about cardiac MR that evening),
but it usually comes before the reported clause. When the reporting verb
comes before, we can use that to introduce the reported clause or we can
leave it out (leaving it out is more informal). When the reporting verb
comes after, we cannot use that to introduce the reported clause.
• The reporting verb can report statements and thoughts, questions,
orders, and requests.
 Reporting in the Present
• When the reporting verb is in the present tense,
it isn’t necessary to change the tense of the
verb:
• “I’ll help you guys to operate on this knee”, he
says.
• He says (that) he will help us to operate on this
knee.
1. “The vertebroplasty will take place this morning”, he says. He says
(that) the vertebroplasty toke place this morning.
2. ˝The radiology report of this case will be ready tomorrow ˮ, the registrar says.
The registrar says that the radiology report of that case will be ready the
day after.

3. ˝ Tomorrow will be a very busy day when the number of case registered take
into account ˮ, the surgeon says. The surgeon says that the day after will be
a very busy day when the number of the cases registered take into account.

4. You can either repeat somebody words or use reported speech. Which
one is incorrect when direct words and reported speech are compared.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 2 and 3 e. all
 Reporting in the Past
• When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in direct speech usually changes in the
following ways:
• Simple present changes to simple past.
• Present continuous changes to past continuous.
• Simple past changes to past perfect.
• Past continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
• Present perfect changes to past perfect.
• Present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
• Past perfect stays the same.
• Future changes to conditional.
• Future continuous changes to conditional continuous.
• Future perfect changes to conditional perfect.
• Conditional stays the same.
• Present forms of modal verbs stay the same.
• Past forms of modal verbs stay the same.
• Pronouns, adjectives and adverbs also change. Here are some examples:
• First person singular (I) changes to third person singular (he or she).
• Second person singular (you) changes to first person singular (I).
• First person plural (we) changes to third person plural (they).
• Second person plural (you) changes to first person plural (we).
• Third person singular (he or she) changes to third person plural (they).
• Now changes to then.
• Today changes to that day.
• Tomorrow changes to the day after.
• Yesterday changes to the day before.
• This changes to that.
• Here changes to there.
• Ago changes to before.
Simple present changes to simple past.
• ˝He runs the radiology department ˮ the secretary
says.
• The secretary said that they run the radiology
department.
− ˝ I do interventional radiology ˮ, that doctor says.
− This doctor said that you did interventional
radiology.
− ˝ Nurses take care of patients ˝, the chief physician
says.
− The chief physician said that nurses toke care of
patients.
− ˝ I begin to operate at 8.30 every morning ˝, the doctor
said.
− He said that he began to operate at 8.30 every morning.
− ˝ Dr. Taylor does angioplasty two evenings a week ˝, the
registrar said.
− The registrar said that Dr. Taylor did angioplasty two
evenings a week
• ˝ I work as an endocrinologist in the diabetes program of
our hospital ˝, that professor said.
• This professor said that he worked as an endocrinologist
in the diabetes program of our hospital.
Present continuous changes to past continuous.
− Dr. Smith is going to the operating room now, his colleague said.
− His colleague said Dr. Smith was going to the operating room then.
− “ Dr. Smith’s colleague is operating on an acute cholecystitis at this moment”, the
theatre nurse said.
− The theatre nurse said Dr. Smith’s colleague was operating on an acute cholecystitis
at that moment.
• “ Our residents are working hard this term “, the faculty dean said.
• The faculty dean said that thier residents were working hard that term.
− “ The patient is getting better with the new treatment “, the consultant said.
− The consultant said The patient was getting better with the new treatment.
− “ His blood pressure is rising very fast “, the unit nurse said.
− The unit nurse said their blood pressure was rising very fast.
• “ I am living with other residents until I can buy my own
apartment “, the male resident said.
• Which one correct reported speech of this sentenece?
A. The male resident said that he is living with other residents
until I can buy my own apartment.
B. The male resident said that he is living with other residents
until he can buy his own apartment
C. The male resident said he was living with other residents until
I can buy my own apartment.
D. The male resident said that he was living with other residents
until he can buy his own apartment
E. All
1. We are stenting a renal artery on Monday, the operation team head said. The
head of the operation team said that they are stenting a renal artery on
Monday.
2. I am having dinner with a medical representative tomorrow, the surgeon
general says. The surgeon general said that I was having dinner with a
medical representative tomorrow.
3. ˝ I now understand why the patient is in such a bad condition ˝, the nurse said.
The nurse said that she then understood why the patient was in such a bad
condition.
4. ˝ Cigarettes cause lung cancer ˝ this chest specialist says. That this chest
specialist said that cigarettes cause lung cancer.
5. ˝Being a veterinarian is a great dream of many students ˮ, the mat teacher
says. The mat teacher says (that) being a veterinarian is a great dream of many
students.
• How many of these sentence reported speech are correct? a. 1 b. 2 c.
3 d. 4 e. all
• “I am writing an interesting article on multiple
sclerosis. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it”,
my coworker says.
• The following in order to be correct reported speech
form of above sentence which option should complete
the gap.
• My coworker said that he …..writing an interesting
article on multiple sclerosis. I ……lend it to me
when he had finished it.
• a. am-will b. am- would c. was-will d. was-
would e. …-…
•˝ You will be constructed by our highly skilled
dental technicians, if you need dentures ˮ, the
dentist say.
•The following in order to be correct reported
speech form of above sentence which option
should complete the gap.
•The dentist said that you …..be constructed by
their highly skilled dental technicians if we
……..dentures a. would- needed b. will-need
c. would –need d. will-needed e. all
•˝ I will remove the decayed tissue, clean the
tooth and do the filling of your dog ˮ, the
surgeon says.
•The following reported speech sentence is
true / false.
•The surgeon said (that) he will remove the
decayed tissue, clean the tooth and do the
filling of my dog.
•˝ The cardiac surgery was completed when I
arrived ˮ this resident say. That resident say
that the cardiac surgery had been completed
when he had arrived.
• ˝The operating theater will be ready for next
surgery within two hours ˮ the technician say.
The technician said that the operating
theater will/would be ready for next surgery
within two hours.
 Reporting in the Past
• When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in direct speech usually changes in the
following ways:
• Simple present changes to simple past.
• Present continuous changes to past continuous.
• Simple past changes to past perfect.
• Past continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
• Present perfect changes to past perfect.
• Present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
• Past perfect stays the same.
• Future changes to conditional.
• Future continuous changes to conditional continuous.
• Future perfect changes to conditional perfect.
• Conditional stays the same.
• Present forms of modal verbs stay the same.
• Past forms of modal verbs stay the same.
• Simple past changes to past perfect
1. ˝I enjoyed the resident’s party very much ˝
Dr. Cook said.
− Dr. Cook said that he had enjoyed the resident’s
party very much.
2. ˝ When I worked as a resident in Madrid, I
lived in a small apartment ˝, Mr. John said.
− Mr. John said that I had lived in a small
apartment when he had worked as a resident in
Madrid.
• ˝ Yesterday we had a terrible duty. We operated on five patients and
then we did a kidney transplantation ˝, the chief consultant said.
• Which one is the correct reported speech of this sentence?
A. The consultant said that yesterday we had a terrible duty. We
operated on five patients and then we did a kidney transplantation.
B. The consultant said that the day before we had a terrible duty. We
operated on five patients and then we did a kidney transplantation.
C. The consultant said that yesterday they had a terrible duty. they
operated on five patients and then they did a kidney transplantation.
D. The consultant said that the day before they had a terrible duty. they
operated on five patients and then they did a kidney transplantation.
E. The consultant said that the day before they had had a terrible duty.
they had operated on five patients and then they had done a kidney
transplantation.
Past continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
1. ˝ This time last year I was writing an article on lipid
metabolism ˝, the research assistant said.
• The research assistant said that he had been writing an article on lipid
metabolism that time last year.

