Objective:
To study Two-stroke Diesel & Petrol Engine.
Apparatus:
Model of Two-stroke diesel and petrol Engines
Figure: Two stroke Engine
Theory:
Engine:
A power producing machine is called an engine.
Heat Engine:
An engine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine.
Two stroke Engine:
In 1878, a British engineer introduced a cycle which could be completed in two strokes of piston
rather than four strokes as is the case with the four-stroke cycle engines.
In this engine suction and exhaust strokes are eliminated. Here instead of valves, ports are used. The
exhaust gases are driven out from engine cylinder by the fresh charge of fuel entering the cylinder
nearly at the end of the working stroke.
In a two stroke cycle, the series of events of the working cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston
and one revolution of the crankshaft. The four operations i.e. suction, compression, power and exhaust are
completed during two strokes of the piston.
Construction:
Cylinder block:
Cylinder block or Cylinder are main part of an engine. It is a part in which combustion of fuel takes place.
All other parts like piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, water jacket etc. are bolted on it.
Piston:
Piston is placed in the cylinder and transmits thrust to the connecting rod. It is free to move. It compresses
the air fuel mixture and convert the fuel energy into mechanical energy. It transmits the power to the
crankshaft. It moves from BDC to TDC. One stroke of piston is defined as movement of piston form one
Extreme (TDC or BDC) to other extreme (BDC to TDC).
Cylinder Head:
Cylinder head is fitted on the top of cylinder block and the function of the cylinder head is to seal the
working end of cylinder and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valves of the engine. The
valves, spark plug, camshaft etc are fitted on it.
Connecting Rod:
It connects piston to the crank shaft and transmit the motion and thrust of piston to crankshaft. The lower
end of connecting rod is connected to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crank shaft.
Crankshaft:
It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block. It transmits the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary
motion. This rotary motion used to rotate wheels of the vehicle.
Oil Sump:
It is bolted at the lower end of the cylinder block. All the oil for lubricating the movable parts is placed in
it.
Camshaft:
It is fitted either in the cylinder head or at the bottom of the cylinder block. It is use to open or close
valves at proper timing in multi-cylinder engine.
Valves:
It is fitted on the cylinder head. It regulates the flow of air fuel mixture inside the cylinder and exhaust
gas outside the cylinder block. When both inlet and exhaust valves are closed no pressure can go inside or
outside of cylinder block.
Spark Plug:
It is used in Petrol engine (Spark Ignition Engine). It is fitted on the cylinder head. It is used to ignite the
air fuel mixture inside the cylinder at the end of each compression stroke.
Working:
Two Stroke SI Engine:
The cylinder L is connected to a closed crank chamber (C.C). During the upward stroke of the piston
M, the gases in L are compressed and at the same time fresh air and fuel (petrol) mixture enters the
crank chamber through the valve V.
Figure: Working of Two Stroke Engine
When the piston moves downwards, V closes and the mixture in the crank chamber is compressed
the piston is moving upwards and is compressing an explosive change which has previously been
supplied to L. Ignition takes place at the end of the stroke. The piston then travels downwards due to
expansion of the gases and near the end of this stroke the piston uncovers the exhaust port (E.P.) and
the burnt exhaust gases escape through this port.
The transfer port (T.P.) then is uncovered immediately, and the compressed charge from the crank
chamber flows into the cylinder and is deflected upwards by the hump provided on the head of the
piston.
It may be noted that the incoming air-petrol mixture helps the removal of gases from the engine-
cylinder; if, in case these exhaust gases do not leave the cylinder, the fresh charge gets diluted and
efficiency of the engine will decrease.
The piston then again starts moving from B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the charge gets compressed when
E.P. (exhaust port) and T.P. are covered by the piston; thus the cycle is repeated.
Two Stroke CI Engine:
In diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then
compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 23:1. This high compression
causes the temperature of the air to rise. At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is
injected directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a void in
the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector
ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly.
The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapor is then
ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to
vaporize from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been
burnt
Combustion occurs at a substantially constant pressure during the initial part of the power stroke.
The start of vaporization causes a delay before ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking
sound as the vapor reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above
the piston. When combustion is complete the combustion gases expand as the piston descends
further; the high pressure in the cylinder drives the piston downward, supplying power to the
crankshaft. As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a
separate ignition system, a high compression ratio greatly increases the engine's efficiency.
Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before
entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent damaging pre-ignition. Since only air is
compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the cylinder until shortly before top
dead centre (TDC), premature detonation is not a problem and compression ratios are much
higher.
