Database Administrator
Sample diagram of Database Model
Database Approach
Advantages | Disadvantages
No data redundancy
Single update
Current Values
Task-data Independence
Can be Costly
Can only run in certain operating system
Requires training of users
Flat-file Approach
Introduction to Database Management System
Advantages | Disadvantages
Data Management Approaches
Promotes a single-user view approach where end users own their data files.
Data files are structured, formatted, and arranged to suit the specific needs of the
owner or user of data.
Flat-file Approach
Data Storage - creates excessive storage costs of paper documents and/or magnetic
form
Data Updating - any changes or additions must be performed multiple times
Currency of Information - potential problem of failing to update all affected files
Task-Data Dependency - user’s inability to obtain additional information as his or her
needs change
Data Dictionary
- describes every data element in the database.
- enables all users to share a common view of the data resource.
Are data files that contain records with no structured relationships to other files
Associated with legacy systems
Promotes a single-user view approach to data management
Introduction to Database Management System
All transactions must follow what is called A.C.I.D. properties.
A- Atomicity
C- Consistency
I- Isolation
D- Durability
The Physical Database
Introduction to Database Management Systems
What is data?
Database Management Approaches
Functions of DBA
Data Management Approaches
Data Redundancy & Flat-File Problems
Data Redundancy- is the replication of data in multiple files
Introduction to Database Management System
Simple database: Microsoft Access
In connection to item no. 10
Key Elements of DBMS
The lowest level of the database and the only level that exists in physical form.
Consists of magnetic spots on metallic coated disks
Data is a raw piece of information
Data has variety of forms:
Text
Numbers
Image
Facts
The bricks and mortar of the database
It allows data to be located, stored and retrieved, and enables movement from
one record to another
Has two fundamental components:
- Organization method
- Access method
Role of Data in a Business
Data Access
The technique used to locate records and to navigate through the database.
Database Approach
DBMS Features
Users
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Database Views
Conceptual View/Logical View
- represents the database logically and abstractly
External View/User View
- the portion that an individual user is authorized to access
Database Management System
Key Elements of DBMS
Data is essentially the plain facts and statistics collected during the operations of
a business.
Data management helps the organization to generate revenue, control costs, and
mitigate risks.
Data enables the company to react quickly to changing demands (from
customers and environmental conditions)
Illustration of how Key Elements of Database Approach Works
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
The query capability permits end users and professional programmers to access
data in the database without the need for conventional programs.
ANSI’s Structured Query Language (SQL) is a fourth-generation language that
has emerged as the standard query language.
Centralizes the organization’s data into a common database that is shared by
other users
Database Approach
Flat-file Approach
Important Data
To help identify data that are vital to the enterprise, consider the following questions:
Are the data relevant to the strategic planning needs of the company?
Are the data needed for corporate decision making?
Are the data included in an official system-wide report?
Are the data required by regulatory authorities?
Are the data disseminated internally only or made available outside the
organization?
Data Model
- Is an abstract representation of the data about the entities, including resources, events
and agents, and their relationships in an organizations
Three types of structures are:
- Hierarchical (aka the tree structure)
- Network
- Relational
Data Organization
- Refers to the way records are physically arranged on the secondary storage device
This may be either:
Sequential – stored in contiguous locations that occupy specified area of disk space.
Random – stored without regard for their physical relationship to other records of the
same file
User programs send data access requests to the DBMS
Under this mode of access, the presence of DBMS is transparent to the users.
Can access database in two ways:
Formal Access: Application Interface
Informal Access: Query Language
DDL is a programming language used to define the database to the DBMS.
The DDL identifies the names and the relationship of all data elements, records,
and files that constitute the database.
Viewing Levels:
Internal/physical view - physical arrangement of records
conceptual view (schema) - representation of database
user view (subschema)- the portion of the database each user views (many)
Prevents successful integration of data across the organization
Users obtain separate data sets to their specific needs
What is a Database?
DBMS Models
Key Elements of the Database Approach
Database Management System
Users
Database Administrators
Physical Database
DBMS Models
Users
Three Software Modules
DML is the proprietary programming language that a particular DBMS uses to
retrieve, process, and store data.
Entire user programs may be written in the DML, or selected DML commands
can be inserted into universal programs, such as JAVA, C++, COBOL and
FORTRAN.
Flat-file Model
Database Model
Introduction to Database Management Systems (DBMS)
An organized mechanism for storing, managing and retrieving information.
Traditional databases consist of fields, records, and files.
What is Database Management System
Sample Diagram of a Flat-file Model
Users: Three Software Modules
Query – is an ad hoc access methodology for extracting information from a
database.
Internal/Physical View
- The lowest level of representation
- Describes the structures of data records, the linkages between files, and the physical
arrangement and sequence of record in a file
Key Elements of DBMS
Formal Access: Application Interface
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Key Elements of DBMS
Data versus Information
Introduction to Database Management System
What is Database Management System (DBMS)?
DBMS is the file folders, file labels, and the file cabinet.
Served as an interface between the database and the end uses or application
programs.
Useful for providing a centralized view of data that can be access by multiple
users.
The purpose of DBMS is to provide controlled access to the database
Functions of DBMS
1. Data Dictionary Management
2. Data Storage Management
3. Data Transformation and Presentation
4. Security Management
5. Multi-user Access Control
6. Back-up and Recovery Management
7. Data Integrity
8. Database Access Language and Application Programming Interfaces
9. Database Communication Interfaces
10. Transaction Management
Physical Database
Data Structures
Introduction to Database Management System
Database Management System
User Programs - makes the presence of the DBMS transparent to the user
Direct Query - allows authorized users to access data without programming
Application Development - user created applications
Backup and Recovery - copies database
Database Usage Reporting - captures statistics on database usage (who, when,
etc.)
Database Access - authorizes access to sections of the database
Three (3) Software Modules
3. Informal Access: Query Language
Information Technology Auditing
