Annelida
Temporal range: Early Ordovician – Recent[1]
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Annelids, or true-segmented worms, are members of the animal phylum Annelida, the most
complex of all wormlike groups of organisms. Annelids are commonly found in terrestrial, as well
as marine, brackish, estuarine, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Most annelids are
free-living, although several species have parasitic, mutualistic, or commensal relationships with
other animals, and many species are commonly associated with aquatic and terrestrial plants.
Six major classes comprise this phylum: Polychaeta (polychaete, or many-bristled worms;
primarily marine; more than 15,000 species [spp.]); Oligochaeta (oligochaete worms; freshwater,
terrestrial, marine; more than 8,000 spp.), Hirudinea (leeches; freshwater, terrestrial, marine;
more than 700 spp.), Branchiobdellida (crayfish worms; freshwater, live on crayfishes; more
than 100 spp.), Aphanoneura (suction-feeding worms; freshwater; more than 30 spp.), and
Acanthobdellida (bristle leech; parasitic on Arctic marine fishes; 1 sp.). As with any group of
organisms, the phylogenetic relationships of the diverse groups within annelids, and of the
phylum to others within the animal kingdom, is the subject of continuing debate. The marine
invertebrate groups Echiura and Sipunculida recently were aligned with the annelids.
All annelids are bilaterally symmetrical , with an elongated, cylindrical body shape divided both
externally and internally by a regular, linear series of segments. The highly developed digestive,
circulatory, nervous, and excretory systems within the body cavity, or coelom, reflect external
segmentation and generally are repeated serially; this is called metameric segmentation, and
distinguishes annelids from all other wormlike groups. Annelids range in size from less than 0.7
millimeters (0.019 inch) to over 3 meters (9.8 feet) in length. The number of segments is
relatively fixed in some groups (Branchiobdellida, Hirudinea), but indeterminate in others.
External form of annelids is diverse, even within each group; the polychaetes may have distinct
body regions, with limblike parapodia, chaetae (hairs), tentacles, and antennae, while others
may appear similar to an earthworm, with few if any external appendages . Most oligochaete
species have chaetae arranged in bundles on each segment. Several aquatic oligochaetes and
many polychaetes have gills.
Leeches are usually flattened, with a posterior sucker and anterior suckerlike mouth; several
species have jaws, others have an extendable proboscis. The branchiobdellidans have a
posterior sucker and an anterior end with several fused segments and distinct teeth. Chaetae
are absent in leeches and branchiobdellidans. The single species of Acanthobdellida is shaped
like an elongate leech, with a few hooked chaetae located ventrally on a few anterior segments.
Annelids are hermaphroditic; reproduction is commonly sexual, but many species reproduce
asexually by budding or fragmentation. Annelids are important components of their respective
habitats, whether it be the bottom of freshwater or marine environments, or the soil. The feeding
habits of many species are important in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of
nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Many annelids feed on algae, insects, carrion,
and other worms, and several leech species consume the blood of turtles, birds, fishes, and
mammals.
