PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES

Name : Muhammad Fawad

Name ID : 12699

Course Name : Pakistan and Islamiat Studies

Teacher’s Name: Muhammad Farooq Course ID: 105917 Date of Submission: 15- Feb- 2021

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Index
No. T0pic Page No.

1 Describe the services of Hazrat Mujaddid 3-8

Alf Sani for the revival of Islam in the
Sub-continent.
2 Describe in detail Sultan Shahab-ud-Din 9 - 14
Muhammad Ghori from early life to end.
3 Explain the following: i. Downfall of Muslim rule
ii. Mir Jaffer iii. Mir Sadiq 15 - 23
iv. Munni Begum(Mother of East India Company)

4 Role of Arabia in the evolution of religion. 24 - 27

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Hazart Mujaddid Alf Sani

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani, whose real name was Sheikh Ahmad. He
a prominent disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah, an eminent
saint Of the Naqshabandia spiritual order. He received
Khilafat from his the Chishtiya and Suhurwrdiya
spiritual orders. He is popularly known as Mujaddid-i-
Afli-i-Sani (Receiver of Islam during the second
Millenium). Sheikh Ahmad Was born on June 26, 1564 at
Sirhind, the Capital Of Eastern Punjab during Mughal
rule.
He received education under the most prominent and learned
teachers at Sialkot and Sirhind. He memorized Holy Quran and
then switched over to the study Of Hadith, Tafsir( commentary)
and Ma'qual (philosophy). He travelled from place to place to
benefit from renowned scholars. Sheikh Ahmad wrote his famous
book, Isbat-un-Nabuwwat in which he gave an excellent explanation
of the prophet hood.

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Religious And Social Services:

During his period the Muslims in India had become so deficient in
the knowledge of true Islam that they had more belief in Karamat or
miracles of the saints than Islamic teachings. The Ulema and
theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the Quran and Hadith
in their commentaries, and considered jurisprudence the only
religious knowledge. Akbar, the Mughal King had started a series of
experiments with Islam, propagating his own religion Deen-e-Elahi,
an amalgamation of Hindu and Muslim beliefs.

The Deen-i-Ilāhī, known during its time as

Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī or Divine Faith was a
syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal
emperor Akbar in 1582

In these circumstances, Sheikh Ahmed set upon himself the task of

purifying the Muslim society. His aim was to rid Islam of the
accretions of Hindu Pantheism. However, the Mujaddid succeeded
in his efforts at last and Jahangir cancelled all those orders of his
father which were against the spirit of Islam and thus Deen-e-Elahi
came to an ignoble end.

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Preaching of Islam:
Hazrat Mujaddid continued preaching of Islam during the
imprisonment in the Fort of Gwalior. Due to
his efforts thousands Non-Muslims accepted
Islam. Due to his efforts thousands Non-
Muslims accepted Islam. After a year
however, Jahangir under the influence of his
Islamic writings released him from jail and Gwalior Fort is a hill fort near Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India.
offered huge gifts to him. The king
befriended and respected the Sheikh. He listened to his advices.
After Maghrib prayers the king would grant him special audience
where Sheikh would talk about religious affairs to Jahangir. He
asked his son Shah Jahan to become a spiritual disciple of the Sheikh.
Two
Wahdat-al-Shuhud:
Main Sufi philosophies prevail
The philosophy of Wahdat-al-wujud was on this topic. Waḥdat al-
wujūd literally means "the
presented by some Sufis of Akbar’s time. They
Unity of Existence" or "the
believed that the entire universe is the symbol of Unity of Being." On the other
Almighty God and a source of revelation of hand, waḥdat ash-shuhūd,
God’s sovereignty. He was highly critical of the meaning "Apparentism" or
"Monotheism of Witness",
philosophy of Wahdat-al-Wujud, against which holds that God and his creation
he gave his philosophy of Wahdat-al-Shuhud. are entirely separate.
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi preached the doctrine of

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what he called Wahdat-al-Shuhud i.e. unity of witnessing. Thus he

maintained that we are not manifestation of One Being but it is only
an appearance, not reality.

Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani:
Sheikh Ahmed adopted an effective method of persuasion by writing
letters to the leading nobles of the royal court. His letters are known
as Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani.

Through preaching, discussions and his maktubat addressed to

important nobles and leaders of religious thought, he spread his
message amongst the elite in particular. Letters and messages were
sent to them exhorting to serve the cause of Islam. He also requested
the scholars to show the right path to the people, and the King. He
asked the saints to give up their Un-Islamic practices and beliefs.

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Books and Magazines (Risala):

He wrote many books, including his famous works, Isbat-ul-Nabat
and Risal-i-Nabuwat. In these works the need and importance of
prophethood was described. His greatest work on Islamic philosophy
was the Tauheed-i-Shuhudi. Sheikh Ahmed continued preaching
Islam till the end of his days. He urged peopled to adhere to the
accepted and clearly laid down path of Islam.

Two Nation Theory:

Mujaddid Alif Sani cleared on the Muslims that they were the
separate nation from Hindus and nothing was common in them.
Therefore, the Muslim should keep themselves distinct from Hindus
with reference to food, dress, social custom and way of life. With
this declaration, he founded the first stone of Two Nation Theory in
Indo-Pak subcontinent which led to the success of Pakistan
Movement and establishment of Pakistan. That’s why Hazrat
Mujaddid was rightly called First Founder of Pakistan.

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Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani explained the Two Nation Theory in

16th and 17th century:-

“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they

will have to get rid of all those paganism. They will
have to live separately from Hindus. If this
consciousness of separate nationalism is not produced
among the Muslims then the fear is that they would be
swept away in the flood of one-nationhood.”

Conclusion:
Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani was the most
powerful religious personality in the history
of sub-continent who opposed Akbar and
thereby invited his wrath. He got an
opportunity in a liberal atmosphere in
Jahangir’s reign to use his powerful pen to Tomb of Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani
denounce Akbar’s religious innovations. He is
considered as a pioneer of Muslim self-assertion by denouncing Un-
Islamic practices.

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Sultan Sahab-Ud-Din Muhammad Ghori

Sahabuddin Muhammad Ghori was born in 1146 in the Ghor region
of Khorasan. He was also known as Muhammad
of ghor , was the Sultan of the Ghurid Empire
along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din
Muhammad from 1173 to 1202 and as the sole ruler
from 1202 to 1206. He is credited with laying the
foundation of Muslim rule in the Indian
subcontinent, which lasted for several centuries.
He reigned over a territory spanning over parts of modern-day
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Northern India, Pakistan,
Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.
During their early life,
Sahabuddin and his elder brother Ghiyath were
imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were
later released by the latter's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad.
When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported His elder brother, Ghiyath
Ghiyath, and helped him ascend the throne. Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad , was
sultan of the Ghurid
shortly gave Sahabuddin control over Istiyan and Kajuran. dynasty from 1163 to 1202.
During his reign, the
However, the throne was challenged by several Ghurid Ghurid dynasty became a
world power, which
chiefs. Sahabuddin aided Ghiyath in defeating and killing a stretched from Gorgan to
Bengal.
rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.

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In 1173, Muhammad Ghori took the city of Ghazni to avenge the

death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri at the hands of Mahmud
of Ghazni and used it as a launching-pad for expansion into northern
India.
His ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri
was the king of the Ghurid dynasty
from the 10th-century to 1011.

He assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the

Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western
Asia.

Khwarazmain Empire’s Area It is a historical region which

formed the northeast province of
Greater Iran. The name
signifies "the Land of the Sun"
or "the Eastern Province"

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Sahabuddin captured Multan from the Hamid Ludi dynasty in 1175,

and took Uch in 1175 as well.
Uch is an historic city in the
southern part of Pakistan's
Punjab province . .Uch may
have been founded as
Alexandria on the Indus, a town
founded by Alexander the Great
during his invasion of the Indus
Valley.

