DECEMBER 2017 — LSAC.org re1 SECTION I ‘Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Directions: Bach question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you Should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For Some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best ‘answer, that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your ‘answer sheet. 1 ‘The mayoral race in Bensburg is a choice between Chu, 1 prodevelopment candidate, and Lewis, who favors placing greater limits on development. Prodevelopment ‘candidates have won in the last six mayoral elections “Thus, Chu will probably defeat Lewis. Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the argument? (A) Lewis has extensive experience in national politics, but notin city politics. (8) Prodevelopment mayoral candidates in Bensburg ‘generally attract more financial backing for their campaigns (©) Bensburg is facing serious new problems that ‘most voters atribute to overdevelopment, {) Lewis once worked as an aide to a prodevelopment mayor of Bensburg (©) Chu was not thought of as a prodevelopment politician before this election, Rose: Let’s not see the movie Winter Fields. I caught a review of it in the local paper and it was the ‘worst review I've read in years Chester: I don't understand why that might make you ‘not want to see the movie. And besides, nothing in that paper is particularly well written, Chester's response suggests that he misinterpreted which ‘one of the following expressions used by Rose? (A) see the movie (B) caught a review (© local paper (D) worst review ©) in years 3. Enrique: The city’s transit authority does not have ‘enough money to operate forthe next twelve ‘oaths without cuting service or increasing fires, and the federal government has so far failed to provide additional finding. Nonetheless, the transit authority should continue operating without service cus or fare increases until it has exhausted its funds. At that point, the federal ‘government will be willing to provide Funding to save the authority (Cynthia: Ifthe transit authority tries that maneuver, the federal government will probably just let the authority go out of business. The transit authority ‘cannot risk allowing that to happen. ‘The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Enrique and Cynthia disagree over whether (A) the transit authority should continue operating without cutting service or increasing fares until it has exhausted its funds (B) the federal government should provide additional funding to the transit authority (©) it would be better for the transit authority to ‘ct services than it would be to raise fares (D) the federal government is willing to provide additional funding to the transit authority now (E) the transit authority can afford to operate forthe next twelve months without cutting service even if it does not receive additional funding GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 4, A survey published in a leading medical joumal in the early 1970s found that the move frequently people engaged in aerobic exercise, the lower their risk of lung, disease tended to be. Since other surveys have confirmed these results, it must be the case that aerobic exercise has a significant beneficial effect on people's health ‘The reasoning above is questionable because the argument (A) ignores anoedotal evidence and bases its ‘conclusion entirely on scientific research (B) considers only surveys published in one particular medical journal (© concludes merely from the fact that two things are correlated that one causes the other (D) presumes, without providing justification, that ‘anyone who does not have lung disease is in ‘good health (©) fails to consider that even infrequent aerobic exercise may have some beneficial effect on people's health Researchers examined 100 people suffering from herniated disks in their backs. Five of them were found to have a defect in a particular gene, The researchers also examined 100 people who had no problems with the disks in their backs; none had the genetic defect. ‘They concluded that the genetic defect increases the likelihood of herniated disks. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the researchers” reasoning? (A) The researchers also examined a group of 100 people who did not have the defective ‘gene; 80 were found to have hemiated disks in their backs. (B) When the researchers examined a group of 100 people with the defective gene, they found that 2 of them had herniated disks in their backs (©) When the researchers examined the families of the 5 subjects who had the defective gene, they found that 30 family members also had the defective gene, and each of them suffered from herniated disks. (D) Another team of researchers examined a different group of 100 people who suffered from herniated disks, and they found that none of them had the defective gene (E) When the researchers examined the family of ‘one of the subjects who did not suffer from hemiated disks, they found 30 family members who did not have the defective gene, and 20 of them suffered from herniated disks. oe 6. The only vehicles that have high resale values are those ‘that are well maintained. Thus any well-maintained vehicle has a high resale value. ‘The flawed nature of the argument can most effectively ‘be demonstrated by noting that, by parallel reasoning, we could argue that (A) since none of the plants in this garden have ‘been pruned before, no plant in this garden needs pruning (B) since the best mediators have the longest track records, the worst mediators have the shortest track records (C) since only those who desire fo become astronauts actually become astronauts, that desire must be the most important factor involved in determining who will become an astronaut (D) since all city dwellers prefer waterfalls to trafic jams, anyone who prefers waterfalls to traffic jams is a city dweller (E) since one’s need for medical care decreases as ‘one’s health improves, a person who is in an excellent state of health has no need of ‘medical care Rita: No matter how you look at them, your survey results are misicading, Since people generally lie ‘on such surveys, the numbers you collected are serious underestimates Hiro: [have no doubt that people lie on surveys of this type. The question is whether some people lie ‘more than others. While the raw numbers surely ‘underestimate what I'm trying to measure, the relative rates those numbers represent are probably close to being accurate. Rita and Hiro disagree over whether (A) the survey results are misleading regardless of ‘how they are interpreted (B) people tend to lie on certain kinds of surveys (©) a different type of measure than a survey would produce results that ae less misleading (D) the raw numbers collected are serious underestimates (E) the number of people surveyed was adequate for the survey's purpose GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,1 “12 8 Lopez: Our university is not committed to liberal ats, ‘as evidenced by its decision to close the classics department. The study of classical antiquity is crucial tothe liberal ars, and it has been so since the Renaissance, Warrington: Although the study of classical works is essential to the liberal arts, a classics department isn’t, since other departments often engage in that study. Warrington’s argument proceeds by (A) offering additional reasons in favor of the conclusion of Lopez's argument (B) claiming thatthe reasoning in Lope?’ argument rests on an illicit appeal to tradition (C) mounting a direct challenge to the conclusion of Lopez's argument (D) responding to a possible objection to the reasoning in Loper's argument (E) presenting a consideration in order to undermine the reasoning in Lopez’s argument ‘Ted, a senior employee, believes he is underpaid and temps to compensate by routinely Keeping short hours, though itis obvious to everyone that he still ‘makes some valuable, unique, and perhaps inreplaceable contributions, Tatiana, Ted's supervisor, is aware of the deficit in Ted's performance, and realizes other ‘workers work harder than they should to make up for it "Nevertheless, Tatiana decides that she should not request that Ted be replaced. Which one of the following principles, if valid, would ‘most help to justify Tatiana’s decision? (A) Supervisors should request that an employee be replaced only if they know that all the work done by that employee can be performed equally well by another employee. (B) Employers should compensate al their employees in a way that is adequate in relation to the value of the contributions they make. (©) Only someone with greater authority than a particular employee's supervisor is entitled to ‘decide whether that employee should be replaced. (D) Workers in a work setting should regard themselves as jointly responsible for the work to be performed. (E) An employee's contributions in the workplace fare not always a function of the amount of time spent on the job nL ‘One adaptation that enables an animal species to survive despite predation by ather species is effective camouflage. Yet some prey species with few or no other adaptations to counteract predation have endured for a Tong time with black-and-white coloration that seems unlikely to provide effective camouflage. Which one of the following, if tue, most contributes to «resolution of the apparent discrepancy mentioned above? (A) Most species with black-and-white coloration ‘are more populous than the species that prey upon them. (B) No form of camouflage is completely effective ‘against all kinds of predators. (©) Animals of many predatory species do not perceive color or pattern in the same manner as humans do. () Conspicuous black-and-white areas help ‘animals of the same species avoid encounters with one another (©) Black-and-white coloration is not as great a liability against predators at night as it is luring the day. Lecturer: IfT say, “I tried to get my work done on time,” the meanings of my words do not indicate that 1 didn’t get it done on time. But usually you would correctly understand me to be saying that I didn’t Afterall, if Thad gotten my work done on time, T would instead just say, “T got my work done on time.” And this example is typical of how conversation works. ‘The lecturer's statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following statements? (A) Understanding what people say often requires moge than just understanding the meanings of the words they use. (8) It is unusual for English words to function in communication in the way that “tried” does. (©) Understanding what people use a word to mean often requires detecting their nonverbal cues, (D) Speakers often convey more information in ‘conversation than they intend to convey. (E) Listeners cannot reasonably be expected to have the knowledge typically required for suevessful communication GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1. 