The 2-D Rectangular Element Rectangular Plane Stress Element

y
‹ Learning objectives (xl, yl) (xk, yk)
‹ Two advantages over a triangular element
l k
– Develop the stiffness matrix of a rectangular
element (xi, yi)
i – Ease of data input
j
– Develop the governing equations of the two – Simpler interpretation of output stresses
(xj, yj)
dimensional rectangular element in a plane stress x
problem In physical coordinates
‹A disadvantage
– Expand the application Mapping
– Poorly approximate the real boundary edges
‹ Definition of a two dimensional rectangular η
element (-1,1) (1,1)
due to the simple linear displacement
– Has four nodes i, j, k,l ordered acw in xy plane
l k
ξ
rectangular with its associated straight sides
– Thickness of t is very thin & constant
i j
– Each node has two degrees of freedom (-1,-1) (1,-1)
In natural coordinates

Step 2 Select Displacement

Step 1 Select Element Type Function
y, v y, v
‹ Consider a rectangular element ‹ A displacement field must be
vk vk
– All interior angles are 90o b b vk compatible b b vk
uk uk
– Four corner nodes i, j, k and l labelled ul
l ‹ The element displacement function ul
l k
anticlockwise k h
u and v must be linear along each h
– Base dimension 2b x, u x, u
edge because only two nodes exist
– Height dimension 2h h h
ui i j along each edge. ui i j
uj uj
 ui  vj  ui  vj
v  vi
v  vi
 i ‹ The linear displacements
‹ The unknown nodal u j 
 i
Basic four-noded rectangular
v  Basic four-noded rectangular functions can be assumed u j 
displacements [u] are v  element
[u ] =  j  element
[u ] =  j 
now given by u k  u k  ‹ Assuming nodal displacements
  u ( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 xy  
 vk   vk 
[u] could be treated “given” at
 ul   ul  moment
  v( x, y ) = b1 + b2 x + b3 y + b4 xy
 vl   
 vl 
 Step 3 Determine Shape Function (1) Step 3 Determine Shape Function (2)
y, v
u ( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )u1 + N j ( x, y )u 2 + N k ( x, y )u 3 + N l ( x, y )u 4 1
‹ Shape function is used to define a vk
N i = N i ( x, y ) =
4bh
(b − x)(h − y )
vk
position within the element b b
uk v( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )v1 + N j ( x, y )v 2 + N k ( x, y )v3 + N l ( x, y )v 4
ul 1
N j = N j ( x, y ) = (b + x)(h − y )
‹ Shape function can be determined by l k
h 4bh
eliminating eight constants a1,, a2, a3,, x, u  ui  N k = N k ( x, y ) =
1
(b + x)(h + y )
a4, b1,, b2, b3,and b4 h v  4bh
ui i j  i
u j  1
uj N l = N l ( x, y ) = (b − x)(h + y )
u ( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 xy vj   y, v 4bh
vi u  u ( x, y )  N i 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl 0  v j 
v( x, y ) = b1 + b2 x + b3 y + b4 xy  v  =  v ( x, y )  =  0 Ni 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 
N l  u k  vk
Basic four-noded rectangular      b b vk
  uk
element  v k  ul l k
1  ul 
u ( x, y ) = [(b − x)(h − y )u1 + (b + x)(h − y )u 2 + (b + x)(h + y )u3 + (b − x)(h + y )u 4 ]  
h
x, u
4bh ‹ Where Shape function are  vl 
h
1 – Ni=1 at node i and Ni=0 at all the other nodes ui i j
v ( x, y ) = [(b − x)(h − y )v1 + (b + x)(h − y )v2 + (b + x)(h + y )v3 + (b − x)(h + y )v4 ] uj
4bh – Ni+Nj+ Nk+Nl=1 vj
vi

Step 4_1 Define the Normal Strain Step 4_2 Define the Shear
Relationships u  i
Strain/Displacement Relationships
The element strains for 2-D stress state are given by v  ∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y ) (h + y )
‹
 i εx = = u + u + ku + lu =− ui + (h − y ) u j + u k − ( h + y ) ul
  u j  ∂x ∂x i ∂x j ∂x k ∂x l 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
∂u
 ε x   ∂x  u   N i 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl
 
