Volcanoes and the
Interior of the Earth
Objectives:
• Describe the different types of
volcanoes.
• Describe the different types of volcanic
eruption.
• Explain what happens when volcanoes
erupt.
• Illustrate how energy from volcanoes
may be tapped for human use.
Volcano
• Volcano is a hill, mountain,
or fissure from which
molten rocks, hot gases,
and ash are ejected.
Parts of a Volcano:
Nearly circular depression
that surrounds the vent.
Crater Mouth of a volcano.
Vent The central opening of a
volcano.
Caldera – large depressions
caused by the collapsed of
the summit of a volcano.
Magma – molten rock found
underneath the surface of
the Earth. Magma chamber
Lava – is magma that
reaches the surface. Is a hollow area within the volcano where
magma and gases accumulate.
The Nature of Magma:
of the magma *Magma is an important material in a
volcanic activity.
*Volcanic eruptions and the shape of
(flows more slowly than low-viscosity magma).
volcanoes are influenced by the type of
magma (chemical composition),
magma’s temperature, amount of
dissolved gases the magma contains
Viscosity – is the resistance of a fluid flow.
* The more viscous the material is, the
greater its resistance to flow.
Types of magma (according to chemical composition):
a. Basaltic b. Andesitic c. Granitic
Properties of the Different Types of Magma
Property BASALTIC ANDESITIC GRANITIC
Silica content least least most
(50%) (50%) (70%)
Viscosity Least intermediate most
Tendency to form lava Highest intermediate least
Tendency to form least intermediate highest
pyroclastic materials
1. Which type of magma has the highest viscosity? The least viscosity?
2. Which type of magma has the most silica content?
3. How is the percentage of silica content related to the viscosity of magma?
Properties of the Different Types of Magma
Property BASALTIC ANDESITIC GRANITIC
Silica content least least most
(50%) (50%) (70%)
Viscosity Least intermediate most
Tendency to form lava Highest intermediate least
Tendency to form least intermediate highest
pyroclastic materials
1. Which type of magma has the highest viscosity? The least viscosity?
Ans: Highest viscosity – Granitic ; Lowest viscosity – Basaltic
2. Which type of magma has the most silica content?
Ans. Granitic has the most silica content ; Basaltic has the least silica content
3. How is the percentage of silica content related to the viscosity of magma?
Ans: The higher the silica content of the magma the more viscous the magma is.
Granitic lava
Classification
of Volcanoes
(According to its shape
and size)
3 Main types of volcanoes:
(According to its shape and size)
➢ Composite Cone Volcanoes
➢ Cinder Cone Volcanoes
➢ Shield Volcanoes
Composite Cone Volcanoes
• Cone-shaped and steeper compared to other types of
volcanoes. (can be as high as 8, 000 feet or more)
• The mound is build of alternating layers of solidified
lava and pyroclastic materials.
• These volcanoes are produced when viscous lava of
andesitic composition flows out over a long time.
*The thick viscous lava during eruption is not able to
flow very far down the slope. This causes the sides of the
volcano to become steep.
Mayon Volcano
Mount Fuji
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
• These volcanoes are built from
ejected lava fragments.
• They are cone-shaped, but is much
smaller than a composite volcano.
• These volcanoes are usually small
(less than 300 m high).
Taal Volcano
Paricutin Volcano
Shield Volcanoes
• These volcanoes are formed by less
viscous basaltic lava flows.
* viscous basaltic lava - free to flow and can
travel farther than more viscous lava. It does
not build up near the vent.
• These volcanoes have very wide base
and are slightly domed.
Mount Kilauea
Mauna Loa
RECAP: Identification
Instructions: Identify the type of volcano.
• These volcanoes have very wide base
and are slightly domed.
• Formed by less viscous basaltic lava
flows.
Shield Volcanoes
RECAP: Identification
Instructions: Identify the type of volcano.
