ONE-SCHOOL.
NET
Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry
Chemical Formulae and Equation
Calculation
For Solid, liquid or gas For gas (only)
volume of gas
mass of subtance number of mole =
number of mole = molar mass molar volme
Molar mass = RAM/RMM/RFM in gram Molar volume = 24dm3 at room temperature
Molar volume = 22.4dm3 at s.t.p.
For Solution For quantity of particle(atom,molecule,ion)
MV
number of mole = quantity of particle
number of mole = 6.0210
23
1000
M = molarity
V = Volume of solution in cm3
Summary
molar mass Avogadro Constant
Mass of particle Mole of Number of
(in gram) particles particles
molar mass Avogadro Constant
molar molar volume
volume
Volume of
Gas
[Link] 1
Chemical Formula
Cation (Positive Ions)
Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Potassium K+ Calcium Ca2+ Aluminium Al3+
Sodium Na+ Magnesium Iron (III) Fe3+
Mg2+
Lithium Li+ Zinc Chromium(III) Cr3+
Zn2+
Hydrogen H+ Barium
Ba2+
Argentums(I) Ag+ Iron (II)
Fe2+
Mercury(I) Hg+ Tin (II)
Sn2+
+
Ammonium NH4 Lead(II)
Pb2+
Copper(II)
Cu2+
Manganese(II)
Mn2+
Anion (Negative Ions)
Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Oxide Hydroxide OH- Ethanoate CH3COO-
O2-
Fluoride Sulphate Manganate(VII) MnO4-
F- SO42-
Chloride Cl- Nitrate NO3- Dichromate(VI) Cr2O72-
Bromide Br- Carbonate Phosphate
CO32- PO43-
Iodide Thiosulphate
I- S2O32-
Formulae for Certain Molecule
Karbon monoxide CO Ammonia NH3
Carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O
Nitrogen monoxide NO Hydrogen chloride HCl
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Tetrachloromethane CCl4
Sulphur dioxide SO2 Glucose C6H12O6
Sulphur trioxide SO3 Hydrogen bromide HBr
Fluorine F2 Hydrogen iodide HI
Bromine Br2 Hydrogen sulphide H2S
Chlorine Cl2 Ethanol C2H5OH
Iodine I2 Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH
Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements
1. Reaction with Oxygen
The entire group 1 metal can react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
4Li + O2 2Li2O
4Na + O2 2Na2O
4K + O2 2K2O
The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
Li2O + H2O 2LiOH
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
K2O + H2O 2KOH
2. Reaction with halogen
(Chlorine)
2Li + Cl2 2LiCl
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
2K + Cl2 2KCl
3. Reaction with water
The entire group 1 metal can react with water to produce alkali (hydroxide) solution and hydrogen gas.
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
Reaction of Group 17 Elements
1. React with water
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr
I2 + H2O HI + HOI
2. React with Sodium Hydroxide
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O
I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H2O
3. React with Iron
3Cl2 + 2Fe 2FeCl3
3Br2 + 2Fe 2FeBr3
3I2 + 2Fe 2FeI3
Preparation of Chlorine Gas
2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O
Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
PbBr2 Pb2+ + Br-
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2-
Ionisation of Aqueous Solution
NaCl Na+ + Cl- HCl H+ + Cl- CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO 2-4
H2O H+ + OH-
H2O H+ + OH- H2O H+ + OH-
Discharge of Positive Ion Discharge of Negative Ion
Na + e Na
+
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
Observation: Observation:
Grey deposit is formed. Bubbles of pungent yellowish green gas are
produced. The gas turns moist litmus paper to red
Al3+ + 3e Al and then bleaches it.
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed. 2Br- Br2 + 2e
Observation:
Pb + 2e Pb
2+ Molten electrolyte:
Observation: Brown colour gas is produced.
Grey deposit is formed.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed. 2I- I2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Ag+ + e Ag Brown colour gas is produced.
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed. Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
2H+ + 2e H2 blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A ‘pop’ sound is produced 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of Observation:
the test tube. Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.