13. Legislator: The recently passed highway bills clearly 14 very unpopular with voters, After all, polls predict thatthe majority party, which Supported the bill's passage, will lose more than a dozen seats in the upcoming election ‘The reasoning in the legislators argument is most vuluerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) gives no reason to think thatthe predicted election outcome would be different if the majority party had not supported the bill (B) focuses on the popularity of the bill to the exclusion of its merit (©) infers thatthe bill is unpopular from a claim that presupposes its unpopularity (D) takes for granted that the bill is unpopular just ‘because the legislator wishes it to be unpopular (E) bases its conclusion on the views of voters without establishing their relevant expertise on the issues involved Songwriters get much of the money they eam from their songs from radio aimplay. hit song is played thousands ‘of times, and the songwriter is paid for each play. Only «8 fraction of songwriters actually achieve a hit, however, ‘and even fewer manage to write several. Writers of hit songs are oflen asked to write songs for movie sound ‘wacks, but they sometimes decline, because although such songs frequently become hits, their writers receive single up-front payments rather than continued revenues from radio airplay. Ifthe statements above are tue, which one of the following must be true? (A) Any songuiziter who receives revenue from radio airplay has written a hit song, (B) All songwriters who write songs for movie sound tracks have had their songs played on the radio thousands of times. (©) Some songs written for movie sound tracks are played on the radio thousands of times. (©) Most songwriters prefer the possibilty of continued income to single up-front payments for their songs. (E) Some songwriters earn money solely from the radio airplay of their songs, am 1 Debate coach: Britt's command of the historical facts ‘was better than Robert's, and that led tothe distinct impression that Britta won the debate, But its also important to evaluate how reasonable the debaters’ arguments were, regardless of their ability to bring the facts to bear in those arguments ‘When you take that into consideration, Robert's, debate performance was as good as Brit's ‘The debate coach's argument depends on the assumption that (A) Birita’s arguments were quite unreasonable (B) Roberts arguments were more reasonable than Brita’s (©) good debate performances require very reasonable arguments (D) neither Britta nor Robert was in full command of the facts (©) winning a debate requires having a good ‘command of the facts GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGI1 aa 15. Physicists attempting to create new kinds of atoms often do so by fusing together two existing ators. For such fusion to occur, the two atoms must collide with enough energy—that is, at high enough speeds—to overcome the electromagnetic force by which atoms repel each other. But if the energy with which two atoms collide greatly exceeds the minimum required for the fusion to take place, the excess energy will be converted into heat, making the resulting new atom very hot. And the hotter the atom is, the greater the chance that it will immediately split apart again, ‘Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? (A) When physicists create new kinds of atoms by fusing together two existing atoms, the new atoms usually split apart again immediately. If. new atom produced by the colision of two other atoms immediately splits apart again, then the collision did not produce enough energy to overcome the electromagnetic force by which atoms repel each other. ‘The stronger the electromagnetic force by which ‘ovo atoms repel each other, the hotter any new atom will be that is ereated by the fusion of those two atoms. Whenever two existing atoms are made to collide and fuse together into a new atom, litle energy is produced in the collision unless the new atom immediately splits apart If two atoms collide with considerably more energy than is needed for fusion to take place, the new atom wall be likely to immediately split apart again, 8) © © © 16. 1 Fremont: Simpson is nota viable candidate for chief ‘executive of Pod Oil because he has no background in the oil industry. Galindo: I disagroe. An oil industry background is no ‘guarantee of success, Look no further than Pod Oil’ last chief executive, who had decades ‘of oil industry experience but steered the ‘company to the brink of bankruptcy. Galindo’s argument i flawed in that it (A) fails to justify its presumption that Fremont’s objection is based on personal bias (B) fails to distinguish between relevant experience and irrelevant experience (C) rests on a confusion between whether an attribute is necessary for success and whether that attribute is sufficient for success (D) bases a conclusion that an atribute is always irrelevant to success on evidence that it is sometimes inelevant to success (E) presents only one instance of a phenomenon as the basis for a broad generalization about that phenomenon Discharges of lightning from a voleanie ash cloud occur only when the cloud’ highest point exceeds an altitude of 5 kilometers. Those discharges become progressively ‘more frequent as the ash cloud moves higher still. ‘Weather radar can measure the altitude of ash clouds, but it isnot available in all parts of the world, Hence lightning discharge data can sometimes be our only reliable indicator of the altitude of ash clouds. ‘Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? “ ® © “The highest point of any voleanie ash cloud will eventually exceed an altitude of $ kilometers. Lightning discharges can be detected in some regions in which weather radar is unavailable ‘Weather radar is no less accurate in determining the altitude of voleanic ash clouds than itis in determining the altitude of regular clouds, A voleanic ash cloud whose highest point exceeds an altitude of 5 kilometers is likely to be at least partly beyond the reach of weather radar Lightning discharges are no more frequent for large volcanic ash clouds than for small vvoleanic ash clouds © ® GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 18. 19. If the standards committee has a quorum, then the 20, general assembly will begin at 6:00 PM. today. If the ‘awards committee has a quorum, then the general assembly will begin at 7:00 PM. today. ‘Which one of the following statements follows logically from the statements above? (A) If the general assembly does not begin at 6:00 PM. today, then the awards committee has @ quorum. (B) If the standards committee does not have @ quorum, then the awards committee has a quorum, (©) Ifthe general assembly begins at 6:00 Px. today, then the standards committee has a quorum, (D) IE the general assembly does not begin at 7.00 PM. today, then the standards committee thas a quorum. (©) If the standards committee has @ quorum, then the awards committee does not have a quorum. ‘One of the things lenders do in evaluating the risk of a potential borrower defaulting on a loan is to consider the potential borrower's credit score. In general, the higher the ereit score, the less the risk of default Yet for mortgage loans, the proportion of defaults is 2 rmuch higher for borrowers with the highest credit scores than for other borrowers. ‘Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve ‘the apparent discrepancy in the statements above? (A) Mortgage lenders are much less likely to ‘consider risk factors other than eredit score ‘when evaluating borrowers with the highest exedit scores. (B) Credit scores reported to mortgage lenders are ‘based on collections of data that sometimes {include errors or omit relevant information. (©) A potential borrower's credit score is based in part on the potential borrower's past history in paying off debis in full and on time. (D) For most consumers, a mortgage is a much larger loan than any other loan the consumer obtains. (E) Most potential borrowers have eredit scores that are neither very low nor very high. as ‘Computer modeling of reasoning tasks is far easier than ‘computer modeling of other cognitive tasks, such as the processing of sense images. Computers can defeat chess ‘champions, but cannot see. So, it appears that we understand the analytical capabilities of our minds ‘much better than we understand our senses. ‘Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning above? (A) The degree of difficulty of constructing ‘computer models of cognitive tasks is a good index of the degree of difficulty of performing those tasks (B) The better we understand a computer's ability to perform a type of task, the better we will ‘understand our own ability to perform it (©) Accomputer’s defeat of a chess champion should count as an indication that the ‘computer possesses true intelligence. (D) The les difficult itis to construct a computer ‘model of a process the better understood is that process. (E) We should not underestimate the usefulness, ‘of computer modeling to the study of ‘human cognition Archaeologist: Our team discovered 5,000-year-old ‘copper tools near a Canadian river, ina spot that offered easy access to the raw materials for birchbark canoes—birch, cedar, and spruce trees The tools are ofa sort used by the region’s Aboriginal people in making birchbark canoes in ‘more recent times. It is likely therefore that Aboriginal people in Canada built birchbark ‘canoes 5,000 years ago, ‘The archaeologists argument depends on the assumption that the copper tools that were found (A) had no trade value 5,000 years ago {B) were present in the region 5,000 years ago (©) were designed to be used on material from birch, cedar, and spruce trees only (D) were the only kind of tool that would have ‘been used for canoe making 5,000 years ago (©) are not known to have been used by the ‘region's Aboriginal people for any task other than canoe making GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,22. Advertisement: Hypnosis videos work to alter behavior by subliminally directing the subconscious to act in certain ways. Directions to the subconscious ‘ust, however, be repeated many times in order to be effective. Hypnosis videos from Mesmosis, Inc. induce a hypnotic state and then issue an ‘initial command to the subject's subconscious to experience each subsequent instruction as if it had been repeated 1,000 times. Because of the initial instruction, the subsequent instructions on Mesmosis videos are extremely effective—it is as if they had actually been repeated 1,000 times! The advertisement’s reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the advertisement (A) overlooks a requirement that it states for the effectiveness of directions to the subconscious (B) takes for granted that the effectiveness of a direction (0 the subconscious is always directly proportional to the number of times the direction is repeated (©) concludes that hypnosis is the most effective technique for altering behavior without considering evidence supporting other techniques (D) draws a conclusion that simply restates a claim presented in support of that conclusion (F) concludes that hypnosis videos will be effective simply because they have never been proven, to be ineffective 23, The traditional view of the Roman emperor Caligula as cruel and insane tyrant has been challenged by some ‘modem historians. They point out that litle documentation of Caligula’s alleged cruelty or outrageous behavior survives from the time of his reign and thatthe histories that have come down to us were written by his enemies Which one of the following, if tre, adds the most support for the challenge fom the modem historians? (A) There is less documentation of any sort from CCaligula’s reign than from the reigns of most ‘other Roman emperors of Caligula’s era. (B) People who have lived under someone regarded as a cruel tyrant are more likely to view that person unfavorably than favorably. (©) The specific outrageous acts attributed to Caligula in Roman documentation are very similar to acts attributed in earlier writings to other rulers alleged to be cruel tyrants, (D) The litle documentation that survives from Caligula's reign indicates that the Roman people believed Caligula to be crucler than other emperors who were widely thought to be tyrants () There is ample documentation of modern tyrants being responsible for outrageous acts ‘worse than those attributed to Caligula. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 24. Critics of a plan to create new building sites from land 2s, ‘that currently lies under only 5 meters of water claim that it will reduce the habitat area available t0 a local subpopulation of dolphins. I is tie that the dolphins never enter water more than 30 meters deep, and the ccurent area of habitation is bounded on one side by land and everywhere else by water that is considerably deeper than that. Nevertheless, the critics are mistaken, because ‘Which one of the following most logically comipletes the argument? (A) the dolphins’ current habitat area is large ‘enough to support a dolphin population several times the size of the current one (B) the dolphins do not inhabit water that is less than 10 meters deep (©) the most serious threat to the dolphin subpopulation is not habitat reduction but disease and ocean pollution (D) the average depth of water in the dolphins’ habitat area is 25 meters (E) a short distance from the dolphins’ habitat area, the ocean floor drops to a depth of 100 meters Ss TO IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN “7. Any popular television series that is groundbreaking is critically acclaimed. But not all popalar television series are critically acclsimed, Thus, not all popular television series are groundbreaking, ‘The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments? (A) Iarticles use specialized technical terminology, they are not widely read. So, since all academic works use specialized technical terminology, articles are not widely read if they are academic works, Professor Attah gives students high grades if she thinks their work is greatly improved, So, since she gives some of her students high igrades, she thinks those students? work is greatly improved. Ifa biography is unbiased, it contains embarrassing facts about its subject. So, since not all biographies contain embarrassing facts about their subjects, not all biographies are unbiased. Mr. Schwartz is polite to anyone who is polite to him, So, since all of bis colleagues are polite to him, it must be that he is polite to all his colleagues, Ifa book is worth reading, it is worth buying So, since not all books are worth reading, not all books are worth buying, ® © o © pg ‘THE TEST.as SECTION It ‘Time—35 minites 27 Questions Darections: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to be ‘answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet. 6) (10) as) (20) 25) G0) 65) (40) 45) The following passage is adapted from an article ‘published in 1981. Chinese isa language of many distinct dialects that are often mutually unintelligible. Some linguists hhave argued that a new dialect of Chinese has evolved in the United States, which is commonly used in the Chinatown section of San Francisco, The characterization of this “Chinatown Chinese” as a distinct dialect is based primarily on two claims: first, that it isso Gifferent from any other dialect used in China that @ ‘person newly arrived from that country might have a difficult time communicating with a Chinese American in San Francisco who speaks nominally the same language as the newcomer, and, second, that no matter which ofthe traditional Chinese dialects one speaks, ‘one can communicate effectively with other Chinese Americans in San Francisco so long as one is proficient in the uniquely Chinese-American terminologies. Regarding the first claim, much of the distinctive ‘vocabulary of Chinatown Chinese consists of proper names of geographical places and terms for things that some people, especially those born and raised in villages, had never encountered in China, Some are transliterated terms, such as dang-tang for “downtown.” Others are direct translations from American English, such as gong-ngihn ngiht (“labor" plus “day") for “Labor Day.” However, the core ofthe language brought tothe U.S. by Chinese people has remained intact, Thus, the new vocabulary has supplemented, ‘but not supplanted, the traditional language in the traditional dialects In fact, normal conversations can be conducted fairly readily between Chinese-speaking ‘Chinese Americans and new arrivals from China, provided that they speak the same traditional Chinese dialect as each other. Terma not familiar to the newcomer, most of which would name objects, places, and events that are part ofthe local experience, can casily be avoided or explained by the speaker, or theit ‘meaning can be inferred from the context, The supposed language barrier i, therefore, mostly imaginary. ‘The second claim—that the sharing ofa uniquely Chinese-American vocabulery makes possible communication among Chinese Americans no matter ‘what their basic dialect of Chinese may be—is a misleading oversimplification. While many Chinese-American speakers of other Chinese dialects have become familiar with Cantonese, now the most common dialect of Chinese spoken inthe U.S., through watching Cantonese movies and by hearing that dialect in Hong Kong, Guandong, or the US., this isnot the same thing as sharing a single unique (50) dialect. Moreover, the dialects of Chinese can differ ‘markedly in their systems of sounds and, to some exten, in grammar and vocabulary, and these differences persist among Chinese-American speakers of these various dialects. Hence, even 2 common (5) vocabulary for such things as names of U.S. cities, street names, and non-Chinese items does nat guarantee mutual intelligibility because these words constitute only a minute percentage of each dialect and are generally peripheral to the core vocabulary. 1, Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? (A) Linguists who argue that Chinatown Chinese constitutes a distinct new dialect are mistaken because itis intelligible to speakers of the Cantonese dialect (B) Because Chinatown Chinese is unfamiliar to many native Chinese people, linguists have concluded that it constitutes distinct new dialect of Chinese, (©) The primary claims supporting the view that Chinatown Chinese is @ distinct new dialect do not stand up to close examination. (D) Because visitors from China can fairly easily converse with Chinese Americans living in San Francisco, the variety of language there cannot be designated a distinct new dialect. (E) Although Chinese dialects are dificult to define with certainty, linguists are now in agreement that Chinatown Chinese does not constitute a distinet new dialect. 2. The passage suggests that a visitor from China who speaks the same traditional dislect as a Chinese-American person in San Francisco would find it most difficult to ‘converse with that person about (A) news from China (B) mutual relatives in San Francisco (C) the Chinese American's daily life in the US. (D) the Chinese visitor's feelings about the US. (©) Chinese cultural traditions GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,2 3, ‘The author mentions the words dang-tang (Fine 22) and gong-ngihn ngiht (line 24) in order to (A) demonstrate the extent to: which American English terms dominate Chinatown Chinese (B) illustrate how Chinese Americans are able to ‘communicate with each other easly despite using different dialects (©) explain why native Chinese ae able to understand Chinese Americans with relative ease (D) show why Chinatown Chinese should be ‘considered a distinct new dialect (©) exemplify the ways in which American English terms have become part of or have influenced Chinatown Chinese 4. According to the passage, in San Francisco the traditional Chinese dialects spoken by Chinese immigrants to the US. a ® © Oo) «e remain at their core essentially the same over time eventually menge with other Chinese dialects ‘undergo subile changes in sound and ‘grammatical structure are often abandoned by native speakers for the Cantonese dialect lose much of their traditional vocabulary as they incorporate transliterated American English terms 5, When the passage refers to “transliterated terms” (ine 22), the author most likely means words w (B) © OO) © whose sounds and meanings have been directly incorporated into another language ‘that name objects, places, and events that are part of local experience that are written in the same way in another language ‘hat are direct translations fom another language that sound different in different dialects GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.0 (10) as) 20) 25) G0) 63) (40) (45) (50) Ina gpical Hollywood action movie, the hero skirts death to complete a mission, Bad guys shoot, cers explode, objects fall from the sky, but all just miss, IFany one of those things happened just a litle differently, the hero would be dead. Yet the hero survives, In some respects, the story of our universe resembles an action movie. A slight change to any one ‘of the lavs of physics would likely have caused some disaster that would have disrupted the normal evohution of the universe and made life impossible. For example, ifthe strong nuclear force had been slightly stronger or weaker, stars would have forged very litte ofthe carbon that seems necessary to form. planets and living things. Indeed, it seems that in order for a universe to suppor life, the laws of physies must be so finely tuned that the very existence of such a ‘universe becomes improbable ‘Some cosmologists have tried to reconcile the existence of our universe with the seeming improbability of its existence by hypothesizing that ‘our universe is but one of many universes within a ‘wider array called the multiverse, In almost all of ‘those universes, the laws of physics might not allow the formation of matter as we know it and therefore of life. But given the sheer number of