KIE 4005
Power Quality
Series & Parallel
Resonance
Dr. Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor
Office : Level 2, Engineering Summit
Email : [email protected]
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Malaya
Effects of Harmonics
➢ Power system problems related to harmonics are rare but possible to cause
several undesirable effects.
➢ High levels of harmonics distortion can cause
1. increased transformer, capacitor, motor, generator heating
2. mis-operation of electronic equipment Tesla coils is
3. incorrect readings of meters an example
of high Q
4. mis-operation of protective relays resonant
5. interference of telephone circuits circuit.
➢ The likelihood of the above effects is greatly increased if resonant condition
exists
➢ Resonance occurs when the harmonic frequency produced by a non-linear load
closely coincides with the power system natural frequency.
➢ Resonant circuits can generate higher voltages and currents than what are fed
into them.
➢ Two forms of resonance can occur, parallel and series resonance.
2
Resonance
XL = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 ↑ as the f ↑
XC = 𝟏/𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪 ↓ as the f ↓
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Resonance frequency
Type of Resonance
It is thus essential to
Resonance examine the driving-point
impedance, as seen from
the harmonic source bus
(or other bus of interest) to
Inductive and reactive reactance cancelled each other out
identify the series and
(XL= XC ), resulting in net resistive impedance, as viewed
parallel resonance
from the bus at which harmonic currents are injected by
frequencies and the
the nonlinear load (i.e. harmonic source bus)
resulting impedances.
Series Resonance Parallel Resonance
o Results in low impedance path o Results in high impedance path.
o Might results in flow of o May present an excessive
unexpected amounts of harmonic voltages across
harmonic currents through network elements.
certain elements.
occurs more often because capacitor
banks typically act in parallel with
OVERHEATING! 4
inductive system impedance.
Parallel Resonance
System equivalent inductance,
𝑿𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝑋𝑇 + 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
Where
𝑋𝑇 = transformer inductance
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = system source induc.
𝒁𝒑 = Apparent impedance as seen from the harmonic source
o Occurs when 𝑓𝑟 of the parallel combination of 𝑿𝑪 and 𝑿𝑳𝒆𝒒 falls at or near the 𝑓𝑛 .
o Typically, it is assumed that the system is supplied by an equivalent voltage source
at the 𝑓𝑜 , and thus it appears as short circuit at 𝑓𝑟 .
o The apparent impedance, 𝒁𝒑 as seen from the harmonic source is then:
2
𝑋𝐶 (𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 +𝑅) 𝑋𝐶 (𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 +𝑅) 𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑋𝐶2
𝑍𝑝 = = ≈ = = 𝑄𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝑄𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐶 +𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 +𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Where Q = XL/R = XC/R and R<<XLeq 5
Real World Resonance
Circuit elements in most power systems are primarily inductive. As such, shunt
capacitors are typically used for power-factor correction or harmonic
filtering to increase the system power factor.
4. Magnified voltage at across
the apparent impedance.
𝑽𝒑 = 𝒁𝒑 𝑰𝒉 = 𝑸𝑿𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑰𝒉 = 𝑸𝑿𝑪 𝑰𝒉
1. Operation of non-
5. Distorted voltage at the linear loads in a system
substation bus. creates harmonic
currents that flow
throughout the system.
2. Source voltage is supplied at fundamental frequency and thus appear as short
circuit at resonance frequency.
3. At resonant frequency, the apparent impedance of the parallel combination of the
equivalent inductance and capacitance as seen from the harmonic current source
becomes very large.
4. A small harmonic current flowing through the apparent impedance can cause
substantial amplification of the voltage across the apparent impedance. 6
Real World Resonance
➢ Information on L and C are not always readily available.
➢ In practical, engineers and system planners commonly estimate the resonant
frequency fr based on the fundamental frequency impedances and equipment
ratings in the following form:
hr = resonant harmonic
XC = capacitor reactance
𝑋𝐶 MVASC kVAtx × 100 XSc = system short-circuit reactance
𝑓𝑟 = = ≈
𝑋𝑆𝐶 Mvarcap kvarcap × 𝑍𝑡𝑥 (%) MVA = system short circuit MVA
SC
MVAcap = Mvar rating of capacitor bank
kVAtx = kVA rating of step down transformer
Ztx = step-down transformer impedance
Kvarcap = kvar rating of capacitor bank
➢ For example, for an industrial load bus where the transformer impedance is
dominant, the resonant harmonic for a 1500-kVA, 6 percent transformer and
a 500-kvar capacitor bank is approximately:
kVAtx × 100 1500 × 100
𝑓𝑟 ≈ = = 7.07
kvarcap × 𝑍𝑡𝑥 (%) 500 × 6
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Real World Resonance Problem
➢ The extent of voltage and current magnification for any particular resonant
frequency is determined by the size of the shunt capacitor bank connected to
the system.