In 1186, the last refuge of its Persianised enemies, he also

conquered the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore. Sahabuddin
Muhammad Ghori wished to conquer the heart of Northern India,
which was then under Rajput control, after consolidating his reign in
the North-West domain.

Rajput is a large multi-

component cluster of castes,
kin bodies, and local groups,
sharing social status and
ideology of genealogical
descent originating from the
Indian subcontinent.

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In 1191, Sahabuddin proceeded towards Indian

Sub-continent through the Khyber Pass in modern-
day Pakistan and was successful in reaching
Punjab in the battle of Tarain. Sahabuddin
captured a fortress, Bathinda in present-day
Punjab state on the northwestern frontier of
The Khyber Pass is a mountain
Prithviraj Chauhan's kingdom. Qazi Zia-ud-Din pass in the Khyber
as governor of the fortress, received the news that Pakhtunkhwa province of
Pakistan, on the border with
Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Afghanistan
Tai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The
two armies eventually met near the town of Tarain,
14 miles from Thanesar.

First Battle Of Tarain

It is located in Kurukshetra
district, approximately 160 km
northwest of Delhi.
The battle was marked by the initial attack of
mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-
attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle.
Sahabuddin mortally wounded Govind Tai in personal combat and
in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated
and Prithviraj's army was deemed victorious.

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On his return to Ghor, Sahabuddin made preparations to avenge the

defeat. According to Firishta, the Rajput army consisted of 3,000
elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry (most likely a gross
exaggeration). Minhaj-i-Siraj, stated Sahabuddin brought 120,000
fully armored men to the battle in 1192.
Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani, full name Abu Osman Minhajuddin
bin Sirajuddin, was a 13th-century Persian historian born in
the Ghurid capital city of Firuzkuh, which was located in
Ghor Province.

Prithviraj had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his
banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived.
Before the next day, Sahabuddin attacked the Rajput army before
dawn. Rajputs had a tradition of fighting from sunrise to sunset.
Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered
losses due to surprise attack before sunrise. The Rajput army was
eventually defeated and Prithviraj was taken prisoner and
subsequently executed.

Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai

Pithora was a king from the
Chahamana (Chauhan)
dynasty.

Second Battle Of Tarain

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In 1206, Sahabuddin, having settled the affairs in India, left all the
affairs in India in hands of his slave Qutb al-Din Aibak.

Graveyard Of Sahabuddin Muhammad Tomb Of Sahabuddin Muhammad

Ghori Ghori

On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan rested at Dhamiak near

Sohawa (which is near the city of Jhelum in the Punjab province of
modern-day Pakistan). He was assassinated on March 15, 1206 while
offering his evening prayers. His killers are unconfirmed. It may
have been the Khokhars or Ismailis. One source states that he was
assassinated by the Nizari Ismaili Assassins.

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DOWNFALL OF MUSLIM RULE

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
No Law of Succession:
There was no law of succession among the Muslim
rulers of the subcontinent. During the period of Delhi
sultanate and Mughal era, the transfer of power was
not peaceful except a few. During the last years of Shah
Jahan, a war of succession broke out among his
sons and its consequences were disastrous for the Shah Jahan is considered the most
competent of Emperor Jahangir's four
complexion of the entire society. sons. Jahangir's death in late 1627
spurred a war of succession, from
which Shah Jahan emerged victorious
after much intrigue.
Lack of Military Efficiency:
Military efficiency was the hallmark of the
Muslim rule in India. The military, with which
the earlier strong rulers carried on the conquest
and extended the empire, had now become
demoralized and inefficient. There was lack of
discipline, cohesion, patriotism, and ignorance
with the modern military warfare in the army.