2. ˝ A lot of patients were waiting in the corridor in the morning

˝, the general surgeon said.
• The general surgeon said a lot of patients had been waiting in the
corridor in the morning
• ˝The students were assisting a castration procedure on a
male dog in hospital when they were called for having a
theoretical course on abdominal surgery two day ago˝,
the senior assistant said.
− The senior assistant said the students were (1) assisting a
castration procedure on a male dog in hospital when they
were (2) called for having a theoretical course on abdominal
surgery two day before (3).
− Which one/ones is/are incorrect for indirect speech of the
sentences highlighted in bold. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 1-2 d. 2-
3
Present perfect changes to past perfect.
A. ˝ Dr. Ho has just arrived at the hospital ˝, his colleague said.
• His colleague said Dr. Ho has just arrived at the hospital.
B. “The second-year resident has already finished her presentation”, the theatre
nurse said.
• The theatre nurse said that the second-year resident had already finished their presentation.

C. “I have not reported a CT scan since I was a resident“, the radiology consultant
said.
• The radiology consultant said that I had not reported a CT scan since I was a resident.
D. “I have attended to ten patients today“, the consultant said.
• The consultant said that he had attended to ten patients that day.
E. “Dr. Concepcion has operated on four hearts this weekend“, the unit nurse said.
• The unit nurse said that Dr. Concepcion had operated on four hearts that weekend.
How many of these sentence reported speech are correct? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
Present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous.
1. ˝ Dr. Sancho and Dr. Martos have been working in the project from its
inception ˝, the lab secretary said.
• The lab secretary said Dr. Sancho and Dr. Martos had been working in the project from its
inception.
2. ,˝ I have been working as a family doctor for ten years ˝, Dr. Kaya said.
• Dr. Kaya said that I have been working as a family doctor for ten years.
3. ˝ Dr. Yılmaz has been working very hard since he got this post ˝, his friend
said.
• His friend said that Dr. Yılmaz has been working very hard since he got this post.
4. ˝ I have been studying MR imaging for three months ˝, Prof. Clerk said.
• Prof. Clerk said I had been studying MR imaging for three months.
5. ˝ I have been teaching anatomy since 1980 ˝, Dr. Smith said.
• Dr. Smith said that he have been teaching anatomy since 1980.
How many of these sentence reported speech are correct? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
e. all
 Future changes to conditional.
1. ˝ I will send you a copy of the latest article on AIDS as soon as I get it ˝, my
friend says.
• My friend says that he will send me a copy of the latest article on AIDS as soon as he get it
2. ˝ Medicine will be very different in a hundred years time ˝ the scientists say.
• The scientists say that medicine will be very different in a hundred years time.
3. ˝ Neurology won’t be the same in the next two decades ˝the
neurologist says.
• The neurologist says that neurology won’t be the same in the next two decades
4. ˝ I will probably attend the European Congress on Veterinary
Medicine˝, the head of the department said.
• The head of the department said that he would probably attend the European
Congress on Veterinary Medicine.
5. ˝ He won’t lend his stethoscope to you ˝, my classmate said.
• My classmate said they won’t lend their stethoscope to me.
• How many of these sentence reported speech are correct? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
1. ˝ The patient will recover satisfactorily ˝ this surgeon said.
• This (1) surgeon said that the patient will (2) recover satisfactorily.
2. ˝ I will see you in the next annual meeting of
small animal veterinary gynecology association
˝ Dr. Ros said.
• Dr. Ros said that he (3) would (4) see me (5)in the next
annual meeting of small animal veterinary gynecology
association.
• In order to construct the correct reported
speeches of the sentences bolded which word
need to be changed? a. 1 b. 2. c. 3 d.
4 e. 5
Future continuous changes to conditional continuous.
Future perfect changes to conditional perfect.
1. ˝This time tomorrow morning I will be attending the conference about drugs and the CNS
˝, Dr. Ribes said.
• Dr. Ribes said that the day after at that time in the morning he would be attending the conference about drugs and the
CNS .
2. ˝ I will be operating on the patient we talked about this evening ˝, the senior assistant
said.
• The senior assistant said that he would be operating on the patient they had talked about that evening.
3. ˝ I will be attending to your patients this evening ˝, my colleague said.
• My colleague said that he would be attending to our patients this evening.
4. ˝ I think the liver will already have arrived by the time we begin the transplantation ˝, the
surgeon said.
• The surgeon said that he thought the liver would already have arrived by the time we begin the transplantation
5. ˝ Next spring I will have been working for 25 years in this hospital ˝, the theatre nurse said.
• The theatre nurse said that next spring she will have been working for 25 years in this hospital.
Considering the sentences shown in bold, how many of the reported speeches of these
sentences are incorrect? a. 1 b. 2. c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
 Reporting Questions