➢ The effect of varying capacitor size with respect to transformer capacity on the
apparent impedance as seen from the harmonic source is shown below,
together with the comparison for case in which there is no capacitor connected.
kvarcap
= 10%
kvAtx
50 30%
40 50%
Zp No Capacitor
30
20
10
0 1 5 9 13 17 21
Harmonic Number, h
➢ Currents flowing in the capacitor bank and the power system (i.e., through
the transformer) will also be magnified Q times. This phenomenon will likely
cause capacitor failure, fuse blowing, or transformer overheating.
𝑉𝑝 𝑄𝑋𝐶 𝐼ℎ 𝑉𝑝 𝑄𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐼ℎ
𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 𝑄𝐼ℎ 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 𝑄𝐼ℎ
𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑋𝐿𝑒𝑞
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Series Resonance
• There are times when a capacitor bank and the inductance of a transformer or
distribution line may appear as a series LC circuit to a source of harmonic
currents.
• If the resonant frequency corresponds to a characteristic harmonic frequency
of the nonlinear load, the LC circuit will attract a large portion of the harmonic
current that is generated in the distribution system. A customer having no
nonlinear load, but utilizing power factor correction capacitors, may in this
way experience high harmonic voltage distortion due to neighboring harmonic
sources. Transformer inductive
impedance
𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉ℎ ≈ 𝑉
𝑋𝑇 + 𝑋𝐶 + 𝑅 𝑅 ℎ
0 9
Example
A series RLC circuit has resistance of 4Ω and inductance of 500 mH, and a
variable capacitor. Supply voltage is 100V alternating at 50 Hz. At resonance
frequency, the capacitance required to produce series resonance is
Series-Parallel Resonance
➢ In many systems with potential series resonance problems, parallel
resonance can also occur due to circuit topology. A series resonance is
formed by a series connection of 𝑋𝑇 and 𝑋𝐶 while parallel resonance is
formed by the parallel combination of the series 𝑋𝑇 and 𝑋𝐶 with the
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 .
➢ However, the resulting parallel resonant frequency is always smaller
than its series resonant frequency due to the source inductance
contribution.
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Example
Non-linear load that produces a 5th harmonic current is connected at the end
of the circuit which is supplied by a sinusoidal voltage source. Value of R and L
at fundamental frequency is given as the following :
R L
1 2
Sinusoidal
Voltage
Source
If the capacitor is yet to be connected to the system, the 5th harmonic
voltage at node 2 is:
𝑉2 = 𝑍𝐼 = 𝑅 + 𝑗5𝜔𝐿 10 = 5 + 𝑗20 10 = 206.16 ∠75.96° 𝑉
If a 1.5 MVar capacitor bank at 12.47 kV is connected in parallel to the circuit, the
5th harmonic voltage at node 2 then is :
𝑄 1.5
𝐶= = = 0.31𝜇𝐹
2𝜋𝑓𝑉 2 2𝜋(50)(12.47)2
(𝑅 + 𝑗5𝜔𝐿)(−1/𝑗5𝜔𝐶)
𝑉2 = ( 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐿 | 𝑋𝐶 𝐼5 = × 10 = 845.81∠ − 5.69° 𝑉
1
𝑅 + 𝑗5𝜔𝐿 + (− ) 12
𝑗5𝜔𝐶
Exercise 1
𝜋 5𝜋
Voltage of v = 250 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 50 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + + 20 sin 5𝜔𝑡 + is applied
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to series circuit with 20 Ω resistance and 0.05 H inductance. Find :
a) Total current draw from the circuit
b) RMS of the current and voltage
c) Total active power supplied
d) power factor.
Assume that ω = 314 rad/s.
Solution
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Exercise 2
Voltage of v = 100 cos 314𝑡 + 50 cos 1570𝑡 − 30 is applied to the circuit
which consists of 10 Ω resistance, 0.02 H inductance and a 50 µF capacitor.
Determine :
a) the equation of current draw from the circuit
b) RMS current and voltage
Solution
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Exercise 3
A coil with R = 100 ohm and L = 0.1 H is connected in series with capacitor across voltage source
where e = 200 sin 314t + 5 sin 3454t . What is the value of capacitor to produce resonance with
11th order harmonics? Obtain (a) current equation (b) r.m.s current if the capacitor is connected
with the circuit.
Solution
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