Technical Training
(Module 10)
Slabs and Beams Reinforcement Detailing
Introduction RCC Slabs
Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based on its support conditions.
Slab may be supported on walls or beams or columns.
• Slab supported directly by columns are called flat slab.
• Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in
one direction only is called One Way Slab.
• Slab supported on all four sides and bending take place in two
directions are said to be Two Way Slab.
• The slabs having ratio of longer length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx)
greater than 2 is called one way slab otherwise as two way slab.
• In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter direction and
the reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel.
• In two way slab main reinforcement is provided along both direction.
Classification of Slabs
• Based of shape: Square, rectangular, circular and polygonal in shape.
• Based on type of support: Slab supported on walls, Slab supported on
beams, Slab supported on columns (Flat slabs).
• Based on support or boundary condition: Simply supported, Cantilever
slab, Overhanging slab, Fixed or Continues slab.
• Based on use: Roof slab, Floor slab, Foundation slab, Water tank slab.
• Basis of cross section or sectional configuration: Ribbed slab /Grid slab,
Solid slab, Filler slab, Folded plate
• Basis of spanning directions : One way slab (Spanning in one direction)
& Two way slab (Spanning in two direction)
Example of Ribbed slab
Example of Grid slab
A system of Secondary beams intersecting each other and slab
Example of Waffle slab
RCC Slab Design Guidelines:
a) Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two:
1. L = Clear span + d (effective depth )
2. L = Centre to centre distance between the support
b) Depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection
criterion. The trial depth can be obtained using:
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑑) =
𝐿 𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 × 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
• For obtaining modification
factor, the percentage of Type of support Fe-250 Fe-415
steel for slab can be Simply supported L/35 L/28
assumed from 0.2 to Continuous support L/40 L/32
0.5%.
RCC Slab Design Guidelines Contd.:
• The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using
cl.24.1, IS 456 provided short span is <3.5m and loading class is
<3.5KN/m2.
• Or, the following thumb rules can be used:
• One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).
• Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)
• Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)
c) Load on slab: The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish
and live load. The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m2).
1. Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 ( Where D is thickness of slab in m)
2. Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2
3. Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the
occupancy of the building)
Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS 456: 2000
a)Nominal Cover:
1. For Mild exposure – 20 mm
2. For Moderate exposure – 30 mm
However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be
reduced by 5 mm. Thus for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar
and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15 mm.
b) Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in
slab shall not be less than
• 0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel
• 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.
The diameter of bar generally used in slabs are: 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm and
16 mm.
Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS 456: 2000 Contd.
c) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed
1. Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
2. Distribution steel – 5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller Where, ‘d’ is
the effective depth of slab.
Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm
(Preferably 100mm) though code do not recommend any value.
d) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in
slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.
Reinforcement Detailing of RCC Slabs
• Slabs could be simply
supported, continuous or
cantilever.
• In two way slab the
corners may be held down
by restraints or may be
allowed to lift up.
• Additional torsion
reinforcement is required
at corners when it is
restrained against uplifting
as shown in Fig.
• Alternate main bars can be
cranked near support or
could be bent at the edge
and then extended at the
top inside the slab as
shown.
Curtailment and cranking of bars and is shown in Fig.
Torsion reinforcement
• Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is
simply supported on both edges meeting at that corner and is prevented
from lifting unless the consequences of cracking are negligible.
• It shall consist of top and bottom reinforcement, each with layer of bars
placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a
minimum distance of one fifth of the shorter span.
• The area of reinforcement per unit width in each of these four layers shall
be three quarters of the area required for the maximum mid-span moment
per unit width in the slab.
• Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described above shall be provided
at a corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is
continuous. Torsion reinforcement to be provided is shown in Fig..
The drawing
showing the
detailing of
reinforcement
in both
direction and
sectional
elevations.
Fig: Slab
spanning in one
direction (One-
way slab)
Fig: Slab
spanning in two
directions (two-
way slab)
Detailing of RCC Beams
• Beam carries transverse external loads that cause bending moment,
shear forces and in some cases torsion
• Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension.
• Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile stresses in reinforced
concrete beams.
• Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars
(HYSD) are used.
• HYSD bars have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength
at least by 40%
• Anchorage in steel bars is normally provided in the form of bends and
hooks
• The anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times the diameter of
bar for every 450 bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter
of bar.
Detailing of RCC Beams Contd.
The beams are classified as:
• According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, etc
• According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous
and cantilever beams
• According to reinforcement: Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced
Reinforcement.
Cover in Beam:
• Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the
larger diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links.
• Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be
used to satisfy the durability criteria.
While drawing the details of a beam following convention representation
of bars are used:
• Mild steel bars :F or HYSD bars: #
• Main bars are shown by thick single line.
• Hanger bars are shown by medium thick lines.
Types of Reinforcement in Beams:
Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements:
• Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face.
• Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up
longitudinal bars are provided.
• Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam is provided when the
depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area
and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding
300 mm or web thickness whichever is less)
Specification for the reinforcement in beams is given in clause 8.1 to 8.6 of
SP34
The detailing of beams is normally associated with:
• Size and number (or spacing) of bars,
• Lap and curtailment (or bending) of bars,
• Development length of bars,
• Clear cover to the reinforcement and
• Spacer and chair bars.
Other Details
• Anchorage in steel bars is normally provided in the form of bends and
hooks.
• Twisted steel bars or deformed steel bars are not provided with hooks.
• The anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times the diameter of
bar for every 450 bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter
of bar.
• Fig. on next slide shows the standard hooks and bends.
• Bars are lapped over each other for increasing the length of bars.
• Minimum lap length should be equal to development length.
• Development length for bars in different concrete mix is given in SP34.
Different forms of stirrups used in beams.
Fig. : Standard Hooks
and Bends in
Reinforcement
The value of K in above
figure depends on type of
steel used which is given
below:
SNo Type of Steel Min.
value of K
1 Mild steel 2
2 Cold worked 4
steel
Fig. : Reinforcement details in Beams