• Yes and No Questions

• We use whether or if.
• Do you smoke or drink any alcohol?
− The doctor asked if I smoked or drank any alcohol.
• Have you had any diarrhea?
− The doctor asked me whether I had had any diarrhea or
not.
• Are you taking any pills or medicines at the
moment?
• When constructing the correct reporting
question of this sentence which option
can complete the gap truly?
• The doctor asked me if I ………..any pills
or medicines at that moment.
• a.took b. am taking c. was taking
d. take e. was taken
• Wh... Questions
• We use the same question word as in the wh... question:
• Why do you think you feel under the weather?
− The doctor asked me why I thought I felt under the weather
• When do you feel under the weather?
− The doctor asked me when I felt under the weather.
• How often do you have headaches?
− The doctor asked how often I had headaches.
• What do you mean by saying you are feeling under the
weather?
− When constructing the correct reporting
question of this sentence which option can
complete the gap truly?
− The doctor asked me what I ……by saying I ……… under the
weather.
− a. mean-are fealing b. meant- mean-are fealing c. mean-was
feeling d. meant- was feeling e. meant-felt
•Reported Questions
•Reported questions have the following characteristics:
1.The word order is different from the original
question. The verb follows the subject as in an
ordinary statement.
2.The auxiliary verb do is not used.
3.There is no question mark.
4.The verb changes in the same way as in direct
speech.
1. How old are you? The doctor asked me how old I was.
2. Do you smoke? The doctor asked me if I smoked.
3. Does your dog present ant nose bleeding? The vet asked me whether
my dog presents any nose bleeding or not
4. Does it occur suddenly, after exertion, during colds, without apparent
reason? The vet asked me if it occurred suddenly, after exertion,
during colds, without apparent reason
5. Does the sign of dyspnea of your horse appear at rest or after
exertion? The consultant asked me the sign of dyspnea of my horse
appear at rest or after exertion?
• Considering the characteristic of the reported questions, how many
of these are incorrect? A. 1 b 2 c 3 d. 4 e. 5
 Reporting Orders and Requests
•Tell (pronoun) + object (indirect) +
infinitive:
•Take the pills before meals.
•The doctor told me to take the pills
before meals.
• You mustn’t smoke.
• - The doctor told me not to smoke.
 Reporting Suggestions and Advice
• Suggestions and advice are reported in the following forms:
• Suggestions
− Why don’t we operate on that patient this evening?
− The surgeon suggested operating on that patient that
evening.
• Advice
− You had better stay in bed.
− The doctor advised me to stay in bed.
1.You had better consume food with plenty of fiber
(advice). The doctor advised me to consume food with
plenty of fiber.
2.Why don’t we call an the ambulance to take it to a
well-equipped clinic now (suggestion). The vet
suggested calling an the ambulance to take it to the
clinic then.
3. Don’t leave the hospital when you are on duty. The head
ordered me not to leave the hospital when ı was on
duty.
4. Don’t leave the duty until I take it in charge. My
friend ordered me not to leave the duty until he toke
it in charge.
Which ones are correct reported speeches when the main
clause take into account. a. 1-2 b. 2-3 d. 3-4 d. 1-
3 e. all
• Are you taking any medicines/ tablets?
• Are you on the pill?
• Do you need sleeping tablets?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question, what
does he really want to learn?
A. History of the presenting complaint
B. Allergies
C. Family history
D. Medications
E. Past medical history
• How often does it come on?
• Have you ever had anything like this before?
• What brings it on?
• Does anything make it better/ worse?
• Does it occur in certain positions?
• If a doctor seek an answer for these questions, what does he really
want to learn from his patients?
A. Past medical history
B. Allergies
C. Family history
D. Medications
E. History of the presenting complaint
• When did the problem begin?
• How long has it been bothering you?
• How did it start? (gradually/ suddenly)
• If a doctor seek answer for these question, what he
wants to learn form the presenting complaints?
A. DURATION-MODE OF ONSET
B. FREQUENCY- DURATION
C. RELIEVING/ AGGRAVATING FACTORS
D. PAİN AND ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS
E. RELIEVING FACTORS/ PAIN
•I would like to listen to your heart. Please lie
down on your back. Now roll over to your left
side. Try to take short rapid breaths. Lean forward
with your hands on your knees and hold your
breath for a few seconds.
•If a doctor instructs his patients like this, which
system is he going to examine?
•A. Cardiovascular System B. Respiratory System