possibilities, nature would have had a good chance to get the “right” set of laws atleast once ‘But just hew exceptional isthe set of physical Jaws governing our universe? The view thatthe laws of physics are finely tuned arises largely from the difficulty scientists have had in identifying alternative sels of laws that would be compatible with life. ‘The conventional way scientists explore whether ‘particular constant of physics is finely tuned isto tweak it while leaving all other constants unaltered, TThe scientists then “play the movie” of that universe— they do calculations, what-if scenarios, ot computer simulations —to see what disasters occur. But there is ‘no reason to tweak just one parameter ata time. By ‘manipulating multiple constants at once, my colleague and I have identified numerous scenarios—hypothetical uuniverses—where the physical laws would be very different from our own and yet compatible with the formation of complex structures and perbaps even some forms of intelligent life Fine tuning has been invoked by some cosmologists as indirect evidence for the multiverse. Do our findings therefore call the concept of the multiverse into ‘question? I do not think this is necessarily the case for ‘ho reasons. First, certain models of the birth ofthe ‘universe would lead us to expect the existence of something like the multiverse. Secondly, the multiverse ‘concept may well prove to be the source of solutions to certain other long-standing puzzles in cosmology. Which one of the following most accurately states the ‘main point of the passage? (A) Although the universe seems finely tuned for the existence of life, there may be more sets ‘of physical laws that would be compatible ‘with Iie than commonly thought. (B) Although the multiverse hypothesis was developed to explain the apparent fine tuning of the physical laws of our universe, it may bbe useful for explaining other kinds of issues in cosmology. (©) When scientists have tried modeling. hypothetical universes by altering physical laws, they have been unable to find alternate sets of laws that are consistent with life (D) The immprobabilty of life occurring in the universe supports the idea that our universe is just one of many universes in a broader multiverse (E) The story of our universe resembles an action ‘movie in that, despite all of the circumstances that could have had disastrous consequences for the emergence of life, life exists Tt ean be inferred from the passage that when the author ‘says that scientists “play the movie" (second sentence of the fith paragraph), the author means that they (A) acknowledge the fictional nature of what is being described (B) fallow a theoretical chain of events to its conclusion (©) highlight how dramatic the situation is that follows (D) model their work on eertain common archetypes: (©) play an active role in shaping the story ‘The passage suggests that the cosmologists mentioned in the third paragraph would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? (A) Our universe is affected by what occurs in other universes. (B) The existence of multiple universes makes each universe more likely to contain life. (©) The laws of physics must be the same in every part of the multiverse () There are enough universes to make it probable that life exists in at least one of them, (©) There is only one universe in the multiverse that contains life. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,2 9. The author would be most likely to agree with whieh ‘one of the following statements about the conventional ‘way in which scientists investigate the apparent fine tuning of physical laws? (A) It focuses on looking for outcomes that are inrelevant to the issue at hand, {B) Its to0 unfocused to produce useful results (©) Ithas been conducted without concer for ‘mathematical rigor (©) Its methodology results in an overly restricted set of outcomes. (©) Teil eventually produce a workable model of ‘an alternate universe with life 10, ‘The final paragraph ofthe passage functions primarily o (A) demonstrate the inadequacy of the view that the author is arguing against (B) indicate the kinds of questions to which the author's research can be extended (© discuss the implications of the author's research, (D) consider two potential counterarguments to the author's position (E) suggest a course of future experimentation to test the author’s conclusions n ‘The author's atitude toward the multiverse hypothesis can best be described as one of (A) dismissiveness (B) skepticism (©) open-mindedness (D) advocacy (©) enthusiasm If the multiverse hypothesis as discussed in the third paragraph is correct, then the story of the hero in the first paragraph would be more analogous to the story of our universe if the hero (A) had a team of supporters working behind the scenes to make sure thatthe hero sueceeded (®) was actually just one of many people sent on the mission, but almost all ofthe others failed (©) had developed the survival skills needed t0 complete the mission during a series of previous missions (D) was actually just one of many people sent on the mission, and each person found a unique way to succeed (6) was equipped with a map that made it possible to know where each danger lurked and how to avoid it GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,2 Dm o (0) as) 20) 25) G0) 65) (40) (45) (50) 63) Passage A Comedians are not amused when thei jokes are stolen, and for that reason we might expect joke-stealing. disputes to ripen into lawsuits occasionally. Copyright is the most relevant body of lav; formally, it applies to jokes and comedic routines. Yet copyright infringement lawsuits between rival comedians are all but unheard ‘of, despite what appears to be a persistent practice of joke stealing among stand-up comedians. The ‘nonexistence of suc lawsuits isa product of both practical considerations that render the cost of enforcing the formal law prohibitively expensive, and legal Ihurdles that make suecess difficult and uncertain in lawsuits relating to joke stealing. In the end, copyright law simply does not provide comedians with a costeffective way of protecting their comedic material Conventional intellectual property wisdom holds that absent formal legal protection, there would be scant production of creative works, as potential creators would be deterred by the unlikelihood of recouping the cost oftheir creations. If there is no effective legal protection against joke theft, then why do thousands of comedians keep cranking out new material night after night? ‘The answer to this question is that, in stand-up comedy, social norms substitute for intellectual property law. Taken as @ whole, this norms system ‘governs a wide array of issues that generally parallel those ordered by copyright law. These norms are not ‘merely hortatory. They are enforced with sanctions, including simple badmouthing and refusals to work with an offending comedian. These sanctions, while ‘extralegal, can cause serious reputational harm to an alleged joke thief, and may substantially hamper a comedian’s career. Using this informal system, comedians are able to assert ownership of jokes, regulate their use and transfer, impose sanctions on transgressors, and maintain substantial incentives to invest in new material Passage B ‘Accomplished chefs consider their recipes to be ‘very valuable form of intellectual property. At the ‘same time, recipes are not a form of innovation that is effectively covered by current intellectual property Jaws, Recipes are rarely patentable, and combinations of ingredients cannot be copyrighted. Legal protections are potentially available via trade secrecy laws, but chefs very seldom use them. Instead, three implicit social norms are operative among chefs, and together these norms function in a manner quite similar to Jaw-based intellectual property systems, First, a chef must not copy another chef"s recipe ‘innovation exactly. The function of this norm is ‘analogous to patenting in that the community acknoviledges the right ofa recipe inventor to exclude others from practicing his or her invention, even ifall, the information required to do so is publicly availabe. ‘A second norm mandates that, if chef reveals recipe-telated secret information toa colleague, that colleague must not pass the information on to others without permission, This norm gives a chef a property a 2 (60) right similar to that attainable via @ contract under trade secrecy law. A third norm is that colleagues must credit developers of significant recipes as the authors ‘of that information. This norm operates in a manner analogous to copyright protection. 13, Both passages are primarily concerned with investigating which one of the following topics? ) B) o © the legal protections available to creators of intellectual property the connection between the enforcement of social norms and the incentives these norms provide to creators of intellectual property the extent to which the rights of creators of intellectual property must be balanced against the social valu of making that property publicly available the practical considerations that prompt creators of intellectual property to forgo legal protections of their work the ways in which soci norms ean take the place of laws in protecting intellectual property 14, Passage A, but not passage B, discusses “ ® © © © the relationship of social norms to intellectual property laws the evolution of social norms the enforcement of social norms the limitations of social norms the impact of social norms on ereative output 15, Which one of the following questions is addressed by passage A but not by passage B with respect t0 the group of professionals discussed? “ 6 © © © How can members of the group share their creative work with colleagues without sacrificing their intellectual property rights? Why do members of the group usually choose ‘ot to make use of the legal protections that are potentially available to them? ‘To what extent can patent law protect the creative output of members of the group? What is a form of creative output that members ‘of the group regard as intellectual property? What social norms prohibit members of the group from violating the intellectual property rights of other members of the group? GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,16. The author of passage A would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? (A) Comedians rarely acknowledge the degree to ‘which their own comedic material is influsnced by the work of their peers, {B) Comedians would be more likely to protect their comedic material through copyright law if they had greater assurance that they could successfully bring infringement Iawsuits against perveived perpetrators of joke theft (©) Creative rights to jokes and comedic routines should be protected by trade secrecy law rather than by copyright law. (D) The system of social norms operative among ‘comedians is not sobust enough to allow comedians to be properly compensated for the expenses they incur when developing new comedic material (©) In the particular context of stand-up comedy, ‘no informal system for protecting intellectual property can be as effective as @ formal system. 17. Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by information given in the passages? (A) Intellectual property violations are more frequent among comedians than among chefs {B) Amore elaborate system of social norms has developed among chefs than among comedians. (©) Chefs enjoy more significant legal protections ‘of their intellectual property than do comedians. () Most comedians and chefs are satisfied with current intellectual property laws. (E) Comedians and chefs both derive some ‘professional benefit from observing the social norms of their profession 18. The relationship described in passage A as holding between comedians and copyright law is most analogous to the relationship described in passage B as holding between chefs and which one of the following? (A) intellectual property @) patent aw (C) the combinations of ingredients in a recipe (D) trade secrecy taw (E) social norms. 20, “The author of passage A would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements? (A) The social norms that are operative among ‘comedians make it possible for individual ‘comedians to recoup the costs associated with developing a comedic routine (B) Comedians should increase their reliance on copyright law as a means of protecting their comedic routines. (© Most professional comedians are largely ‘unconcemed with the expense involved in developing new comedic material (D) _Law-based intellectual property systems ‘generally work less efficiently than systems based on social norms. (E) Existing copyright law should be modified ‘to make it more cost effective for comedians to protect their comedic material through legal means, ‘Which one of the following, if true, would most clearly support the argument made in passage B? (A) There is no social norm preventing chefs from using colleagues" recipes as inspiration, as long as those recipes are not copied exactly. (B) Chefs are significantly more likely to deny ‘requested information to colleagues whom they believe have violated the operative social norms. (©) __ Recipes published in cookbooks are protected by copyright law from being published in other cookbooks. (D) The community of chefs is too small to effectively enforce sanctions against those who violate the operative social norms. (©) In prectice it is virtually impossible to determine whether a chef has copied a colleague's recipe exactly or has instead independently developed that recipe. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.6 10) as) 20) @5) G0) 6s) (40) as) (50) 55) ‘The novelist and social theorist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, whose writings were widely read and discussed in the early twentieth century, played an important role in the debate about the theories of Charles Darwin and their application to society Darwin's theory of evolution did not directly apply to social ideology, but various intellectuals translated his ideas of natural selection into social language and argued about their interpretation. Some of these Social Darwinist theorists held that the nature of ‘human social interactions is strietly determined by the ‘process of biological evolution, and that itis futile to try to meddle with the competitive struggle for ‘cxistence and the survival ofthe fitest. Another, more activist group of Social Darwinists held that although changes in human societies, like those that occur in biological species, do constitute a sort of evolution, this evolution atthe level of @ human society need not be competitive, but can emerge through collective action within society ‘Gilman identified herself with this latter ideological camp and applied evolutionary theory in the movement for social change. The central thesis of this group of Social Darwinists was that although people, like all life, are the products of natural ‘evolutionary forces, the principles of change that determine the development of organisms have brought humans to the point where its possible for us to contribute consciously to the evolutionary process, t0 redesign and mold our Societies in appropriate ways. This, for Gilman, was not simply a descriptive ‘observation about humanity but was also a source of ‘ethical responsibility. She argued that since a prime source of social evolution is human work, whether in crafs, trades, art, or sciences, one ofthe primary ethical responsibilities of person is to identify and engage in work that is societally relevant and that ‘makes the best use of that person's talents. Gilman was not merely engaged in an intellectual debate, Motivated by her ethical vision and convinced ‘of the plasticity of human nature, Gilman vehemently ‘sought to break the molds into which people, especially ‘women, had been thrust In both her fictign and her social theory she urges women to further social evolution by collectively working toward a reorganization of society. A central goal of the reorganization she envisioned would be the abandonment of gender-specific work roles and hierarchical relationships, Gilman believed that at one time such arrangements had been necessary for evolution because ‘what she felt were male traits of assertiveness, combat, and display were essential forthe development of a complex society. Future progress, she believed, now required the restoration of a balance that would include what she saw as female qualities of cooperation and nurturance 21 2. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? (A) Gilman's activist social theory, which called for the abolition of gender-specific work roles, contributed the central doctrine to one type of Social Darwinism that distinguished i from the other, more competiive-minded Social Darwinist camp. (B) Although Gilman aligned herself with the activist group of Social Darwinists, she rejected some of its doctrines, calling instead for gender equality and the general recognition of traditionally female qualities, (©) Unlike most Social Darwinists of her time, Gilman sav the issues involved in Social anwinist debate as transcending abstract theoretical concerns and hi implications for human soci for women (D) Gilman's version of Social Darwinism held that people can and should contribute actively to the social evolution of humanity, and in her ‘writings she advised women to do so through efforts to eliminate traditional gender roles. (E) Gilman, whose important contributions to the debate over the application of Darwinism to social ideology were widely recognized in the carly twentieth century, should also be recognized for her writings on women’s social issues. ‘The passage most strongly suggests that which one of the following statements is true? (A) Gilesan’s social theory was unlike other applications of evolutionary theory to the social realm because it was not closely allied with any of the major political movements of her time. (B) One of Gilman’s innovations was the introduction ‘of social discourse into the debate about the theories of Charles Darwin, which prior to her work had focused purely on biological issues. (©) Gilman worked in direct collaboration with other social activists toward the implementation fof a set of social reforms that were based on her evolutionary doctrines. (D) Charles Darwin's writings on the evolution of, biological species influenced Gilman's work only indirectly through the writings of other Social Darwinists. (E) Other evolutionary theorists contemporary with or prior to Gilman shared her view about ‘whether or not evolutionary theory has implications for social practice. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 22 23, Which one of the following sequences most accurately ‘expresses the organization of the passage? (A) The author identifies a perticular individual as a proponent of one of two versions of a theory, and then deseribes how that individual drew practical implications from the theory and relates some of those implications (B) The author describes the relationship of @ particular individual to an intellectual community, characterizes in general terms @ theory held by that individual, contrasts that theory with another related theory, and then rejects one of those two competing theories. (©) The author proposes an interpretation of @ particular individual’s writings, explains how those writings relate to @ more general theoretical context, and then argues for the proposed interpretation of the individual's writings. (D) The author describes some reasoning used by a group of theorists, evaluates that reasoning, attributes similar reasoning to a particular individual, and then shows how the proposed. evaluation applies to specific arguments made by that individual. (&) The author presents some historical facts about the development of a scientific theory, explains the role played by a particular individual in the formulation of that theory, and then summarizes the responses of critics to that individual's work. 24, ‘The passage indicates that Gilman believed that which ‘one of the following can be a significant factor in the evolution of society? (A) reclamation of ancient social theories (B) cross-cultural communication (C) greater literacy (D) skilled occupations (E) future uses of dialectical methods in the social sciences 25. The passage gives evidence that Gilman valued which cone of the following as an instrument of social progress in her time? (A) industialization (B) fiction waiting (C) international travel (D) religious taining (E) combative personality traits 26. 