0  v j  εy =
∂v ∂N i ∂N j ∂N k ∂N l = − (b − x) v (b + x) (b + x) (b − x)
BUT = vi + vj + vk + vl i − vj + vk + vl
{ε } =  ε y  =  ∂v 
  v  =  0 ∂y
   Ni 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 N l  u k  ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
  1
∂y  vk  Ni = (b − x)(h − y )
γ   ∂u ∂v  ∂u ∂v
γ xy = + ‹ εx is a function of y 4bh
 xy   +   ul 
  ∂y ∂x 1
 ∂y ∂x 
 vl  ‹ εy is a function of x Nj = (b + x)(h − y )
4bh
‹ Nodal displacements are constants 1 ‹ γxy is a function of both x and y 1
Ni = (b − x)(h − y ) Nk = (b + x)(h + y )
∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N 4bh 4bh
εx = = ui + u j + k u k + l ul
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 1 1
1 Nj = (b + x)(h − y ) Nl = (b − x)(h + y )
1 +
1
−
1 4bh 4bh
=− (h − y )ui ( h y )u j + (h + y )u k − (h + y )ul
4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh 1 ∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (b − x) (b + x) (b − x)
∂v ∂N ∂N j ∂N ∂N
Nk =
4bh
(b + x)(h + y ) = ui + u j + k u k + l ul = − ui − (b + x) u j+ uk + ul
ε y = = i vi + v j + k vk + l vl ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 1
Nl = (b − x)(h + y ) ∂v ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y) (h + y )
1 1 1 1 4bh = vi + v j + k vk + l vl = − vi + ( h − y ) v j + ( h + y ) v k − vl
=− (b − x)vi − (b + x)v j + (b + x)vk + (b − x)vl ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh
4bh 4 bh 4bh 4bh
 Step 4_3 Define the all The Relationship between Stresses and Nodal
Strains/Displacement Relationships Displacements in a Plane Stress Assumption
∂u ∂N i ∂N j ∂N ∂N (h − y ) (h + y )
εx = = ui + u j + k u k + l ul = − ui + (h − y ) u j + u k − ( h + y ) ul ‹ General Hooke’s Law---Stress-strain relations for a homogeneous, isotropic,
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x 4bh 4bh 4bh 4bh plane-stress element
{σ } = [E ][ε ] {σ } = [D ][ε ]
‹ The element strains for 2-D stress state can be obtained  ui 
v  σ x  2 2ν 0  ε x 
 i   E 2ν  
 ∂u  u j  σ
 y = 2 
2 0   ε y 
εx    − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0   τ  2(1 − ν )  0 0 1 − ν  γ xy  ‹ [E] or [D] Stress/strain matrix
 ∂x  1  vj  xy  
{ε } =  ε y  =
∂v  =

0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x   
 u k
σ x 

1 ν 0 

εx  
1 ν 0 

 ∂y  4bh where E 
γ   ∂u ∂v  − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y)   {σ } = σ y  [E ] = E 2 ν 1 0 
(1 −ν ) 
{ε } =  ε y  [D] = ν 1 0 
 xy   +   vk  τ  1 −ν  γ  (1 −ν 2 )  1 −ν   ui 
 xy  0 0   xy  0 0 
 ∂y ∂x   ul   2   2  v 
 ui     i

[ε ] = [B ][u ]    vl 
Substituting {ε } = [B ][u ] into {σ } = [E ][ε ] {σ } = [E ][B ][u ] u j 
 vi   
v
u j  [u ] =  j 
‹ Where [u] is nodal displacement matrix  
v where
uk
 
[u ] =  j  − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0  vk 
− (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0  uk 1 
  [B] = − (b − x) − (b + x) 0 b + x b− x  u 
[B] = 1  0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x 
 vk  4bh 
0 0 0
  l
4bh u  − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y)  vl 
− (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y)
 l
 vl 

Step 5 Determination of Strain Energy Step 6 The Element Stiffness Matrix &
& The Element Stiffness Matrix the Element Force Matrixy, v
vk
‹ Assuming V is the volume of an element, strain energy for the element is given by ‹ The element stiffness matrix is given b b vk
uk