C. Genitourinary System D. Gastrointestinal
system E. Neurological System
• Are you short of breath? Have you noticed any
wheezing when you breathe? Do you cough up
any sputum/ phlegm/ spit? What colour is it9?
Have you coughed up any clots of blood?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question,
which system is he possible examining?
• A. Cardiovascular System B. Respiratory System
C. Urinary system D. Gastrointestinal system E.
Ear/ Nose/ Throat
• Have you noticed any swollen glands or lumps in
your throat? Do you suffer from chronic
headaches? Are they steady, one-sided?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question,
which system will he decided to examine?
• A. Cardiovascular System B. Respiratory System
C. Genitourinary System D. Gastrointestinal system
E. Ear/ Nose/ Throat
• Do you have any pain in your abdomen? Have you lost your
appetite? Do you have any difficulty in swallowing? Did you
feel sick recently? Have you lost/ put on weight? Do you
have regular bowel movements? How often do you open
your bowels/ go to the toilet? Are they hard/ soft? Have
you noticed any blood in your stools?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question, which
system is he going to examine?
• A. Cardiovascular System
• B. Respiratory System
• C. Genitourinary System
• D. Gastrointestinal system
• E. Ear/ Nose/ Throat
• Do you have any trouble passing water? Do you have any
trouble with your waterworks? Is there any pain or
burning when you urinate? Do you ever leak urine? Do you
suffer from incontinence? How often do you have to spend
a penny during the night?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question, which
system is he going to examine?
• A. Cardiovascular System
• B. Respiratory System
• C. Genitourinary System
• D. Gastrointestinal system
• E. Ear/ Nose/ Throat
• Could you please frown? Can you whistle for me,
please? (…always look on the bright side…) Could you
open your mouth and show me/ stick out your
tongue?
• If a doctor asks to his patients these question, which
system is he going to examine?
• A. Cardiovascular System
• B. Respiratory System
• C. Genitourinary System
• D. Gastrointestinal system
• E. Neurological System
 There are certain verbs (Stop, Finish, Enjoy, Mind, Suggest, Dislike, Imagine,
Regret, Admit, Consider) that are usually used in the structure verb + -ing
when followed by another verb.
 Please stop bandaging the leg because it is useless.
 She has finished performing that surgery.
 They enjoy watching surgical interventions on YouTube.
 I don’t mind staying on call today.
 The nurse suggested changing the course of the antibiotic treatment.
 The dog dislike playing toy ball, contrary to the cat.
 You can imagine having to face some difficulties during your faculty
education.
 He admitted joining us for this night professional party.
 I will consider taking some new measurement againt this abnormal
development.
 The following expressions like Give up, Keep on, Go on also
take –ing.
 He should give up working so hard, because he looks exhausted.
 You can keep on examining the patient until I take the charge.
 Go un doing it, nonetheless it is useful for your health
 When we are talking about finished actions, we can also use to
have after the verb admit.
 He admitted to have done wrong.
 And, with some of these verbs (admit, deny, regret, suggest),
you also can use a “that...” structure:
 He suggested that we should perform the operation together.
1. Please stop talking.
2. I’ve finished translating the article.
3. I enjoy talking to patients while I’m in the
ward.
4. I don’t mind being told what to do.
5. Dr. Knight suggested going to the OT and
trying to operate on the aneurysm.
When considered previous rule how many of these
words are true? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
1. She dislikes to go out late after a night on-call.
2. I can’t imagine you operating. You told me you hate blood.
3. The regrets having gone two minutes before his patient had
seizures.
4. The resident admitted that he had forgetten to change Mr.
Smith’s treatment.
5. Have you considered to finish your residence in the USA?
According to the rule noted which of these sentences are true?
a. 1-4 b. 2-5 c. 1,2,3 d. 1-5 e. all
1. Are you gonna (going to) give up smoking?
2. She kept on interrupting me while I was speaking.
3. Go on studying, the exam will be next month.
4.The resident admitted that he had forgotten to change
Mr. Smith’s treatment.
5.The resident admitted forgetting to change Mr. Smith’s
treatment.
According to the rule noted how many of these sentences
are true?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
 Exercise 1
(Reading, Listening, Talking and Writing. Self-evaluation)

Let us make a quick review of the carpal bones.

