HYPOTHESIS TESTING

LECTURE 5

• To study the behavior of the population, it is often too large or

inaccessible to utilize test. So, we choose samples because we know
how they are related to population.

• This is used to test hypotheses about the mean of a population based

on a single sample.
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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Claim:
“The Poverty Rate will Increase due to Pandemic” - Economist

Question:
Can you react on the claim of the Economist regarding on this
and its possible consequences? 2
LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Claim:
“The Poverty Rate will Increase due to Pandemic”
Reactions:
1. The claim of the Economist is not true.
2. There is a possibility that the poverty rate will increase.
3. The high inflation rate is highly destructive to the
country. 3
LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Claim:
“The Poverty Rate will Increase due to Pandemic”
Reactions:
4. Some of the consequences are tolerable while other
consequences are not.
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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Emphasis on the hypothesis testing:

¡ The pronouncement is a claim that may be true or false. Such
claim could be referred to as a statistical hypothesis. A statistical
hypothesis is a claim or a conjecture that may either be true or
false. The claim is usually expressed in terms of the value of a
parameter or the distribution of the population values.

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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Emphasis on the hypothesis testing:

¡ There are two possible actions that one can do with the
statement. These actions are either
¡ to accept the statement or to reject it. These actions are brought
about by a decision whether the statement is true or false.

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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

The validity of the statement can be accessed through a series of

steps known as Hypothesis Testing .

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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Definition:
Hypothesis Testing is a statistical tool or procedure that
verifies a claim about the population whether the hypothesis is
true or false.
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LESSON 1: CONCEPTS & ELEMENTS OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

¡ 1. Formulate the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.
¡ 2. Identify the test statistic to use. Find the computed value.
¡ 3. Determine the p-value
¡ 4. Compare the level of significance and p-value.
¡ 4. Make a decision whether to reject or fail to reject Ho.
¡ 5. State the conclusion. 9
10
LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) is a statement or claim or conjecture to be

tested.
¡ A claim or proposition that tells something about the population, which can be
disapproved, rejected, or nullified.
¡ Technically, it is the hypothesis that states no significance difference (equality) between
two parameters.
¡ Other possible forms of the null hypothesis may include: less than or equal(<, ≤) and
greater than or equal (>, ≥)
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LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha) is a claim that is accepted in case

Ho is rejected.
¡ A claim that negates the null hypothesis.
¡ Technically, it is the hypothesis that states that there is a significance difference ( (not
equal) between two parameters.

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LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 1® ¡ Ho: “The average daily number of

text messages that a Grade 11
NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) is a student sends is equal to 100.”
statement or claim or conjecture to be
tested.

¡ Ha: “The average daily number

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha)
is a claim that is accepted in case Ho is
of text messages that a Grade 11
rejected. student sends is not equal to 100.” 13
LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 2® ¡ Ho: “The average life of the newly

A manufacturer of IT gadgets developed battery for a tablet is at
recently announced they had least 24 hours .”
developed a new battery for
a tablet and claimed that it
has an average life of at least ¡ Ha: “The average life of the newly
24 hours. Would you buy this developed battery for a tablet is
battery? less than 24 hours.” 14
LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 3®
A teenager who wanted to lose ¡ Ho: “The diet will result to a
weight is contemplating on change in her weight.”
following a diet she read about in
the Facebook. She wants to adopt
it but, unfortunately, following the
¡ Ha: “The diet will not induce a
diet requires buying nutritious,
low calorie yet expensive food. reduction in her weight. .”
Help her decide. 15
 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 4® ¡ Ho: “Today is Liza’s birthday..”

Enrique is exclusively dating Liza. He
remembers that on their first date,
Liza told him that her birthday was ¡ Ha: “Liza’s birthday is on
this month. However, he forgot the
exact date. Ashamed to admit that he another day and not today.”
did not remember, he decides to use
hypothesis testing to make an
educated guess that today is Liza’s
16
birthday. Help Enrique do it.
 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

¡ Ho: “There is no significant

Example 5®
difference between the group who are
A study was conducted to find out if taking iron supplements compared to
iron supplements reduced the the group who do not.”
severity of colds and influenza
compared with not taking anything. ¡ Ha: “There is significant difference
between the group who are taking
iron supplements compared to the
group who do not.” 17
LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

¡ NOTE:
Two forms can be used to state the hypothesis
1. STATEMENT FORM – textual method
2. MATHEMATICAL FORM – the relationship is expressed
using equality and directional inequality such as greater
than (>), greater than or equal (≥), less than (<), less than or
equal (≤) or not equal (≠)
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 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
6. Suppose the data in a report shows that, for the past 5 years, the average age of
grade 6 pupils is 12 years old. The group wanted to be certain about this. They
conducted a study and a sample is selected.
Case Statement Form Mathematical Form
1
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean age of grade
6 pupils. 𝜇 = 12 years old
Ha: There is a significant difference in the mean age of grade 6
pupils. 𝜇 ≠ 12 years old
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LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

More Examples:
7. The mean weighted average (GWA) of the SHS students in a particular school is 87.