2. ‘The passage can most accurately be described as which ‘one of the following? (A) a defense of the principles of social theory that were promulgated by a particular group of writers and activists (B) a deseription of the role played by a particular ‘writer in an intellectual controversy over the consequences of a scientific theory (©) am explication of the theoretical points of disagreement between two closely related social theories that have almost identical gosls (D) a defense of one interpretation of a particular writer's views, together with a rejection of a competing interpretation of those views (E) an introduction to a general type of scientific theory, clarified by a detailed presentation of ‘one writers version of that theory Which one of the following is implied by Gilman’s ‘views as described in the passage? (A) Some social conditions on which social ‘evolution depends at certain times in human history are detrimental to further social evolution at other times in history. (B) The types of changes that constitute genuine social evolution can no longer be brought about except through coordinated efforts directed at consciously formulated goals. (©) Gender-based hierarchical relationships, which ‘predated, and led to the development of, ‘gender-specific work roles, will probably be especially difficult to eradicate. (D) While Social Darwinist theories are essentially descriptive and thus do not have ethical implications, they can be useful rhetorically in ‘communicating ethical messages. (©) Continuation of the process of social evolution ‘ill lead inevitably to the inclusion of more ‘cooperation and nurturance in social arrangements S TOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST. ~2SECTION IIL ‘Time—35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: Each question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you Should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are 10 choose the best ‘answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet 1, Advertisement: Most nutritionists recommend eating fish twice a week, Eating tilapia fillets is a perfect ‘choice for those who want the benefits of eating fish but do not care for the taste of fish. Tilapia fillets lack the strong fishy taste that many people find objectionable. ‘Which one of the following, if tue, most seriously weakens the advertisements argument? “ @) © @) © Eating more than the recommended amount of fish can cause toxins that are present in high concentrations in many varieties of fish to accumulate in a person's body. ‘Tilapia are invasive species that crowd out native species of fish in lakes throughout the world ‘Tilapia fillets contain litle ofthe beneficial fish oils that are the main reason nutritionists recommend eating fish frequently Most people who do not care for the taste of fish cat less fish than is recommended by ‘most nutritionists, People who rarely or never eat fish usually dislike any food with a strong fishy taste. 2, Domestication of animals is a cooperative activity, and cooperative activities require a sophisticated means of tion. Language provides just such @ means. It is likely, therefore, that language developed primarily to facilitate animal domestication, A flaw in the argument is thatthe argument a ® ro) © © cconflates being necessary for the development ‘of a phenomenon with guaranteeing the development of that phenomenon. takes for granted that every phenomenon has @ unique cause infers that the development of one phenomenon ‘caused the development of another merely because the two phenomena developed around the same time draws a conclusion that merely restates a claim ‘presented in support of that conelusion assumes that if something serves a purpose it must have developed in order to serve that purpose 3, Many employers treat their employees fairly. Thus, using others as a means to one's own ends is not always ‘morally reprehensible or harmful to others, ‘The angument requires the assumption that (A) some employers act in a morally reprehensible ‘manner only when they harm those whom they employ (B) no employers who act morally use their employees as a means to their own ends (© some or all employers use their employees as ‘a means to their own ends (B) making a profit from the labor of others is personally advantageous but never harmful (E) itis not possible to harm someone else without treating that person as a means to one’s own ends EEitorial: Its common to find essays offering arguments, ‘that seem to show that our nation is in decline, ‘There is no cause for alarm, however. The anxious tone of these essay’s shows that the ‘problem is with the psychological state oftheir ‘writers rather than withthe actual condition of our nation, Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the editoral’s reasoning? (A) The editorial dismisses a claim without ‘considering any reasons presented in arguments for that claim, (B) The editorial compares two situations ‘without considering the obvious differences between them, (©) The editorial confuses claims about a cultural decline with claims about a political decline (D) The editorial overlooks the possibility that the ‘ation is neither thriving nor in decline (E) The editorial dismisses a particular view while offering evidence that actually supports that view: GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. —ri—“‘C™COCOL3 > Fb 5. ating turmeric, a spice commonly found in curries, probably helps prevent Alzheimer's disease. More turmeric is consumed per capita in India than in the rest ‘of the world, and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease is much lower there than itis worldwide. Furthermore, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the buildup of amyloid protein plaques in the brain, and studies on animals found that curcumin—a compound found in ‘turmeric—reduces the accumulation of amyloid proteins. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? (A) Rosemary and ginger, which contain compounds ‘that affect amyloid protein accumulation much like curcumin does, are commonly found in the diets of people living in India (B) Many scientists believe that the buildup of amyloid protein plaques in the brain is a symptom of Alzheimer’s disease rather than (©) The proportion of people living in India who fall within the age group that is most prone to developing Alzheimer’s disease is smaller than ‘the proportion of people worldwide who fall, ‘within that age group. (D) None of the other compounds found in turmeric have been studied to see whether they affect the accumulation of amyloid proteins (©) The parts of India that have the highest per capita rates of curry consumption have the lowest incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Forestry official: Many people think that if forest fires are not extinguished as quickly as possible, the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly But relatively frequent, small fires clear out small trees and forest debris, which, if allowed to ‘accumulate, would create the conditions for large, ‘devastating fires. Therefore, it's best to let small fires burn, ‘The statement that relatively frequent, small fires clear ‘out small trees and forest debris plays which one of the following roles inthe officals argument? (A) This offered as support for the contention that the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly if it does not extinguish forest fires as quickly as possible. (B) __Itis used as evidence against the contention that the Forestry Department is not doing its job properly if it does not extinguish forest Fires as quickly as possible (© _ tis used to show what the consequences would be if the Forestry Department based its policies ‘nthe ideas most people have about how it should do its job. (D) Tris an example used to illustrate the claim that most people believe the Forestry Department should quickly extinguish al forest fires. (E) Iris a conclusion based on the premise in the argument that it is best to let small forest fires burn, Gerald: Unless a consumer secures his or her home ‘wireless Internet service, anyone strolling by is able to access that person's service with certain laptop computers or smartphones. Such use ‘cannot be considered illegal under current laws: it’s no more like trespassing than is enjoying ‘music playing on someone's radio as you walk down the street. Kendra: But unlike hearing music while walking by, accessing wireless service requires stopping for ‘ considerable length of time. And that could be considered loitering or even harassment. Gerald's and Kendea’s positions indicate that they disagree over whether accessing someone's wireless Intemet service while walking down the street (A) can be considered illegal under current law (B) is like trespassing (© should be prohibited by law (D) requires a considerable length of time {E) could be done without intending to do so GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,3 28 8. Over the last thousand years, plant species native to islands have gone extinct at a much faster rate than hhave those native to mainland regions. Biologists believe that this is because island plants have not adapted the defenses against being eaten by large land mammals that mainland plants have, Ordinarily, populations of large land mammals are not established on islands until after the island is colonized by humans. Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the biologis’s explanation cited above? (A) Most of the plant species in the world that have not yet gone extinct are native t0 ‘mainland regions, (B) Many plant species that are not native to islands have become very well established on islands throughout the world (©) Commercial development on many islands has resulted in loss of habitat for many native plants. (D) The rate of extinction of native plant species on ‘an island tends to increase dramatically ater Jruman colonization, (E) Large land mammals tend to prefer plants from species native to mainland regions over plants from species native to islands, 9, As regards memory, the brain responds best t0 repeated patterns, such as the melodic and rhythmic patterns of music. This is why we can remember long strings of information or text, which would normally be impossible to memorize, when they are put to music. Given that music aids memory it might seem that funny jokes would be easy to remember, since, lke ‘music, they normally elicit an emotional response in us. However, jokes are usually very difficult to remember, Which one of the following most logically completes the passage? (A) jokes, unlike music, always have content that is verbal or at least clearly symbolic (B) some successful jokes are short and pithy, ‘whereas others are long and involved (C) jokes work not by conforming to repeated pattems but by breaking them (D) for most people, certain memories elicit a strong emotional response (E) people can holdin short-term memory only a few chunks of unpattered information at a time > Bb Be 8 ‘The prehistoric fish Tiktalik is the earliest known, ‘animal with fingers. Since variations were so great among prehistoric fish species, Tiktaalik would not have stood out as unusual at the time, However, Tiktaalik’s fingers were an important development in animal ‘evolution because itis likely that Tiktaalik is an ancestor to the many land animals wit fingers. ‘The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? (A) Tiktaaik likely used its fingers to move on land. (B) —Tiktaalk’s fingers were its only feature to play a significant role in the development of ‘moder land animals. (©) Tiktaalik is not the ancestor of any currently surviving fish species, (D) No fish without fingers would ever be able to move on land. () The evolutionary significance of Tiktaalik could rot be determined just through comparison to fish species ofits time. Gabriella: By raising interest rates, the government hhas induced people to borrow less money and therefore to spend less, thereby slowing the ‘country's economy. Ivan: I disagree with your analysis. The country’s ‘economy is tied tothe global economy. Whatever happens to the global economy also happens here, ‘and the global economy has slowed. Therefore, the government's action did not cause the ‘economy’s slowdown, Gabriella and Ivan disagree about whether (A) the economic slowdown in the country has