Resume Vector 3 Dimension

Multiple Variable Calculus

Fridgo Tasman, S.Pd, M.Sc

Rendy B. Suharsono
19029044

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS &
NATURAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
2021
 VECTOR 3 DIMENSION
A. Component Vector
Place the initial point of a vector a at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system.
Then, the terminal point of a has coordinates of the form (a1, a2,a3 ).

These coordinates are called the components of a and we write:

a = ¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿
The notation ¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿for the ordered pair that refers to a vector so as not to
confuse it with the ordered pair (a 1 , a2 , a3) that refers to
a point in the plane.
B. Position Vector
In three dimensions, the vector
OP = ¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿
a=⃗
is the position vector of the point P(a 1 , a2 , a3).

ABof a, where the initial point is A( x 1 , y 1 , z 1)

Consider that any other representation ⃗
and the terminal point is B(( x 2 , y 2 , z 2)).
 Then we have:
x 1+ a1=x 2 , y 1 +a 2= y 2 , z 1 +a3=z 2
Thus,
a 1=x2 −x1 , a2= y2 − y 1 , a3 =z 2−z 1
C. Length of Vector
The magnitude or length of the vector v is the length of any of its representations
denoted by the symbol |v| or║v║. The length of the three-dimensional (3-D) vector a =
¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿is:

|a|= √a 12 +a 22+ a32

D. Adding, Substracting and Multiplying Algebraic Vectors
To add algebraic vectors, we add their components. To subtract vectors,
we subtract components. Lastly to multiply a vector by a scalar, we multiply each
component by that scalar.
¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >+¿ b1 , b2 , b3 >¿<a 1+ b1 ,a 2+ b2 , a3+ b3 >¿
¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >+¿ b1 , b2 , b3 ≥< a1 +b1 , a2 +b2 , a3 +b3 >¿
c <a 1 , a2 , a3 >¿< c a1 , c a2 ,c a3 >¿
E. Components
Denote V 3 as the set of all 3-D vectors. Generally consider the set V nof all n-
dimensional vectors. An n-dimensional vector is an ordered n-tuple
a = ¿ a1 , a2 , … , an >¿
where a 1 , a2 , … , an are real numbers that are called the components of a. Addition and
scalar multiplication are defined in terms of components just as for the cases n = 2 and n
= 3.

F. Properties Of Vectors
 If a , b, and care vectors in V n and c and d are scalars, then
1. a+ b=b+a
2. a+(b+ c)=(a+ b)+ c
3. a+ 0=a
4. a+(−a)=0
5. c (a+ b)=ca+ cb
6. (c +d )a=ca+da
7. (cd )a=c(da)
8. 1 a=a
G. Standard Basis Vectors
Three vectors in V3 play a special role. Let
i=¿ 1 , 0 , 0>¿
j=¿ 0 , 1, 0>¿
k =¿ 0 , 0 ,1> ¿
These vectors i, j, and k are called the standard basis vectors. They have length 1 and
point in the directions of the positive x-, y-, and z-axes.

If a = ¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿then we can write:

a = ¿ a1 , a2 , a3 >¿
= ¿ a1 , 0 , 0>+¿ 0 , a2 , 0>+¿ 0 , 0 , a3 >¿
= a 1<1 , 0 , 0>+a 2< 0 ,1 , 0>+a 3< 0 ,0 ,1>¿
Then,
a= a 1 i+ a2 j+a3 k
 Thus, any vector in V 3 can be expressed in terms of i, j, and k.
H. Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector whose length is 1.Those i, j, and k are all unit vectors.
In general, if a ≠ 0, then the unit vector that has the same direction as a is:
1 a
|u|= a=
|a| |a|
1
In order to verify this, we let c= .Then, u = ca and c is a positive scalar; so, u has the
|a|
same direction as a. Also,
1
|u|=|ca|+|c||a|= |a|=1
|a|
I. Applications
Vectors are useful in many aspects of physics and engineering. how describe the
velocity and acceleration of objects moving in space. A force is represented by a vector
because it has both a magnitude (measured in pounds or newtons) and a direction. If
several forces are acting on an object, the resultant force experienced by the object is the
vector sum of these forces.
J. Problem for Vector 3D
1. Determine a, b if a = [ 2, - 3, 6 ] b = [ 8, 2, - 3 ]
 Distance A( 2,4,0 ) ; B ( - 1,- 2, 1 )
 Distance vector a = [ 1, 7 ] b = [ 6, - 5 ]
Solution:
a.b = [ 2, - 3, 6 ] . [ 8, 2, - 3 ] = 2.8 +(- 3).2 + 6. (- 3) = - 8
 Distance A dan B = √ (−1−2)2 +(−2−4)2+(1−0)2=√ 46
 Distance 2 vektor a and b write as d (a,b) or|a – b|
 Jadi d(a,b) ¿|a – b|= √(6−1)2+(−5−7¿¿ 2)¿ = 13

