Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr.

, PEE

LESSON 2

Classification of Overhead Transmission Line According to length

1. Short - 80 km ( 50 miles ) or less

2. Medium - 81 km to 240 km ( 150 miles)
3. Long - above 240 km

Parameters of TL

1. Series Resistance of the line , R -- short , medium , long

2. Series Inductance of the line , L -- short , medium, long
3. Shunt Capacitance of the line , C - medium , long
4. Shunt Conductance of the line, G - medium , long

Series Resistance of the line

DC Resistance AC Resistance
𝐿
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝜌 𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝐾 𝑅𝐷𝐶
𝐴

Where:
1+ √1+ 𝐹 2
𝐾= 2
𝐹 = 0.0105 𝑑2 𝑓 − − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟

𝐹 = 0.0063 𝑑2 𝑓 − − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚

𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 , 𝐻𝑧

SKIN EFFECT - tendency of the current to move outward the surface of conductor

Depends :

1. Nature of materials
2. Diameter of wire
3. Frequency
4. Shape of wire

Note: Skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low ( less than 50 Hz) and conductor
diameter is less than 1.0 cm
L = series inductance of the line
D = distance between conductors
Series Inductance of the line , L r’= self Geometric Mean Distance of solid
conductor
−7 𝐷 𝐻
For 1Ø Solid lines : 𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10 ln ′ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 r’ = r e-1/4
𝑟 𝑚
r = radius of conductor
Ds = self Geometric Mean Distance of solid
𝐷 𝐻 conductor or Geometric Mean Radius(GMR)
For 3Ø lines : 𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝑒𝑞 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐷𝑠 𝑚 of conductor
Deq = equivalent spacing of conductor or
Geometric Mean Distance ( GMD) conductors

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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

Typical Conductors Arrangement

𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

TRANSPOSITION -- is the alternating of position of each phase of the line at regular interval to
balance the inductance and the capacitance of the line

For Bundled Conductors --it reduces the reactance of the line and effect of CORONA.

2 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
3 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻
𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐷𝑠 𝑏 𝑚

𝐷𝑠 𝑏 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐷𝑠 𝑏 = √𝐷𝑆 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒

𝐷𝑠 𝑏 = 3√𝐷𝑆 𝑥 𝑑) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒

4
𝐷𝑠 𝑏 = 1.09 √𝐷𝑆 𝑥 𝑑2 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 4 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒

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 Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

Example : Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single phase transmission

line consisting of two parallel conductors 1.5 meters apart and 1.5 cm in
diameter . Calculate also the reactance of the transmission line if it is operating
at a frequency of 50 Hz

Conductor A Conductor B

dia = 1.5cm dia = 1.5cm

1.5 m

r’ = GMR of the conductor

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1.5 𝑥 10−2
𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 𝑥 = 0.7788 𝑥 = 5.854 𝑥 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2 2

𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 1.5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝐷 𝐻 𝐷 𝐻
𝐿 = 4 𝑥 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝑟′ 𝑚
𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln 𝑟′ 𝑘𝑚
𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

1.5
𝐿 = 4 𝑋 10−4 ln = 2.219327 𝑥 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
5.854 𝑥 10−3
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝐿 = 22.19327 𝑥 10−4 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋 𝑓 𝐿 = 2 𝜋 𝑥 50 𝑥 22.19327 𝑥 10−4
𝑋𝐿 = 0.69722 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

Example : The Figure shown below on arrangement of conductors for single phase supply,
the current being equally divided between conductors x and x’ and between y and y’ . If
the diameter of each conductor is 8mm. Find the inductance per km of the line.

20 𝑐𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚 20 𝑐𝑚

𝑥 𝑥′ 𝑦 𝑦′

Conductor X Conductor Y

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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

Distance between conductors x and x’ = 20 cm

Diameter of each conductor = 8 mm

Radius of each conductor = 4 mm

r’ = 0.7788 r = 0.7788 x 4 x 10-3 = 3.1152 x 10-3 m

𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝐷𝑠 𝑚
𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
𝐷𝑠 𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑚 = 4√𝐷𝑥𝑦 𝐷𝑥𝑦 ′ 𝐷𝑦𝑥 ′ 𝐷𝑦𝑥
4
𝐷𝑚 = √120 𝑥 140 𝑥 100 𝑥 120 = 119.15 𝑐𝑚 = 1.1915 𝑚
4
𝐷𝑠 = √𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝑥𝑥 ′ 𝐷𝑥 ′ 𝑥 𝐷𝑥′𝑥′
4
𝐷𝑠 = √( 3.1152 𝑥 10−2 )(20 𝑥10−2 )(20𝑥10−2 )(3.1152 𝑥 10−2 ) = 0.02496 𝑚

1.1915 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln = 1.5462 𝑥 10−3 = 1.5462 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.02496 𝑘𝑚

Example : Two conductors of a single phase line , each of 1 cm diameter are arranged in a
vertical plane with one conductor mounted 1 m above the other . A second identical
conductor is mounted at the same height as the first and spaced horizontally 30 cm apart
from it. The upper and lower conductors are connected in parallel. Determine the
inductance per km of the resulting double circuit.

Cond A Cond B Diameter of each conductor = 1 cm

a a b Radius of each conductor = 0.5 cm
a
r’ = 0,7788 x 0.5 = 0.3894 cm = 3.894 x 10-3 m

Dab = 30 cm = 0.3 m
100 𝑐𝑚 Daa’ = Da’a = 100cm = 1 m

Dbb’ = Db’b = 100 cm = 1 m

Dab = Dba = Da’b’ = Db’a’ = 30 cm =0.3 m

a’ b’
Dab’ = Dba’ = √1002 + 302 = 104.4 𝑐𝑚 = 1.0440 𝑚
30 cm
𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−7 ln 𝐷𝑠 𝑚

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 Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 𝑥 10−4 ln
𝐷𝑠 𝑘𝑚
4
𝐷𝑚 = √𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑎 = 0.5596 𝑚
4
𝐷𝑠 = √𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ = 0.06240 𝑚
𝐻
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3.5871 𝑥 10−3
𝑘𝑚
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 = 3.5871 𝑚𝐻

Example : A three phase transmission line 100 km long has its conductors of 0.60cm diameter
spaced at the corners of an equilateral triangle of 100 cm side . The arrangement is as shown
below . Find the inductance per phase of the system.

100cm 100cm

B C

100cm

D = Distance between the conductors = 100 cm = 1 m

0.6
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2
= 0.3 𝑐𝑚 = 0.003 𝑚

𝑟 ′ = 0.7788𝑟 = 2.3364 𝑥 10−3 𝑚

𝐷 𝐻
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝐴 = 2 𝑥 10−4 ln 𝑟′ 𝑘𝑚
= 1.2118 𝑥 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚

For 100km long transmission line,

LA = 2 X 10-3 H/km x 100 km = 0.12118 Henry

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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

Example: The Figure shows the spacings of a double circuit 3 phase

overhead line. The conductor radius is 1.5 cm and line is transposed.
Find the inductance per phase per km.

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Dr. R. B. Aniez , Jr., PEE

𝐷𝑚 𝐻
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 = 2 𝑥 10−4 ln = 5.286 𝑥 10−4 = 0.5286 𝑚𝐻
𝐷𝑠 𝑘𝑚

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