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Rise of Marathas:
The rise of the Marathas resulted in a period of anarchy and chaos.
Aurangzeb’s death was a signal for Marathas to enhance their
authority over the government, which
resulted in administrative disorder. There
was a great resentment amongst the Muslim
masses against the Marathas particularly;
but the emperors were too weak to meet the
challenge.
Segmentation on the Basis of Religion:
Akbar’s religious dogmas resulted in weakening the hold of Muslims
on government offices. The’ Muslim segment of the society alienated
itself from the art and craft of the Mughal Empire. Moreover, this
resulted in the rise of orthodoxy under the Aurangzeb who alienated
the Hindu segment of the empire.
Ignorance Towards Sea Power:
The Muslim rulers particularly the Mughals
neglected the importance of the sea power.
They lacked the vision and sagacity to
understand the challenges posed by the
European sea power. Administrative chaos resulted in economic
downfall. The revenue taxes were enhanced and there was no

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uniformity in the tax policy during the later Mughal emperors.

Economic instability thus undermined the stability of the empire.
Deterioration of Ruler's Character:
Deterioration of character was another phenomenal contributor to
the downfall. The king and sultans like Altutmash. Balban, Alaodin
Khilji. Muhammad Tughluq, Sikandar Lodhi, Babar, Akbar and
Aurangzeb, were competent, handworker and intelligent people, who
were well aware, of the art of smooth sailing of the government. The
remaining rulers were neither competent nor had the highest values
of the character. The courtiers and the noble of Mughal rulers of
17th and 18th century were not men of characters and divided on
ethnic and linguistic basis.
Attacks of Invaders:
The attacks of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah were a fatal blow to
the Mughal authority and resulted in the rise of the regional powers
and deterioration in the central authority. Deccan, Orissa, Oudh,
Bengal Bihar, etc., all declared their independence. Unfortunately,
the Muslim rulers neglected the importance of educational
institutions. When Europe was being illuminated with renaissance
movement, establishing universities, hospitals and welfare
institutions, our rulers were indulged in making gardens, palaces and
palace intrigues.

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MIR JAFAR
Syed Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur was a military general who
became the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the
British East India Company. He was born in 1691. His
reign has been considered by many historians as the
start of the expansion of British control of the Indian
subcontinent in Indian history and a key step in the
eventual British domination of vast areas of modern-
day India.
Mir Jafar served as the commander of the
Bengali army under Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal,
but betrayed him during the Battle of Plassey and succeeded
Daulah after the British victory in 1757.

The Battle of Plassey was a Siraj ud-Daulah

decisive victory of the British was the last
East India Company over a independent
much larger force of the Nawab Nawab of
of Bengal and his French allies Bengal.
on 23 June 1757, under the
leadership of Robert Clive.

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In 1758, Robert Clive discovered that Jafar had made a treaty with
the Dutch East India Company at Chinsurah through his agent
Khoja Wajid. Dutch ships of the line were also seen in the River
Hooghly. Hooghly, river in West Bengal state,
northeastern India. An arm of the
Ganges (Ganga) River, it provides
access to Kolkata (Calcutta) from the
Bay of Bengal.

Jafar's dispute with the British eventually led to the Battle of

Chinsurah.

The Battle of Chinsurah (also known as the Battle of Biderra or Battle

of Hoogly) took place near Chinsurah, India on 25 November 1759
during the Seven Years' War between a force of British troops mainly
of the British East India Company and a force of the Dutch East India
Company.

In October 1760, the company forced him to abdicate in favor of

Qasim. However, the East India Company eventually overthrew
Qasim as well due to disputes over trade policies.
Jafar was restored as the Nawab in 1763
with the support of the company. Mir Qasim, however, refused to
accept this and went to war against the company.

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Jafar paid Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for the

attack on Calcutta to the company and traders of
the city. In addition, he gave bribes to the officials
of the company. Robert Clive, for example, received
over two million rupees, and William Watts
received over one million.

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October

1764 between the forces under the command of the
East India Company led by Hector Munro, and
the combined armies of Mir Qasim the Nawab of
Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh,
and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. With
the defeat in Buxar, Mir Qasim was eventually
overthrown. Mir Jafar managed to regain the
good graces of the British; he was again installed Nawab in 1764.
Jafar ruled until his death on 5 February 1765 and
lies buried at the Jafarganj Cemetery in
Murshidabad, West Bengal.