Statement Form Mathematical Form

Ho: There is no significant difference in the GWA of the SHS
students. 𝜇 = 87
Ha: There is a significant difference in the GWA of the SHS
students. 𝜇 ≠ 87

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 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
8. A trainer says his team athletes have an average of 92 physical fitness rating, but
someone in the crowd think that they still have to work harder in order to reach
this rate.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the average physical
fitness rating by the athletes. 𝜇 = 92
Ha: There is significant decrease in the average physical fitness
rating by the athletes. 𝜇 < 92

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 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
9. A local clinic claims that the mean weight of the children aged 10-12 in their area is
48 kg. A small survey results in an average weight of 52 kg.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean weight of
the children aged 10-12. 𝜇 = 48
Ha: There is significant increase in the mean weight of the
children aged 10-12 . 𝜇 > 48

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 LESSON 2: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
10. A law firm office claims that the mean salary of the lawyers is 120, 000 pesos per
month. But that is not what the group of lawyers believe.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean salary of the
lawyers per month. 𝜇 = 120, 000
Ha: There is significant difference in the mean salary of the
lawyers per month. 𝜇 ≠ 120, 000

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 LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

¡ Formula 1: with known s and n ≥ 30

x - μo
z - test =
σ
n
¡ Formula 2: with unknown s and n < 30

x - μo
t - test =
s
n
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 LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC

Solution:
1. According to Commission on Higher Education
Given: 𝜇! = 1,000,000
(CHED), newly graduate students receive an 𝜎 = 72, 000
average salary of 1M a year with a standard 𝑛 = 46
𝑥̅ = 1,200,000
deviation of 120, 000. The dean of graduate
studies at a large state university claims Test Statistic: (Computed Value)
that his graduate students earn more than
.,/01,///2.,///,///
this. He surveys 42 randomly selected 𝑧= !"#,###
3
students and finds their average salary is %"

1,064,000 pesos. z = 3.46

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LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC

Solution:
2. The school nurse thinks the average
Given: 𝜇! = 145 𝑐𝑚.
height of 7th graders has increased. 𝜎 = 20 𝑐𝑚
The average height of a 7th grader 𝑛 = 200
five years ago was 145 cm with a 𝑥̅ = 147 𝑐𝑚
standard deviation of 20 cm. She takes Test Statistic: (Computed Value)
a random sample of 200 students and
finds that the average height of her !"#$!"%
𝑧= !"
sample is 147 cm. & !""

z = 1.41
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 LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC

Solution:
3. Trying to encourage people to stop
driving to campus, the university Given: 𝜇! = 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
claims that on average it takes at s = 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝑛=5
least 30 minutes to find a parking 𝑥̅ = 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
space on campus. “I don’t think it
takes so long to find a spot. In fact Test Statistic: (Computed Value)
I have a sample of the last five
'($)(
times I drove to campus, and I t= #
& $
calculated that the mean is 20
minutes with s. d. of 6 minutes.” t = -3.73
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LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC
Solution:

4. A tea stall near a certain university Given: 𝜇! = 500 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑠

is making a sales of 500 teacups s = 46.69 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑠
𝑛 = 12
per day. Because of the 𝑥̅ = 548
development of MRT nearby , it
Test Statistic: (Computed Value)
expects to increase its sales. During
the first 12 days after the start t=
!"#$!%%
"#.#%
& &'
of the MRT, the daily sales were
recorded which are as under: t = 3.56

550, 570, 490, 615, 505, 580,

Note: To find 𝑥̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑆 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑙
570, 460, 600, 580, 530, 526 Syntax: =AVERAGE(x1,x2,…)
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=STDEV.S(x1,x2,…)
 LESSON 3: TEST STATISTIC

Solution:
5. A recent survey that Filipino spend
an average of 4 hr. a day playing Given: 𝜇! = 4 ℎ𝑟.
computer games with a standard s = 0.5 ℎ𝑟.
𝑛 = 40
deviation of ½ hr. A random sample 𝑥̅ = 3.5 ℎ𝑟.
of 40 people is taken who spend an
average of 3.5 hr. playing computer Test Statistic: (Computed Value)

games. ).%$"
𝑧 = ".$
& &"

z = -6.32
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