2. Show that:
 Point A [1, 1, 1] lies at g
 Point B [6, 2, 1] does not lie at g,
If g: [x1, x2, x3,] = [2, 1, 0] + λ [1, 0, 1]
Solution:
 Some fulfill the equation
[1, 1, 1] = [2, 1, 0] + λ [1, 0, -1] or 1=2+λ
1=1
1=-λ
So λ = - 1 satisfies indicating that [1, 1, 1] lies at g
 Equation
[6, 2, 1] = [2, 1, 0] + λ [1, 0, -1] or 6=2+λ
2=1
1=-λ
Not meeting indicates that [6, 2, 1] does not lie at g
3. Find a vector parametrization for the line that passes through (1, 1, 1) and (3,-5,2).
Solution:
Since our line passes through (1, 1, 1) we may parametrize it as
r (t )=〈 1 , 1 ,1 〉 +tv
for some direction vector v. Because the line also passes through (3,-5,2), it must be
parallel to the vector whose base point is (1, 1, 1) and whose terminal point is (3,-5,2),
so we might as well choose this to be our direction vector:
v=⟨ 3−1 ,−5−1,2−1 ⟩ =⟨ 2,−6,1 ⟩
So the line has vector parametrization
r (t )=〈 1 , 1 ,1 〉 + ⟨ 2 ,−6,1 ⟩
Notice that any scalar multiple of v would have also worked as a direction vector.
4. Given two points P = (1, −1, 2) and Q = (−1, 1, 1), compute the distance between the
two points.
Solution:
PQ
First, let us compute the displacement vector ⃗
PQ ¿(−1−1 ,1−(−1),1−2)=(−2 , 2 ,−1)
⃗
 PQ is given by
Then, the length of ⃗
PQ|√(−2)2+2 2+(−1)2 =√ 9=3
|⃗
Thus, the distance between P and Q is 3.
5. Given the vector u⃗ ¿(3 ,−1 ,2) , find its length and direction.
Solution:
We can compute the length of u⃗ as
2
|u⃗|=√ 32 + (−1 ) + 22=√ 14
Thus, the unit vector along u⃗ or direction of u⃗ , is given by:
u⃗
|u⃗| ( √314 . √−114 . √214 )
=

Thus, we can write the vector itself as its length times the direction:

u=√ 14 . ( √314 . √−114 . √214 )

6. Find the distance between points  P1= (3,−1,5) and  P2=(2,1,−1).
Solution:
Substitute values directly into the distance formula

D( P1 , P2 ¿= √ ( 2−3 )2+(1− (−1 ))2 +(−1−5)2=√ 41

7. If A=2 j+ 3i+ 4 k, B=i+3 j−2 k and C=2 i− j. Find the value of A+2B-C.
Solution:
A+2 B+C=(2 j+3 i+4 k )+ 2( i+3 j−2 k )+ 2i− j
A+2 B+C=(2 j+3 i+4 k )+(2 i+6 j−4 k )+2i− j
A+2 B+C=3 i+ 9 j
8. Given that A=i+ j+k , B=i+ j−k ,and C=i− j+ k . Find the unit vector of A+ B+C
Solution:
Firstly find the value of A+ B+C
 A+ B+C=( i+ j+k )+ (i+ j−k )+ (i− j+k )
A+ B+C=3 i+ j+k
Next find the length of A+ B+C
| A+ B+C|= √32 +12 +12=√ 9+1+1=√11
Lastly find the value of unit vector A+ B+C
A+ B+ C 3 i+ j+k 3 i+ j+k
u= = = √ 11
| A+ B+ C| √ 11 11
9. Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line through the point (5, 2, – 4)
and which is parallel to the vector 3 i+ 2 j−8 k .
Solution:
We have
a⃗ =5 i+2 j−4 kandb⃗ =3 i+ 2 j−8 k
Therefore, the vector equation of the line is
r⃗ =5i+2 j−4 k + λ(3 i+2 j−8 k )
Now, r is the position vector of any point P(x, y, z) on the line.
Therefore,
xi+ yj +k =5 i+2 j−4 k + λ ( 3 i+2 j −8 k )
xi+ yj +k =( 5+3 λ ) i+ (2+ 2 λ ) j+ (−4−8 λ ) k
By eliminating λ, we get
x−5 y−2 z+ 4
= =
3 2 −8
which is the equation of the line in Cartesian form
10. Find the vector equation for the line passing through the points (–1, 0, 2) and (3, 4,
6).
Solution:
Let a⃗ and b⃗ be the position vectors of the point A(– 1, 0, 2) and B(3, 4, 6). 
Then
a⃗ =−i+2 k
And
b⃗ =3 i+ 4 j+ 6 k
Therefore
b⃗ – ⃗a=4 i+4 j+4 k
Let r be the position vector of any point on the line. Then the vector equation of the
line is
r⃗ =−i+ 2k + λ ( 4 i+4 j+4 k )