As everybody knows, or at least should know, the proximal row is made up of
(from radial to ulnar) the naviculare, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones.
Would you please read them in a correct manner?
It is likely you can read straightforwardly “naviculare”, “lunate” and “pi-
siform”, but I guess that reading “triquetrum” could be a little bit harder.
(Do not think that all Latin terms are as tricky as “triquetrum”, but bear in
mind that Latin can be an ally with regard to reading and an enemy in terms of
pronunciation even for those health care professionals whose native language
is based on Latin.)
Tip: When you look up a word in the dictionary, review not only its meaning
but also both the phonetics and the spelling.
When followed by another verb,
these verbs (Agree, Refuse, Promise,
Threaten, Offer, Decide, Attempt, Manage,
Fail, Plan, Arrange, Afford, Forget, Learn,
Dare, Tend, Appear, Seem, Pretend, Need,
And Intend) are used with verb +
infinitive structure:
1. The patient agreed to give up smoking.
2. The patient refused to give up smoking.
3. I promised to give up smoking.
4. Dr. Sommerset threatened to close the ward.
5. Dr. Knight’s patients decided to leave the
emergency room. According to the rule (verb
+ infinitive structure) how many of these
sentences are true? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
Exercise 2

What would you think if two radiologists are

talking about the PCP interstitial pattern or
that the most plausible cause of the
pneumothorax was LAM?
• PCP stands for Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia.
• LAM stands for lymphangiomyomatosis.
Exercise 3
How would you start a formal letter to the Editor of a Medical
Journal?
Would it be acceptable to start “Dear Dr. Williams” even in the likely
case that you do not know him at all?
A. Dear Doctor B. Dr. Sir D. Williams D. Dear Dr. Williams E.
Dr. Mr.
And how would you finish it?
A. Good Luck B. All the best C. Best whishes D Sincerely yours
E. Faithfully yours
• Dear Dr. Williams is an appropriate expression to start a
formal letter.

• Sincerely yours and Faithfully yours are the usual expressions

to finish a formal letter. Generally, Sincerely should be used
when you know the name of the person to whom you are
writing, and Faithfully when you don’t (i.e., starting with
Dear Sir).
There are two possible structures after these
verbs: want, ask, expect, help, would like and
would prefer:
I asked to see Dr. Knight, the surgeon who
operated on my patient.
I asked Dr. Knight to inform me about my patient
.
 There is only one possible structure after
the following verbs: tell, order, remind,
warn, force, invite, enable, teach, persuade,
get:
• Verb + object + infinitive:
• Remind me to report those radiographs
tomorrow before 10 a.m.
Exercise 4
 Those non-fluent English speakers who often phone foreign colleagues are aware of the
stressful situations they have had to overcome to get in touch with a colleague.

 How should we start our conversation with Dr. Adams’ secretary at 12:15 p.m. eastern time?
• Dr. Adams’ secretary. Good afternoon. This is Dr. Adams’ office.
• Non-fluent English speakers:
• A. Good afternoon. This is Dr. Vida

• B. Good morning. I am Dr. Vida.

• C. Good afternoon. May I talk to Dr. Adams?

• D. Good afternoon. Dr. Vida is speaking, May I talk to Dr. Adams?

• E. It doesn’t matter, all options are possible,

 Bearin mind that the usage of certain expressions
can give the impression that you are fluent in
English (probably more than you actually are) and
Dr. Adams’ secretary could overestimate your level
and therefore speak
 There are two possible structures after the following verbs:
• Advise:
− I wouldn’t advise staying at that hospital.
− I wouldn’t advise you to stay at that hospital.
• Allow:
− They don’t allow smoking in the OT.
− They don’t allow you to smoke in the OT.
• Permit:
− They don’t permit eating in the reporting room.
− They don’t permit you to eat in the reporting room.
 When you use make and let, you should
use the structure: verb + base form
(instead of verb + infinitive):
• Blood makes me feel dizzy (you can’t say:
blood makes me to feel...).
• Dr. Knight wouldn’t let me operate on his
patient.
  After
the following expressions and verbs you can use either -ing or the infinitive: like, hate, love, can’t
stand and can’t bear:
• 1. She can’t stand being alone.
• She can’t stand to be alone.

• 2. He can’t bear seeing blood.

• He can’t bear to see blood.

• 3. Dr. Ho hates to be called on duty after midnight.

• Dr. Ho hates being called on duty after midnight.

• 4. The most of residents like to deal with complicated cases.

• The most of residents like dealing with complicated cases.

• 5. Many vet student love to be complete their internship in clinical departments.

• Many vet student love being complete their internship in clinical departments.

• How many of these expressions are correct according to the grammatical rule mentioned above? A. 1
b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. all
 After the following verbs you can use -ing but not the
infinitive: dislike, enjoy and mind:
• I enjoy being alone (not: I enjoy to be alone).
Would like, a polite way of saying I want, is followed by
the infinitive:
• Would you like to be the chairman of the congenital heart
disease session?
Begin, start and continue can be followed by either -ing
or the infinitive:
• The patient began to improve after intubation.
• The patient began improving after intubation.
 With some verbs, like remember and try, the use of -ing and
infinitive after them have different meanings:
• Remember:
− I did not remember to place the tip of the catheter at the IVC before
starting the contrast injection (I forgot to place the catheter
properly).
− I could remember (myself) placing the tip of a catheter at the IVC
that day (I can recall placing the catheter).
• Try:
− The patient tried to keep her eyes open.
− If your headache persists, try taking an aspirin.
 After the following verbs you can use -ing but not the
infinitive: dislike, enjoy and mind:
• I enjoy being alone (not: I enjoy to be alone).
Would like, a polite way of saying I want, is followed by
the infinitive:
• Would you like to be the chairman of the congenital heart
disease session?
Begin, start and continue can be followed by either -ing
or the infinitive:
• The patient began to improve after intubation.
• The patient began improving after intubation.
Exercise 5
A. Is ultrasound (US) an effective mean of detecting
gallbladder Stones
B. Is US an effective means of detecting gallbladder Stones?
C. Do US an effective mean of detecting gallbladder Stones?
D. Does US an effective means of detecting gallbladder
Stones?
E. Is US producing an effective means of detecting
gallbladder Stones? Which one is the best question?
The correct answer is; yes, then which one can be the rest of the
expresion?
a. US is an effective means of detecting gallbladder stones.
b. US is an effective means of detecting gallbladder stones.
c. US an effective mean of detecting gallbladder Stones?
d. Do US an effective means of detecting gallbladder Stones?
e. US is producing an effective means of detecting gallbladder
Stones?
A. Are you familiar with Latin plurals? We are
sure that you can write pneumothorax, but what
about its plural?
The right answer is
A. pneumothoraces
B. pneumothoraxcia
C. pneumothoraxs
D. pneumothoraxie
E. all .
You can write oesophagus diagnosis humerus
syringe but what about their plurals?
A. oesophaguses diagnoses humeruses syringes
B. oesophagi diagnoses humeri syringes
C. oesophagi diagnosises humeri syringae
D. oesophagi diagnoses humeruses syringes
E. oesophaguses diagnosises humeri syringae
You can write abscess joint bulla testis but
what about their plurals?
A. abscesses jointes bullae testises
B. abscessi joints bullas testes
C. abscesses joints bullae testes
D. abscessi joints bullas testises
D. abscessi jointes bullas testises
 Verb + Preposition + -İng