Grave Of Mir Jafar

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MIR SADIQ
Mir Sadiq held the post of a minister in the cabinet of
Tipu Sultan of Mysore. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore
War in 1798–99, he allegedly betrayed Tipu Sultan
during the Siege of Srirangapatana, paving the way
for a British victory. Gudu was killed by some of the
dismayed Mysorean troops immediately following the
defeat as he attempted to go over to welcome the
British.

The Siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May

1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth
Anglo-Mysore War between the British East
India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore.

According to Muhammad Iqbal, “Mir Jafar and Mir

Sadiq were a disgrace to faith, a disgrace to humanity,
and a disgrace to the motherland, who were instrumental
in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah of
Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore respectively by
betraying them for the benefit of the British”.

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MUNNI BEGUM(Mother of East India Company)

Munni was born in Balkunda, Sikanda, Uttar Pradesh. Her mother
sold her to dancing girl named Bishu when she was
young. Bishu taught Munni dancing and made Munni
part of her dance troupe. Munni traveled with the
troupe to different royal houses of India, dancing in the
royal courts. She became famous because of her beauty
and skills.
Munni was believed to the pretties of the girls. She caught
the eye of Mir Jafar, the chief of staff of Nawab Alivardi's Army.
Mir Jafar made Munni a part of his harem. She was an intelligent
woman and soon became the principal consort of the harem. She
would even overshadow the first wife of Mir Jafar, Shah Khanam.
The British East India Company led by Robert Clive defeated the
Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah with the help of Mir Jafar. The British
made Mir Jafar the new Nawab of Bengal. Mir Jafar died on 5
February 1765, leaving Munni a widow and in control of the fortunes
of Mir Jafar.
Munni became a good friend of Robert Clive, who
promised her his support and in return she gave him half a million
rupees. The payment to Clive had secured her sons position on the
Masnad. She became the most important female member of the

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Nawab family. She managed the estate and the salaries of the royal
household. Her son, Najimuddin Ali Khan, became the Nawab and
her power increased. Najimuddin died in May 1766. Her second son,
Najabat Ali Khan succeeded to the throne. He died in 1770. Munni
then helped the British East India Company remove
the Naib Nazim. Rani Bhabani gifted Munni a
Palanquin with 30 people to carry it. She also gifted
a plot of land to pay the cost of 30 servants. She was
removed from the guardianship of the young Nawab
by the court of directors of the East India company
after political opponents of her ally Warren
Hastings, the governor of India, raised allegation of Warren Hastings was the first
corruption against them. Governor of the Presidency of
Fort William (Bengal), the
Munni died on 10 January head of the Supreme Council of
Bengal,
1812 at the age of 93. The Union Jack was hoisted at
half-mast and 90 guns were fired in Fort William, India. She was
buried beside her husband, Mir Jafar, in his family graveyard.

Tomb Of Munni Begum(Mother of

East India Company)
Fort William is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the
early years of the Bengal Presidency of British India.

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ROLE OF ARABIA IN THE

EVOLUTION OF RELIGION
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia included indigenous Arabian
polytheism, ancient Semitic religions (religions
predating the Abrahamic religions which
themselves likewise originated among the
ancient Semitic-speaking peoples),
Christianity, Judaism, and Iranian religions
such as Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and
Manichaeism. Polytheism is the worship of
or belief in multiple deities,
Arabian polytheism, the which are usually assembled
dominant form of religion in pre-Islamic into a pantheon of gods and
goddesses, along with their
Arabia, was based on veneration of deities and own religions and rituals.
spirits. Worship was directed to various gods
and goddesses, including Hubal and the goddesses al-Lāt, al-‘Uzzā,
and Manāt, at local shrines and temples such as the Kaaba in
Mecca.
Al-Lat also spelled Allat, Allatu and
Alilat, is a pre-Islamic Arabian goddess
worshipped under various associations
throughout the entire peninsula, including
Mecca where she was worshipped alongside
Manat and al-'Uzza.

