1.
a) Human body is made up of many systems that work together so that the body
can function properly. All of the systems are interrelated to one another in some
way, that means one system cannot work without the help of another. For
example, the muscular system helps us to move our voluntary muscles but
without a skeletal system we would be unable to move from one place to another.
Just like this all the system of our body is interrelated. Thus we can say “ Human
body is an integrated system”.
b) Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, and
thrombocyte. Erythrocyte or red blood corpuscles have hemoglobin in them and
these hemoglobin bind with oxygen in alveoli and carries oxygenated blood to
different part of the body and similarly from different parts of the body carbon
dioxide is transported by blood into alveoli and is expelled out. Blood also
transports nutrients absorbed in the small intestine throughout the body. Blood
also transports hormones secreted by ductless gland and carries them to the site
where they are needed.
Leukocytes or White blood Cell are the body's defense mechanism. There are
different types of white blood cells which carry different functions to protect the
immune system. Most common way is phagocytosis. Neutrophil and Macrophage
phagocytosis and kills the bacteria. Eosinophil kills worms through secreting
eosinophil cationic protein. There are other white blood cells called lymphocytes
which perform cellular or antibody directed immune responses. B lymphocytes
produce antibodies against a specific pathogen and kill the infected cell. Where T
lymphocyte directly kills a virus infected cell or tumor cell. This way Blood is also
a transporter and a protector.
c) Blood cells begin their life from a single cell called pluripotential hematopoietic
stem cell from bone marrow. From this single cell different types of blood cells
originate depending on different inducers. Once a cell gets committed to the
production of a specific blood cell then they form a colony forming unit. For
example, a committed stem cell for erythrocyte is called colony forming unit
erythrocyte or CFU-E. Growth and reproduction of the cells are controlled by
different proteins called growth inducers but they do not differentiate the cells. To
differentiate another type of inducer is responsible, that is differentiation inducer.
For erythrocyte formation first the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell is
converted into a committed colony forming unit spleen (CFU-S). Then it is again
converted into CFU- B. Then it is converted to CFU- E then then to erythroblast.
Similarly from PHSC platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes,are formed
according to the need of the body
2. There Are mainly 3 types of plasma protein. Their functions are given below.
(i) Albumin: they are most abundant in blood plasma. They prevent fluid loss in
blood and gan of fluid in interstitial space. They transport drugs such as
hormones, fatty acids etc.
(ii) Globulin: it contains HDL and LDL as Alpha 1 globulin and beta 1 globulin.
HDl carry fats to cells for use in energy metabolism and membrane construction.
HDl prevents cholesterol from depositing in the wall of artery. Immunoglobulin
protects our body from pathogens. LDL carries fats to tissues for building cell
membranes and to carry out other functions and also is responsible for the
deposition of cholesterol in the coronary artery which results in blood vessel
blockage and may lead to cardiovascular diseases.
(iii) Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen play an important role in coagulation of blood.
Fibrinogen is blood clotting factor I.
3. Myocardial infarction is a cardiovascular disease in which a high amount of
cholesterol deposits in any of the coronary arteries of myocardium( middle layer).
As a result blood flow is obstructed and necessary oxygen supply to the heart is
stopped. Thus causes heart attack. This causes due to various reasons. For
example, leading an unhealthy lifestyle, Smoking cigarettes or vape, eating food
with high cholesterol like red meat, Not doing exercise regularly can lead to
myocardial infarction.
To prevent myocardial infarction we need to follow a healthy lifestyle, eat a
balanced diet, maintain low blood pressure and low level of blood cholesterol. Try
to do exercise regularly and avoid smoking actively and passively.
References: 1. TextBook of Medical Physiology by Gyton and Hall (11 th edition)