If a verb comes after a preposition, that verb ends in -ing:

• Are you interested in working for our hospital?
• What are the advantages of developing new surgical techniques?
• She’s not very good at learning languages
You can use -ing with before and after:
• Discharge Mr. Brown before operating on the aneurysm.
• What did you do after finishing your residence?
You can use by + -ing to explain how something happened:
• You can improve your medical English by reading scientific
articles.
Exercise 6
 Continue to revise simple conversational English questions. Choose the correct
sentences from the following:
• The good news is that the problem can be solved.
• The good news are that the problem can be solved.
 and
• The Chairman gave me some advice about the paper.
• The Chairman gave me some advices about the paper.

 The right answers for both sentences are:

 C. The good news are ...
 A. The good news is ...
• The Chairman gave me some advices...
• The Chairman gave me some advice...

• B. The good news is ... • B. The good news are ...

• The Chairman gave me some advice... • The Chairman gave me some advice...
 You can use -ing after without:
• Jim got to the hospital without realizing he had left
his locker keys at home.
Be careful with to because it can either be a part of
the infinitive or a preposition:
• I’m looking forward to see you again (this is NOT
correct).
• I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
• I’m looking forward to the next European congress.
 Review the following verb + preposition
expressions:
• succeed in finding a job
• feel like going out tonight
• think about operating on that patient
• dream of being a doctor
• disapprove of smoking
• look forward to hearing from you
• insist on inviting me to chair the session
• apologize for keeping Dr. Ho waiting
• accuse (someone) of telling lies
• suspected of having AIDS
• stop from leaving the ward
• thank (someone) for being helpful
• forgive (someone) for not writing to me
• warn (someone) against carrying on smoking
Exercise 7
What does ENT stand for?
Ear, nose and throat.

Take into account that acronyms, especially if we try to

translate them directly into English, can create strange,
even embarrassing situations. Whatever acronym is used
in your native language to name temporoman- dibular-
joint, forget it. In English it is “TMJ”, and any other
attempt could become a complete mess.
 The following are some examples of expressions + -
ing:
• I don’t feel like going out tonight.
• It’s no use trying to persuade her.
• There’s no point in waiting for him.
• It’s not worth taking a taxi. The hospital is only a
short walk from here.
• It’s worth looking again at that radiograph.
• I am having difficulty finding an apartment.
• I am having trouble finding an apartment.
Study suggestion: It will be in your benefit to evaluate first the course within the
framework of the proposed questions and then compare it in the given key (Çalışma
Önerisi. Dersin önce önerilen sorular çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi sonra verilen
cevap anahtarıyla karşılaştırılması yaralı olacaktır)?
The Crossmatch

The major and minor crossmatch are performed to assist in providing compatible red cell
products and possibly alleviating adverse reactions to transfusion.

• The major crossmatch is performed to detect antibodies in the recipient’s serum that
may agglutinate or lyse the donor’s erythrocytes.
• Conversely, the minor crossmatch detects antibodies in the donor plasma directed
against recipient erythrocytes.

1 Red the passage and answer the question?

A. The first and second sentences are in passive, the third sentence in active form
B. All sentences are in passive form
C. All sentences are in active form
D. The first sentence is in passive and the second and third sentences are in active
form
E. The first and second sentences are in active, the third sentence is in passive form

About the Minor Crossmatch

The minor crossmatch test procedure mixes the red cells of the recipient with the
plasma from the donor. After appropriate incubation, the cell/plasma mixture is
centrifuged and observed for agglutination. This test was widely used in human medicine
until the advent of antibody screening cells. The advent of antibody screening cells to donor
blood screening protocols eliminated the need for the minor crossmatch.
Read the text and answer the following questions? (Pasajı okuduktan sonra aşağıdaki
soruları cevaplayınız)?
1. According to the text, the minor crossmatch is still used commonly in human medicine
(true/ false)
2. The first sentence has been written in active form (true/ false)
3 The subject of the sentence have been underlined is “After appropriate incubation” (true/
false)
4 The word “underlying” in the sentence is closest in meaning to (altı çizili kelimeye en
yakın anlam olan ..) a. increased b. decreased c. removed d. required
e. obtained
What are antibody screening cells?