U=
1
2 V∫
1
[σ ]T [ε ]dV = 2 ∫ [σ ]T [ε ]tdA Where A is the area of the element & t thickness [k ]e = ( ∫ [B ]T [E ][B ]tdxdy ) e
ul
l k
h
A
A ∵ x, u
h b
∵ [σ ] = [E ][B ][u ] [E] = [E]
T
∴ [σ ]T = [u ]T [B ]T [E ]T = [u ]T [B ]T [E ] ∴ = ∫ ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdxdy
T
ui i j
h
− h −b uj
1 vi
U = ∫ [σ ] [ε ]tdA = ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][ε ]tdA = 2 ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][B ][u ]tdA
1 T 1 T T T T vj
2A 2A − (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0 
A
1 
[B] = 0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x 
4bh    ui 
∵ [u]T & [u] within the integral are constants − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y) v 
 i
∴ the above equation of strain energy can be simplified ‹ The element force matrix is similar to that in the triangular element u j 
1 T 1 T u u(x, y) Ni 0 N j 0 Nk 0 Nl 0  v j 
1 T  
1
[u ]T [B]T [E ][B][u ]tdA = [u ] ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdA[u ] = [u ] ∫ [B ] [E ][B ]tdxdy[u ] = 2 [u ] [k ]e [u ]
T
v = v(x, y) =  0 N 0
T
U=
2A∫ 2 2 { f } = ∫∫∫ [N ]T {X }dV + {P} + ∫∫ [N ]
T
dS      i Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl  u k 
A A
 
 vk 
V S

‹ The element stiffness matrix is given [k ]e = ( ∫ [B ]T [E ][B ]tdxdy ) e {F } = [K ]{u }  ul 

 
A  vl 
 Step 7 Assemble the Global Structure Step 8 Solve for the Nodal Displacements
Stiffness Matrix & Element Stresses
‹ Employing the Direct Stiffness Method to obtain the global ‹ The unknown global nodal displacements can be obtained by
stiffness matrix solving the system of algebra equations
 ui 
n [K]---- the global stiffness matrix v 
[K ] = ∑ [k e ] {F } = [K ]{u } {F}----the global nodal forces vector  i
e =1 [ke]----individual element stiffness matrix [u]----the nodal displacement matrix u j 
 ui  v 
v  [u ] =  j 
 i u k 
‹ Employing the Direct Stiffness Method to obtain u j  ‹ Strains and stresses can be obtained by  
v   vk 
{F } = [K ]{u } [u ] =  j 
u k 
{ε } = [B ][u ]  ul 
 
{F}----the global nodal forces vector    vl 
n  vk  {σ } = [E ][B ][u ]
[u]----the nodal displacement matrix
[F ] = ∑ { f e }  ul 
 
e =1
 vl  ‹ Principal stresses in each element can be calculated using
the above stresses

Summary of FEM for a Rectangular Summary of FE M for a Rectangular

Element (1) y, v Element (2) u  i
‹ Step1: Assume a displacement field of the element usingvk many ‹ Step 3: Relate Normal Strains to the Nodal Displacements v 
b vk
unknown constants as there are degrees of freedom b
uk  i
u ( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 xy
ul
l k {ε } = [B ][u ] εx 
1
− (h − y) 0 h− y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0  u j 
 
h {ε } =  ε y  =  0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b − x  v j 

v( x, y ) = b1 + b2 x + b3 y + b4 xy x, u γ  4bh
 xy  − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h − y b + x h + y b − x − (h + y) u k 
h
‹ Step 2: Determine Shape function ui i j  vk 

{
u ( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )u1 + N j ( x, y )u 2 + N k ( x, y )u 3 + N l ( x, y )u 4 uj  ul 
vi ‹ Step 4: Calculating the strain energy  
vj
1 T  vl 
v( x, y ) = N i ( x, y )v1 + N j ( x, y )v 2 + N k ( x, y )v3 + N l ( x, y )v 4 N i = N i ( x, y ) =
1
(b − x)(h − y )
1
U = ∫ [u ] [B ] [E ][B ][u ]tdA
T T = [u ] [ k ]e [u ] − (h − y) 0 h − y 0 h + y 0 − (h + y) 0 
 ui  4bh 2A 2
v  [B] = 1  0 − (b − x) 0 − (b + x) 0 b + x 0 b− x 

4bh
 i 1 − (b − x) − (h − y) − (b + x) h− y b+ x h+ y b− x − (h + y)
u j  N j = N j ( x, y ) = (b + x)(h − y )
4bh ‹ Step 5: Obtain the element stiffness matrix
v 
u  u ( x, y )  N i 0 Nj 0 Nk 0 Nl
 j
0  u  N k = N k ( x, y ) =
1
4bh
(b + x)(h + y ) [k ]e = ( ∫ [B ]T [E ][B ]tdxdy ) e n
 v  =  v ( x, y )  =  0
     Ni 0 Nj 0 Nk 0
k
N l   v 
A
Step 6: Assembly the structure stiffness matrix
[K ] = ∑ [k e ]
 k
N l = N l ( x, y ) =
1
(b − x)(h + y )
‹ e =1
 ul  4bh
 
 vl  ‹ Step 7: Solve for the Nodal Displacements {F } = [K ]{u} {σ } = [E ][B ][u ]