Objective:
To study four-stroke Diesel & Petrol Engine.
Apparatus:
Model of four-stroke diesel and petrol Engines.
Figure: Engine with four stroke cycle
Theory:
Engine:
A power producing machine is called an engine.
Heat Engine:
An engine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine.
Four Stroke Engine:
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which
the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke and two-stroke cycles is not a simple task.
However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if air standard assumptions are utilized. The
resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the Otto cycle.
During normal operation of the engine, as the air/fuel mixture is being compressed, an electric spark is
created to ignite the mixture. At low rpm this occurs close to TDC (Top Dead Centre). As engine rpm
rises, the speed of the flame front does not change so the spark point is advanced earlier in the cycle to
allow a greater proportion of the cycle for the charge to combust before the power stroke commences.
This advantage is reflected in the various Otto engine designs; the atmospheric (non-compression) engine
operates at 12% efficiency whereas the compressed-charge engine has an operating efficiency around
30%.
Construction:
Cylinder block:
Cylinder block or Cylinder are main part of an engine. It is a part in which combustion of fuel takes place.
All other parts like piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, water jacket etc. are bolted on it.
Piston:
Piston is placed in the cylinder and transmits thrust to the connecting rod. It is free to move. It compresses
the air fuel mixture and convert the fuel energy into mechanical energy. It transmits the power to the
crankshaft. It moves from BDC to TDC. One stroke of piston is defined as movement of piston form one
Extreme (TDC or BDC) to other extreme (BDC to TDC).
Cylinder Head:
Cylinder head is fitted on the top of cylinder block and the function of the cylinder head is to seal the
working end of cylinder and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valves of the engine. The
valves, spark plug, camshaft etc are fitted on it.
Connecting Rod:
It connects piston to the crank shaft and transmit the motion and thrust of piston to crankshaft. The lower
end of connecting rod is connected to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crank shaft.
Crankshaft:
It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block. It transmits the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary
motion. This rotary motion used to rotate wheels of the vehicle.
Oil Sump:
It is bolted at the lower end of the cylinder block. All the oil for lubricating the movable parts is placed in
it.
Camshaft:
It is fitted either in the cylinder head or at the bottom of the cylinder block. It is use to open or close
valves at proper timing in multi-cylinder engine.
Valves:
It is fitted on the cylinder head. It regulates the flow of air fuel mixture inside the cylinder and exhaust
gas outside the cylinder block. When both inlet and exhaust valves are closed no pressure can go inside or
outside of cylinder block.
Spark Plug:
It is used in Petrol engine (Spark Ignition Engine). It is fitted on the cylinder head. It is used to ignite the
air fuel mixture inside the cylinder at the end of each compression stroke.
Working:
In a four-stroke engine, the four strokes are:
Figure: Working of Four Stroke Engine
Intake Stroke:
Starting from "Top Dead Center" (TDC), and zero degrees of rotation, the piston moves down the
cylinder. As the piston moves it creates a vacuum and the intake valve opens, sucking air into the
cylinder. On carburetted engines, and on port and throttle body injected motors, the fuel come in with the
air, while on direct injected motors it is squirted directly into the cylinder.
Compression Stroke:
Now at "Bottom Dead Center" (BDC), the piston starts to move up again. The intake and exhaust valves
are both closed and the fuel and air mixture is compressed by the piston into the combustion chamber.
These days the compression ratio, the volume of the cylinder plus combustion chamber, compared to the
volume of just the combustion chamber, can be anywhere from 8:1 to 12:1, or more in some race engines.
Compressing the mixture greatly increases the amount of power produced by combustion, but the
compression itself produced heat, which can cause detonation or pre-ignition.
Power Stroke:
This is where all the magic happens! The spark plug fires igniting the mixture, as the piston is at the top
of the stroke. The resultant explosion moves the piston rapidly back down the cylinder, turning the
crankshaft,a nd making the car go. In a diesel engine, there is no spark, the mixture just spontaneously
ignites at the right moment due to the heat of compression. In a single cylinder engine, at idle, you can
practically hear each individual explosion.
Exhaust Stroke:
The piston moves back up the cylinder because of the momentum produced during the power stroke and
the weight of the flywheel (in a single cylinder motor), or due to the firing of other cylinders. The exhaust
valve opens, and instead of compressing the burned gases, they are pushed out into the exhaust port. As
the piston gets close to TDC again, the exhaust valve starts to close, and the intake starts to open, for a
small period called "overlap" where the escaping exhaust creates suction that helps pull air in via the
intake valve opening. The cycle then starts again, with the piston moving down on another intake stroke.