Antibody screening cells are commercially available red cells that are human blood type O.
These cells have been tested for common clinically significant human blood group antigens
(such as the Rh system, MNS, Lewis, P, Kell, and others.) Antibody screening cells are
typically sold in sets consisting of three antigentically different red cell samples. When used
in human medicine for donor screening protocols, the plasma of a blood donor is tested
against a set of antibody screening cells. If the antibody screen is negative, it can be assumed
that the blood from the donor being tested is free from antibodies to the human blood group
antigens present on the antibody screening cells. If the antibody screen is positive, another
panel of screening cells is tested against the donor plasma and the antibody is identified.
Remember that whole blood is separated into components and a positive antibody screen and
identification may only exclude the donor plasma from the donor pool for routine
transfusion. If the antibody screen is negative, it is assumed that the plasma can be safely
transfused to an ABO compatible recipient. It is for this reason that routinely there is no
crossmatch performed on plasma products in human medicine.
1 According to the passage, does a commercially available antibody screening cells sets
contain how many antigenically different red cell samples?
2 For donor screening protocols in human medicine, the plasma of a blood donor is tested
against a set of antibody screening cells (True or False).
3 If the antibody screen is negative, an ABO compatible recipient can safely have the
plasma tested (True or False).
Please find out the English meaning of these word from the passage and write down
them to the next column (Pasajdan kelimelerin İngilizcelerini bulup yandaki sütuna
yazınız)?
Tarama screening
Antikor
Örnek
Alıcı
Verici
Uyumlu
Currently, antibody screening cells are not available for veterinary use. This is why the minor
crossmatch is so important. Remember that in the minor crossmatch, the red cells of the
recipient are tested with plasma from the donor. This testing is performed to provide a safe
transfusion, especially in the case that whole blood or plasma is used. In addition, think of
the minor crossmatch in regard to the donor screening process: recipient red cells are acting
as anti body screening cells. Indeed, these cells may or may not contain clinically significant
antigens. But when a particular donor is tested against one or more samples of recipient red
cells through the use of the minor crossmatch and found to be negative, a very general
assumption can be made that there are no clinically significant antibodies in the donor
plasma. Keep in mind that most blood donors will be qualified into a blood donor program
for a time period of at least one year. It follows that there could be at least 4 blood donations
per year with donor plasma being tested against at least one sample of recipient red cells for
each donation. If the blood donor program is willing to accept this as a method of antibody
screening donors, then it follows that plasma products may be transfused without a minor
cross match being performed.
1 What is the best title for this passage (Pasaja en uygun başlığı belirleyiniz)? A. benefit
of minor crossmatch B. Disadvantages of minor crossmatch c. minor crossmatch in
veterinary medicine d. Advent of minor crossmatch
2 In veterinary medicine, minor crossmatch is important because antibody screening cells
are unavailable (True/False)
3 In the minor crossmatch, the red cells of the recipient are tested with plasma from the
donor. Underline the subject of the sentence (Öznenin altını çiziniz)?
4 This testing is performed to provide a safe transfusion, especially in the case that
whole blood or plasma is used. The word “underlying” in the sentence is closest in
meaning to (altı çizili kelimeye en yakın anlam) a. done b. sold c. seen d.
observed e. revealed
Whole blood is a mixture of cellular constituents suspended in a liquid transport medium.
The cells have different functions. Erythrocytes carry oxygen and participate in host defense
by surface adsorption and absorption of many materials, phagocytes control bacteria,
platelets are required for hemostasis, and lymphocytes mediate immunity. The liquid medium
also contains an array of dissolved substances: albumin, globulins, coagulation proteins,
metabolic intermediates, electrolytes, organic anions, and trace elements. Practical
techniques for separation and concentration of some of the cellular constituents of whole
blood are within the capabilities of all major veterinary blood donor centers. Modern
transfusion therapy should be based upon use of components to treat specific defects with
concentrates of the deficient blood constituent. There are a number of rationales for the
preferential use of blood components.
1 Please read the passage carefully and then translate the highlighted sentences
(Pasajı okuduktan sonra bold (kalın) olan cümleyi tercüme ediniz)?
2 According to the passage which cell type mediate immunity? A. Erythrocytes B.
Platelets C. Lymphocytes D. Macrophages
3 Which of the following options can replace the underlined word (altı çizili kelimenin
yerine hangisi gelebilir)? a. shows b. includes c. provide d. separate e. induce
4 Please write the Turkish meaning of these word the next column according to the
passage and then memorize them (Bu sözcüklerin pasaja göre Türkçe anlamlarını
yandaki sütuna yazıp, ezberleyiniz)?
constituents
participate
component
host
defense
treat
The Answer Key

The Crossmatch

The major and minor crossmatch are performed to assist in providing compatible red cell
products and possibly alleviating adverse reactions to transfusion. The major crossmatch is
performed to detect antibodies in the recipient’s serum that may agglutinate or lyse the
donor’s erythrocytes. Conversely, the minor crossmatch detects antibodies in the donor
plasma directed against recipient erythrocytes.
1 Red the passage and answer the question?