Acid and Base
Ionisation of Acid
Hydrochloric Acid Nitric Acid
HCl H + Cl+
3
-
HNO3 H+ + NO - + -
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
Sulphuric Acid
H2SO4 H+ + SO 2- 4
Ethanoic Acid
H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO 4
2-
CH COOH ⎯ H+ + CH COO-
HNO3 + H2O H3O + NO3 3 3
CH3COOH + H2O H3O+ + CH3COO-
Chemical Properties of Acid
Acid + Reactive Metal Salt + H2
Example:
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
6HNO3 + 2Fe 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2
H2SO4 + Pb PbSO4 + H2
6CH3COOH + 2Al 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + H2O
Example:
2HCl + ZnO ZnCl2 + H2O
2HNO3 + MgO Mg(NO3)2 + H2O
H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O
2CH3COOH + Na2O 2CH3COO-Na++ H2O
Acid + Metal Hydroxide Salt + H2O
Example:
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O or H2SO4 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COO-K+ + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + CO2 + H2O
Example:
2HCl + ZnCO3 ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O
2HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O H2SO4
+ Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
2CH3COOH + MgCO3 Mg(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O
Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium All are soluble in wat
Salt of nitrate All are soluble in wat
Salt of sulphate Mostly soluble in wate
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium
sulphate
Salt of chloride Mostly soluble in wate
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury
chloride
Salt of carbonate Mostly insoluble in wa
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Oxide and Hydroxide
Oxide Mostly insoluble in w
Hydroxide Mostly insoluble in w
Preparation of Salt
Preparation of Soluble Salt
Salt of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium
Acid + Alkali ⎯ Salt + Water
r
6
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a (
r N
a a
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H
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o N
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+ n
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a
H s
2 A
c
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d
Salt of non- +
Potassium,
Sodium and M
Ammonium e
t
A a
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a
c
t S
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a a
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r
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon
S Dioxide
a
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t
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a
H
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d
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e p
: h
P t
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p (
a Z
r n
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o 2
f S
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S n
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[Link]
Z
2
H2SO4 + ZnO
ZnSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + ZnCO3
ZnSO4 + H2O
+ CO2
1
[Link]
0
Preparation of Insoluble Salt
Ionic Precipitation
Insoluble salts can be made by double decomposition. This involves mixing a solution that contains its
positive ions with another solution that contains its negative ions.
Example: Preparation of Silver Nitrate
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Ag+ (aq) + C1- (aq) AgCl (s) (ionic equation)
Colour of Salt
Salt or metal oxide Solid Aqueous solution
Salt of:
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, zinc,
Lead, ammonium White Colourless
Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate
Salt of Copper(II).-
Copper(II) Carbonate Green Insoluble
Copper(II) sulphate, Copper(II) nitrate, Copper(II)
Blue Blue
chloride
Copper(II) oxide Black Insoluble
Salt of Iron (II)
Green Green
Iron(II) sulphate; Iron(II) nitrate; Iron(ID chloride
Salt of Iron (III).
Iron(III) sulphate; Iron(III) nitrate; Iron(III) Brown Brown
chloride
Lead Iodide Yellow Insoluble
Lead Chloride White Insoluble
Zink oxide Yellow when it is hot and
Insoluble
white when it is cold.
Lead(II) oxide- Brown when it is hot and
Insoluble
yellow when it is cold.
Magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide White Insoluble
Potassium oxide, Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide White Colourless
Heating effect on Salt
Heating Effect
CO32- NO3- ClSO
- 42-
Most Probably Release CO2
Most Probably Release NO
Most
2 Probably Release SOMost
3 Probably No effect
Heating Effect on Carbonate Salt
Carbonate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium carbonate Not decomposible
Sodium carbonate
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate MgCO3 MgO + CO2
Magnesium carbonate Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2
Aluminium carbonate
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
Iron (III) carbonate Fe2(CO3)3 Fe2O3 + 3CO2
Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 PbO + CO2
Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 CuO + CO2
Mercury(II) carbonate 2HgCO3 2Hg + 2CO2 + O2
Silver(I) carbonate
2Ag2CO3 4Ag + 2CO2 + O2
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O
Heating Effect on Nitrate Salt
Nitrate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium nitrate 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
Sodium nitrate 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
Calcium nitrate
Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
Aluminium nitrate 4Al(NO3)3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Zink nitrate Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
Iron (III) nitrate 4Fe(NO3)3 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
Lead(II) nitrate
Copper(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Mercury(II) nitrate Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2
Silver(I) nitrate
2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O
[NOTES: Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 is acidic gas and is brown in colour.]