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Deities were venerated and invoked through a variety of rituals,

including pilgrimages and divination, as well as ritual sacrifice.
Different theories have been proposed regarding the role of Allah in
Meccan religion. Many of the physical descriptions of the
pre-Islamic gods are traced to idols, especially near the
Kaaba, which is said to have contained up to 360 of them.
The Kingdom of
Other religions Aksum, also known
were represented to varying, lesser degrees. The influence as the Aksumite
of the adjacent Roman and Aksumite resulted in Empire, was an
ancient kingdom
Christian communities in the northwest, northeast, and centered in
south of Arabia. Christianity made a lesser impact, but Northern Ethiopia,
secured some conversions in the remainder of the and parts of what is
now Eritrea.
peninsula.

The pre-Islamic Arabian religions were

polytheistic, with many of the deities' names
known. Formal pantheons are more noticeable at
Mecca, officially Makkah al-
the level of kingdoms, of variable sizes, ranging
Mukarramah Romanized:
from simple city-states to collections of tribes. Makkat al-Mukarramah and
commonly shortened to
Tribes, towns, clans, lineages and families had
Makkah, is the holiest city in
their own cults too. The religious beliefs and Islam and the capital of the
Mecca Province of Saudi
practices of the nomadic Bedouin were distinct from Arabia.
those of the settled tribes of towns such as Mecca.

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Nomadic religious belief systems and practices are believed to have

included fetishism, totemism and veneration of the dead but were
connected principally with immediate concerns and
problems and did not consider larger philosophical
questions such as the afterlife. Settled urban Arabs, on the
other hand, are thought to have believed in a more complex
pantheon of deities. While the Meccans and the other
settled inhabitants of the Hejaz worshiped their gods at
permanent shrines in towns and oases, the Bedouin A totem is a spirit
practiced their religion on the move. being, sacred object,
or symbol that serves
The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, as an emblem of a
is based on love and respect for the deceased. In some group of people, such
cultures, it is related to beliefs that the dead have a
as a family, clan,
continued existence, and may possess the ability to
influence the fortune of the living.
lineage, or tribe.

The most important pilgrimage in Saba' was

probably the pilgrimage of Almaqah at Ma'rib,
performed in the month of Dhu-Abhi. Two
references attest the pilgrimage of Almaqah
dhu-Hirran at 'Amran. The pilgrimage of Maʼrib, is the capital city of
Ta'lab Riyam took place in Mount Tur'at and Maʼrib Governorate, Yemen.
It was the capital of the ancient
the Zabyan temple at Hadaqan, while the
kingdom of Saba
pilgrimage of Dhu-Samawi, the god of the Amir

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tribe, took place in Yathill. Aside from Sabaean pilgrimages, the

pilgrimage of Sayin took place at Shabwa.
The pilgrimage of Mecca
involved the stations of Mount Arafat, Muzdalifah, Mina and
central Mecca that included Safa and Marwa as
well as the Kaaba. Pilgrims at the first two stations
performed wuquf or standing in adoration. At
Mina, animals were sacrificed. The procession from
Arafat to Muzdalifah, and from Mina to Mecca, in
a pre-reserved route towards idols or an idol, was Mount Arafat, also known by its
Arabic name Jabal Arafat, and
termed ijaza and ifada, with the latter taking place
by its other Arabic name, Jabal
before sunset. At Jabal Quzah, fires were started ar-Rahmah is a granodiorite hill
about 20 km (12 mi) southeast of
during the sacred month.
Mecca in the Makkah Province
of Saudi Arabia.

Safa and Marwa are

two small hills,
connected to the larger
Abu Qubais and
Muzdalifah is an open, level area
Qaiqan mountains, in
near Mecca in the Hejazi region of
Saudi Arabia that is associated with
Mecca, Saudi Arabia,
the Ḥajj. It lies just southeast of now made part of the
Mina, on the route between Mina Masjid al-Haram.
and Arafat.

PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES 27