A. The first and second sentences are passive, the third sentence is in active
form
B. All sentences are in passive form
C. All sentences are in active form
D. The first sentence is passive and the second and third sentences are in active form
E. The first and second sentences are active, the third sentence is in passive form

About the Minor Crossmatch

The minor crossmatch test procedure mixes the red cells of the recipient with the
plasma from the donor. After appropriate incubation, the cell/plasma mixture is
centrifuged and observed for agglutination. This test was widely used in human medicine
until the advent of antibody screening cells. The advent of antibody screening cells to donor
blood screening protocols eliminated the need for the minor crossmatch.
Read the text and answer the following questions? (Pasajı okuduktan sonra aşağıdaki
soruları cevaplayınız)?
1. According to the text, the minor crossmatch is still used commonly in human medicine
(true/ false)
2. The first sentence has been written in active form (true/ false)
3 The subject of the sentence have been underlined is “After appropriate incubation” (true/
false)
4 The word “underlying” in the sentence is closest in meaning to (altı çizili kelimeye en
yakın anlam olan …) a. increased b. decreased c. removed d.
required e. obtained
What are antibody screening cells?

Antibody screening cells are commercially available red cells that are human blood type O.
These cells have been tested for common clinically significant human blood group antigens
(such as the Rh system, MNS, Lewis, P, Kell, and others.) Antibody screening cells are
typically sold in sets consisting of three antigentically different red cell samples. When used
in human medicine for donor screening protocols, the plasma of a blood donor is tested
against a set of antibody screening cells. If the antibody screen is negative, it can be assumed
that the blood from the donor being tested is free from antibodies to the human blood group
antigens present on the antibody screening cells. If the antibody screen is positive, another
panel of screening cells is tested against the donor plasma and the antibody is identified.
Remember that whole blood is separated into components and a positive antibody screen and
identification may only exclude the donor plasma from the donor pool for routine
transfusion. If the antibody screen is negative, it is assumed that the plasma can be safely
transfused to an ABO compatible recipient. It is for this reason that routinely there is no
crossmatch performed on plasma products in human medicine.
1 According to the passage, does a commercially available antibody screening cells sets
contain how many antigenically different red cell samples? Three
2 For donor screening protocols in human medicine, the plasma of a blood donor is tested
against a set of antibody screening cells (True or false).
3 If the antibody screen is negative, an ABO compatible recipient can safely have the
plasma tested (True or false).
4 Please find out the English meaning of these word from the passage and write down
them to the next column (Pasajdan kelimelerin İngilizcelerini bulup yandaki sütuna
yazınız)?
Tarama Screening
Antikor Antibody
Örnek Sample
Alıcı Recipient
Verici Donor
Uyumlu Compatible
Currently, antibody screening cells are not available for veterinary use. This is why the minor
crossmatch is so important. Remember that in the minor crossmatch, the red cells of the
recipient are tested with plasma from the donor. This testing is performed to provide a safe
transfusion, especially in the case that whole blood or plasma is used. In addition, think of
the minor crossmatch in regard to the donor screening process: recipient red cells are acting
as anti body screening cells. Indeed, these cells may or may not contain clinically significant
antigens. But when a particular donor is tested against one or more samples of recipient red
cells through the use of the minor crossmatch and found to be negative, a very general
assumption can be made that there are no clinically significant antibodies in the donor
plasma. Keep in mind that most blood donors will be qualified into a blood donor program
for a time period of at least one year. It follows that there could be at least 4 blood donations
per year with donor plasma being tested against at least one sample of recipient red cells for
each donation. If the blood donor program is willing to accept this as a method of antibody
screening donors, then it follows that plasma products may be transfused without a minor
cross match being performed.
1 What is the best title for this passage (Pasaja en uygun başlık)? A. benefit of minor
crossmatch B. Disadvantages of minor crossmatch c. minor crossmatch in
veterinary medicine d. Advent of minor crossmatch
2 In veterinary medicine, minor crossmatch is important because antibody screening cells
are unavailable (True/False)
3 In the minor crossmatch, the red cells of the recipient are tested with plasma from the
donor. Underline the subject of the sentence (Öznenin altını çiziniz)?
4 The word “underlying” in the sentence is closest in meaning to (altı çizili kelimeye
en yakın anlam) a. conducted b. sold c. seen d. observed e. revealed
Whole blood is a mixture of cellular constituents suspended in a liquid transport medium.
The cells have different functions. Erythrocytes carry oxygen and participate in host defense
by surface adsorption and absorption of many materials, phagocytes control bacteria,
platelets are required for hemostasis, and lymphocytes mediate immunity. The liquid medium
also contains an array of dissolved substances: albumin, globulins, coagulation proteins,
metabolic intermediates, electrolytes, organic anions, and trace elements. Practical
techniques for separation and concentration of some of the cellular constituents of whole
blood are within the capabilities of all major veterinary blood donor centers. Modern
transfusion therapy should be based upon use of components to treat specific defects with
concentrates of the deficient blood constituent. There are a number of rationales for the
preferential use of blood components.
1 Please read the passage carefully and then translate the highlighted sentences
(Pasajı okuduktan sonra bold (kalın) olan cümleyi tercüme ediniz)?

Tüm büyük veteriner kan donör merkezleri tam kanın bazı hücresel bileşenlerinin
ayrılması ve yoğunlaştırılması için gerekli pratik tekniklere sahiptir.
2 According to the passage which cell type mediate immunity? A. Erythrocytes B.
Platelets C. Lymphocytes D. Macrophages
3 Which of the following options can replace the underlined word (altı çizili kelimenin
yerine hangisi gelebilir)? a. shows b. includes c. provide d. separate e. induce
4 Please write the Turkish meaning of these word the next column according to the
passage and then memorize them (Bu sözcüklerin pasaja göre Türkçe anlamlarını
yandaki sütuna yazıp, ezberleyiniz)?
Constituents Bileşenler
Participate İştirak etmek, katılmak
Component Bileşen, komponent
Host Konakçı
Defense Savunma
Treat Tedavi etmek, sağaltmak