caused people to spend less (B) the economy of the country is tied to the ‘economies of other countries (© raising interest rates caused a significant decrease in borrowing (D) raising interest rates caused the country’s economy to slow (E) the global economy has slowed GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3 12, 13, > Fb Ina scene in an ancient Greek play, Knights, the character Demosthenes opens a writing tablet on which an oracle had written a prophecy, and while looking at the tablet, he continuously expresses his amzement at its contents, His companion presses him for information, ‘whereupon Demosthenes explains what the oracle had written Of the following claims, which one can most justifiably bbe rejected on the basis of the statements above? (A) In ancient Greek plays, characters are presumed to know how to read unless ther illiteracy is specifically mentioned, (B) The character of Demosthenes in Knights is not based on a historical figure (©) Imancient Greek plays, the reading aloud of ‘written texts commonly occurred as part of the on-stage action, (D) _Inancient Greece, people did not read silently to themselves. (©) Only rarely in ancient Greece were prophecies ‘writen down on writing tablets Science cannot adequately explain emotional phenomena such a feeling frustrated, falling in love, or being moved by a painting. Since they cannot be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology, human emotions ‘must not be physical phenomena ‘The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Whatever is not a physical phenomenon cannot be explained by science. (B) Nothing that can be felt by only one subject can be studied scientifically. (©) Physics, chemistry, and neurophysiology have similar explanatory frameworks. (D) Whatever is not a physical phenomenon is an ‘emotional one. (©) Every physical phenomenon can be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology. “3 a ne cotter suena acess earn Siegen gecesi ‘The information above most strongly supports which fone of the following? (A) Trex regularly engaged in combat with smaller carnivores. (®) At the time 7! rex lived, it was common for ‘carnivores to feed on other carnivores (©) T rer sometimes engaged in cannibalism. (D) T-rex sometimes engaged in intrspecies combat, (E) At the time Trex lived, there were large carnivores on continents other than North America There is a popular view among literary critics that a poem can never be accurately paraphrased because a ‘poem is itself the only accurate expression of its meaning. But these same critics hold that theit own paraphrases of particular poems are accurate. Thus, their view that poetry cannot be accurately paraphrased is false ‘The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that the argument (A) presupposes the falsity of the view that it sets out to refute (B) takes for granted that the main purpose of poems is fo convey information rather than express feelings (©) takes for granted that a paraphrase of @ poem ‘cannot be useful to its readers unless it accurately expresses a poetn’s meaning (D) provides no justification for favoring one of the literary critics’ beliefs over the other (&) provides no justification for following one particular definition of “paraphrase” GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3 a 16. 1. ‘The tax bill passed 2 years ago provides substantial incentives for businesses that move to this area and hire 50 or more employees. Crities say the bill reduces the ‘government's tax revenues. Yet clearly it has already ‘ereated many jobs in this area. Last year, Plastonica {qualified for incentives under the bill by opening a new plastics factory here that hired 75 employees. ‘The argument’s reasoning depends on which one of the following assumptions? (A) If Plastonica had not opened the plastics factory in the area, it would not have opened a plastics factory at all {B) __Plastonica would not have opened the plastics factory in the atea had it not been for the incentives. (©) Most critics of the tax bill claim that it wall not create any more new jobs. {) If Plastonica had not opened the plastics factory in the area, it would have opened it somewhere else (E) Critics of the tax bill believe that it has not treated any jobs in the are. ‘When a chain of service stations began applying a surcharge of $0.25 per purchase on fuel paid for by credit card, the chain's owners found that this policy ‘made their customers angry. So they decided instead to simply raise the price of fuel a compensatory amount and give a $0.25 discount to customers paying with ceash. Customers were much happier with this policy. Which one of the following generalizations does the situation described above most clearly illustrate? (A) People usually adopt belifs without carefully assessing the evidence for and against those beliefs. (B) People’s perceptions of the fairness of a policy ‘sometimes depend on whether that policy ‘benefits them personally. (©) People usually become emotional when ‘considering financial issues. (D) People often change their minds about issues ‘that do not make significant differences to their lives, (E) People’s evaluations of a situation sometimes depend less on the situation itself than on how itis presented to them Herbalist: Many herbal medicines work best when they have a chance to influence the body gently over several months. However, many of these herbal ‘medicines have toxic side effects when taken daily for such long periods. Therefore, atleast some people who use herbal medicines daily should occasionally skip their usual dase for a day ‘F two, to give the body a chance to recuperate. ‘Which one of the following is an assumption required by the herbalis’s argument? w @) © @) (e) At east some people who use herbal medicines daily use them for periods long enough for the ‘medicines to have side effects. [At least some herbal medicines work less ‘well in achieving their desired effects if one ‘occasionally skips one’s usual dose than if one does not. Some herbal medicines have toxic side effects ‘when taken for several months, even if the usual dose is occasionally skipped for a day or two to give the body a chance to recuperate, ‘Anyone who uses herbal medicines should give those medicines a chance to influence the body gently over several months at least. One should occasionally skip one’s usual dose of an herbal medicine for a day or two only if doing so will reduce or eliminate toxic side effects from several months of use. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3 > &__-& 19, Business owner: Around noon in one section ofthe city, food trucks that sell lunch directly te customers on the sidewalk occupy many of the limited metered parking spaces available, thus worsening already bad traffic congestion. This led the city council 1o consider a bill to prohibit food trucks from parking in metered spaces in any commercially zoned area, This bill should be rejected since there is plenty of available parking and litle traffic congestion in most areas of the city. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the business owner's argument? (A) Unless a business provides a product or service that is valued by consumers, the business should not be allowed to make use of scarce city resources, (B) Ifa serious problem exists in one part of a city, the city government should address the problem before it spreads to another area of the city. (©) No proposed solution to a city problem should be implemented until the problem has been ‘thoroughly studied. (D) A law that would disadvantage businesses of a certain type throughout a city should not be used to solve a problem that does not affect ‘most areas of the city, () Ifa city has a serious problem, then it should ‘not implement any policy that would aggravate that problem even if the policy would address another serious problem, 20. Michele: In my professional experience it’s usually ‘not a good idea for a company to overhaul its databases. The rewards rarely exceed the problems experienced along the way, and I'd suggest that anyone considering a database ‘overhaul think twice before proceeding. Alvaro: But the problems are always caused by a failure to recode the database properly. The best advice for a company considering a database overhaul is todo the job right. Michele and Alvaro disagree with each other about Which one of the following? (A) why companies should consider overhauling their databases (6) whether the problems experienced during a database overhaul ever outweigh the rewards (C) which kinds of database overhauls have more problems than are justified by the rewards (D) what a company should do when considering a database overhaul (©) when professional experience is required to correctly recode a database 21 In an experiment, subjects were shown a series of images on a computer sereen, appearing usually at the top but occasionally at the bottom. Subjects were asked to guess each time where the next image would appear ‘on the sereen. They guessed correctly less than half of the time. The subjects all reported that they based their ‘guesses on pattems they believed they saw in the sequence. Instead, if they had simply guessed that the next image would always appear atthe top, they would hhave boen correct most ofthe time. If all of the statements above ate true, which one of the following must also be true? (A) If the subjects had always guessed that the next image would appear atthe top, they would not have been basing their guesses on any pattern they believed they saw in the sequence, (B) Basing one’s guesses about what will happen next on the basis of pattems one believes one sees is less likely to lead to comect guesses than always guessing that what has happened before will happen next. (©) There was no predictable pattern that one could reasonably believe occurred in the series of images on the computer sereen. (D) Some of the subjects sometimes guessed that the next image would appear at the bottom of the computer screen, but were incorrect, (E) The most rational strategy for guessing correctly ‘here the next image would appear would hhave been simply to always guess that the Jmage would appear atthe top. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3 22 23, Bach new car in the lot at Rollway Motors costs more 20, The temperature in Taychester is always at least 10 degrees lower than the temperature in Charlesvlle. However, the average resident of Charlesville spends 10 to 20 percent more on winter heating expenses than does the average resident of Taychester. Each of the following, if true, helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above EXCEPT: (A) Heat loss due to wind is less in Taychester than in Charlesville (B) Although Charlesvlle is always fairly warm during the daytime, temperatures in Charlesvlle drop steeply at night. (©) Utility rates in Taychester are lower than utility rates in Charlesvill. (D) People who are used to warmer temperatures ‘generally keep their homes warmer in the ‘winter than do people who are used to colder temperatures. (©) Houses in colder climates are usually better insulated than houses in warmer climates. than $18,000. Any car in thei lot that is ten or more ‘years old costs less than $5,000. Thus, if a ear in Rollway’s lot costs between $5,000 and $18,000, it is fused car that is less than ten years old. ‘The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that inthe argument above? (A) Each apartment above the fourth floor of the ‘building has more than two bedrooms. But all, apartments below the fourth floor have fewer than two bedrooms, Thus, any apartment on the fourth floor of the building has exactly two bedrooms. (B) Each apartment above the fourth floor of the building has two or three bedrooms. But no apartment below the fourth oor has more than fo bedrooms. Thus, all ofthe building's three-bedroom apartments are on the fourth floor or higher. (©) No apartment above the fourth floor of the building has fewer than three bedrooms. But all apartments below the fourth floor have fewer than two bedrooms. Thus, if there are apartments in the building with exactly two bedrooms, they are on the fourth floor. (D) No apartment above the fourth floor of the building has more than two bedrooms. But ‘only three-bedroom apartments have balconies. ‘Thus, if any apartment in the building has a baleony, it is on the fourth floor or lower. (E) Each apartment above the fourth floor of the building has more than two bedrooms. The building has no vacant apartments on or below the fourth floor. Thus, if there is any vacant apartment in the building, it will have more than two bedrooms. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,3 > & 24, Meteorologist: The number of tomadoes reported annually has more than doubled since the 1950s. ‘But their actual number has probably not {nereased. Our ability to find tornadoes has improved, so we're probably just finding a higher percentage of them than we used to ‘Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the meteorologist’ argument? (A) The physical damage caused by the average fomado has remained roughly constant since the 1950s, (B) The number of tomadoes hitting major ‘population centers annually has more than doubled since the 1950s, (©) The number of large and medium sized ‘omadoes reported annually has remained roughly constant since the 1950s, (D) The annual number of deaths due to tomadoes has increased steadily since the 1950s. (E) The geographic range in which tornadoes are ‘most prevalent has remained roughly constant since the 1950s, 25. Salesperson: If your vacuuming needs are limited to cleaning Small areas of uncarpeted floors, an inexpensive handheld vacuum cleaner is likely to be sufficient. After all, most are easy to use and will likely satisfy all your vacuuming needs ‘on wood and tile floors. ‘The conclusion of the salesperson's argument is most strongly supported if which one of the following is assumed? (A) The only types of floor surfaces that most ‘consumers encounter are carpet, wood, and tle (B) Inexpensive handheld vacuum cleaners are sufficient for cleaning small areas of carpeted floors. (©) Any handheld vacuum cleaner that is easy to use but sufficient only for cleaning small areas ‘of uncarpeted floors is likely to be inexpensive, () Ifyour houschold cleaning needs include cleaning smal areas of uncarpeted floors, i is likely that you will need a vacuum cleaner. (E) The more versatile a vacuum cleaner is, the ‘more likely itis to be expensive, Decreased reliance on fossil fuels is required if global ‘warming is to be halted. The current reliance would decrease if economic incentives to develop altemative ‘energy sources were present. So ending global warming requires offering economic incentives to develop alternative energy sources, The flawed pattem of reasoning exhibited by the argument above most closely parallels that exhibited by which one of the following? (A) If'we end poverty we will end hunger. Ending ‘unemployment will end poverty. So ending ‘unemployment will end hunger. (B) Daily exercise guarantees good health. Good health ensures a happy life. So daily exercise is required for good health (©) Going to college is required for getting a professional job. Graduating from high school is necessary for going to college So graduating from high school is necessary for getting a professional job. (D) Keeping good teachers is necessary for improving education. If teachers" salaries were improved, good teachers would remain in the profession. So an increase in teachers’ salaries is necessary to improve education (E) Preventing abuse of prescription drugs requires ‘expanding drug education efforts. Increased cooperation between schools and law enforcement agencies is needed if drug ‘education efforts are to be expanded. So, if cooperation between law enforcement and schools increases, the abuse of prescription drugs will be prevented. Ss tf O F IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.34 6 @ 6 @ SECTION IV ‘Time—35 minutes 23 Questions: Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a scenario with a set of conditions. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what can be logically inferred from the scenario and conditions. For each question, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet uestions 1-5 1. Which one of the following could be the tour's schedule, withthe four cites included in the tour listed ‘A travel agent is arranging a tour made up of visits to exactly in the order in which they are visited? four of si ites Hanoi, Jakarta, Manila, Osaka, Shanghs, and Taped Fach ety that i inched i the tour will be Wisited only once. The tours schedule is subject to the following constrains (©) Osska, Hanoi, Shanghai, Tsipel Hanoi and Taipei must be inluded in the tour, but they () Shanghai, Taipei, Manila, Hanoi ‘cannot be visited consecutively. (©) Taipei, Manila, Jakarta, Shanghai 1F Osaka is inched in the tour, Shanghai cannot be IF Jakarta is included inthe tour, it must be visited tid. Irboth Jakarta and Mania are included, they most be visited consecutively (A) Jakarta, Taipei, Shanghai, Hanoi (B) Manila, Taipei, Jakarta, Hanoi GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.4 2. If Shanghai is visited fourth, which one of the following must be true? (A) Hanoi is visited second. (B) Jakarta is visited third (©) Manila is visited second. (D) Osaka is visited second. (BE) Teiped is visited first. 3. Any of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A) Jakarta is visited immediately after Hanoi is visited. (B) Manila is visited at some time after Jakarta is visited (C) Osaka is included in the tour but is not visited third (D) Manila isthe only city visited between the visits to Hanoi and Taipei (©) More than one city is visited between the visits to Hanoi and Taipei 4. If’ Manila is not included in the tour, which one of the following must be true? (A) Hanoi is visited first. (B) Jakarta is visited third (C) Osaka is visited second. (D) Shanghai is visited third. ©) Taipei is visited fourth 5. If Osaka is visited second, how many of the six cities could be the one visited fourth? (A) one. @B) two (© three () four © five GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.“36. 6 6 o 0 Questions 6-11 6. If Gloria performs first, which one of the following ‘could be true? (A) Hazel performs third (B) Roberto performs second. (©) Roberto performs fifth. (©) Sonja performs tied (©) Toshiro performs fourth A music professor must set the order in which her students will give performances in a concert. Exactly five students will perform—Gloria, Hazel, Roberto, Sonja, and Toshiro. The students wil perform one ata time, and each student ‘will perform only once. The following conditions restrict the ‘order in which the students perform: ‘Hazel must perform earlier than Roberto, If Gloria performs earlier than Toshiro, then Roberto and Sonja must also perform earlier than Toshiro. Hazel must perform either earlier than both Sonja and ‘Toshiro or else later than both of them. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.4 7. Which one of the following pairs could be the frst and second students to perform, respectively? (A) Gloria and Toshiro (B) Hazel and Gloria (©) Roberto and Toshiro (D) Sonja and Roberto (©) Toshiro and Hazel 8. Which one of the following pairs CANNOT be the fourth and fifth students to perform, respectively’? (A) Gloria and Toshiro (B) Hazel and Roberto (©) Roberto and Toshiro (D) Sonja and Gloria (©) Toshiro and Roberto Which one of the following pairs CANNOT be the second and third students to perform, respectively? (A) Gloria and Hazel (B) Hazel and Roberto (C) Roberto and Toshiro (D) Sonja and Gloria (©) Toshiro and Sonja If Sonja performs first, which one of the following must be true? (A) Gloria performs third (B) Gloria performs fourth. (©) Hazel performs third, (D) Roberto performs fifth (E) Toshiro performs second If Sonja performs fifth, which one of the following ‘must be true? (A) Gloria performs third (B) Hazel performs frst. (©) Hazel performs fourth. (D) Roberto performs sevond. (E) Toshiro performs second, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.] 6 6 o 6 ‘Questions 12-17 12. ‘The operator of a passenger railway system needs to close at least one of its stations. Six stations—L, M, N, P, Qyand Re-are being considered for closure. The decision regarding ‘which stations to close and which fo keep open is subject to the following constraints ‘Nand R cannot both close. TEN stays open, then L must also stay open. TER stays open, then M must also stay open. [Land R cannot both stay open. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list ofthe stations that stay open? w LM ®) BR © MNO ©) MOR © LMBR GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.4 B. If exactly five of the stations stay open, which one of the following must close? woL @) M © oN o P © “The stations that close could include both Lad ®) LadR (©) Mand N ©) MandR ©) Nand IL stays open, then any of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A) closes, (B) _N closes. (©) M stays open. (D) _P stays open, (EQ stays open, 16. If exactly two of the stations stay open, which one of the following must close? yy B) oO © ® L M N Q R ‘Which one of the following, if substituted for the constraint that if R stays open, then M must also stay ‘open, would have the same effect in determining which stations close and which stay open? “ ®) © © © ICL closes, then M must stay open. IL closes, then R must stay open. IER closes, then L must stay open. IL stays open, then M must close. IM stays open, then N must close GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,4° lestions 18-23 ‘An environmental consultant will examine the air quality on eight floors of an office tower, the first floor to the eigh floor. Each floor will be examined on one of four consecutive omen wormaom morm>o@ 22, 24, 2 2 2B. 24. 25. 26. a 2. 23 24, 25. 26. 22, oror powmopm orane aes!