• Cone-shaped and steeper compared to
other types of volcanoes
• These volcanoes are produced when
viscous lava of andesitic composition flows
out over a long time.
Composite Cone Volcanoes
RECAP: Identification
Instructions: Identify the type of volcano.
• They are cone-shaped, but is much smaller
than a composite volcano.
• These volcanoes are built from ejected
lava fragments.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Classification of
Volcanoes
According to its
Activity
Approximately 75 % of the
world’s volcanoes occur
within the Ring of Fire
There are about
300 volcanoes in the
Philippines
24 active volcanoes
(PHIVOLCS, 2018)
ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
• Volcanoes that have a
record of eruption within the
last 600 to 10, 000 years ago
based on analyses of their
materials.
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
VIDEO
INACTIVE
VOLCANOES
• Volcanoes without any
known record of
eruption.
* Some volcanoes that are
considered inactive have the
tendency to erupt in the future.
INACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Mt. Arayat Mt. Cocoro
Mt. Bagacay
RECAP: Fill Me Up!
Instructions: Compare and contrast active and inactive volcano using a Venn diagram.
ACTIVE INACTIVE
VOLCANOES VOLCANOES
Volcanoes that Classification Volcanoes
have a record of volcanoes without any
of eruption according to known
within the last its activity. record of
600 to 10, 000 eruption.
years ago.
Types of
Volcanic
Eruption
Types of Volcanic Eruption
(Classification of volcanic eruption according to PHIVOLCS)
• Phreatic
• Vulcanian
• Strombolian
• Pelean
• Phreatomagmatic
• Plinian
Phreatic Eruption
• Phreatic eruptions are steam-driven explosions
that occur when water beneath the ground is
heated by magma.
• The intense heat (that can reach up to 1,170 °C)
may cause water to boil, thereby generating
explosion of:
➢ water
➢ steam
➢ ash with other rock fragments.
• No ejection of magmatic materials.
Mayon Volcano (2006)
Strombolian Eruption
• A weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountains of lava and
outbursts of molten lava.
• The eruption cloud is generally
yellowing to white.
• Ash is relatively scarce.
*ex. Mount Etna in Italy (2002)
Pelean Eruption
• Occur when a large quantity of
gas, dust, ash and lava fragments
are blown out of a volcano’s
central crater. This material falls
back, and then travels down the
side of the volcano at tremendous
speeds – faster than 150 km/hour.
* ex. Mayon Volcano in 1968
Vulcanian Eruption
• An eruption resulting from the release of large quantities
of accumulated magmatic gas, which lifts fine ash with
great force high into the air, forming cauliflower clouds.
• characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20
km high
• Intermediately violent type of explosive eruption, stronger
than strombolian explosions but much weaker than Plinian
eruptions.
• The magma involved in vulcanian eruptions (as opposed to
strombolian eruptions which involve fluid, basaltic magma) is
usually intermediately viscous, typically andesitic in
composition.
Parícutin Volcano, Mexico, 1947
Phreatomagmatic Eruption
• Is a violent eruption due to the
contact between water and
magma.
• As a result, a large column of
very fine ash and base surges
are observed.
Base Surge - are ground hugging,
fast outward moving and turbulent,
dilute clouds of gas and ash.
Base Surge - are ground hugging,
fast outward moving and turbulent,
dilute clouds of gas and ash.
*ex. Kavachi Volcano in Solomon Island (2000)
Plinian Eruption
• The largest and the most violent of all types of volcanic
eruptions.
• Usually associated with very viscous magmas.
• Create eruption columns of gas and ash that can rose
up to 50 km high (reaches up to stratosphere).
• This kind of eruption can collapse the top of a volcano
creating a huge caldera.
• This eruption can empty the magma chamber of a
volcano, bringing out all its magma during its entire
eruption resulting to period of inactivity.
(1991)
• When Mount Vesuvius
erupted in 79 A.D., people in
the city of Pompeii were
buried by hot ash as high as 17
feet across the city in some
places.