Heating effect on sulphate salt The heating effect on chloride salts
Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat. Only All chloride salts are not decomposable by heat
certain sulphate salts are decomposed by heat when except ammonium chloride.
heated strongly. Example:
Zinc sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (III)
sulphate NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
ZnSO4 ZnO + SO3
CuSO4 CuO + SO3
2Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4 2NH3 + H2SO4
Identification of Gases
Gasses Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a ‘pop’ sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon Dioxide Turns lime water chalky.
Chlorine Bleach moist litmus paper.
Ammonia Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Sulphur Dioxide Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Nitrogen Dioxide Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3. ( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted H2SO4 HCl/HNO3 concentratedH2SO4
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
Carbon Dioxide is formed. It is soluble in
CO3 2- formed. It is soluble in -
released. diluted HCl/HNO3
diluted HNO3
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT soluble
SO42- - - -
in diluted HCl/HNO3
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
Cl- - -
soluble in diluted
-
HNO3
NO3- Formation of Brown
- - -
Ring
Idendification of cation
H2SO4 or
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) HCl or NaCl Na2CO3 KI
Na2SO4
Na+
White White
White
Ca 2+ precipitate is precipitate is
precipitate.
produced. produced.
White White White
Mg 2+ precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced. produced.
White
precipitate is
White White
produced.
Al3+ precipitate is precipitate is
Dissolve in
produced. produced.
excess NaOH .
solution.
White White
precipitate is precipitate is
White
produced. produced.
Zn 2+ precipitate is
Dissolve in Dissolve in
produced.
excess NaOH excess NH3
solution. solution.
White
White Yellow
precipitate is
White precipitate is White White precipitate is
produced.
Pb2+ precipitate is produced. precipitate is precipitate is produced.
Dissolve in
produced. Dissolve in hot produced. produced. Dissolve in hot
excess NaOH
water water
solution.
Dirty green Dirty green Green
Fe 2+ precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced. produced.
Red brown Red brown Brown
A red brown
Fe 3+ precipitate is precipitate is precipitate is
solution formed.
produced. produced. produced.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
Dissolve in
Blue precipitate Blue precipitate precipitate form
Cu2+ excess NH3
is produced. is produced. in brown
solution and
solution
form a blue
solution.
NH4+
= No changes is observed
[Link] 10
Distibguish Iron(II) and Iron(III)
Reagent Observation Ion presents
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(II) Light blue precipitate Fe 2+
Dark Blue precipitate Fe3+
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(III) Dark blue precipitate Fe2+
Greenish brown solution Fe3+
Solution of potassium Thiocyanate(II) Pinkish solution Fe2+
Blood red solution Fe3+
Manufactured Substances in Industry
Contact Process (Making Sulphuric Acid)
Stage 1: Formation of SO2
Combustion of Sulphur
S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)
or
Heating of metal sulphide such as lead(II) sulphide
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
or
Combustion of hiydrogen sulphide
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(ce)
Stage 2: Formation of SO3
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)
Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide
Temperature: 450°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Stage 3 Formation of oleum H2S2O7
SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) H2S2O7(l)
Stage 4:Formation of Sulphuric acid
H2S207 (1) + H2O (1) 2H2SO4(aq)
Haber Process (Making Ammonia)
Sources of the raw material
Hydrogen 1. Reaction between steam and heated coke
H2O + C CO + H2
2. Reaction between steam and natural gas.
2H2O + CH4 CO2 + 4H2
Nitrogen From distillation of liquid air.
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); ΔH = -92 kJ mo1-1
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 °C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm
