EELE 3332 – Electromagnetic II

Chapter 12
Waveguide Resonators
Islamic University of Gaza
Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik

2012 1
 Resonance
 Resonance: The tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum
amplitude at a certain frequency.
 Microwave resonators are tunable circuits used in microwave
oscillators, filters and frequency meters.
 The operation of microwave resonators is very similar to that
of the lumped-element resonators (such as parallel and series
RLC resonant circuits) of circuit theory.
 Transmission line sections can be used with various lengths
(nλg/2) and terminations (usually open or short circuited) to
form resonators.
 Resonators can be constructed from closed sections of
waveguides. Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 2
 Rectangular Waveguide Cavities

Resonators can be constructed from closed sections of waveguide.

Waveguide resonators are usually short circuited at both ends,
thus forming a closed box or cavity.
Standing waves are formed in the cavity (recall a standing wave is
a combination of two waves travelling in opposite directions).
Electric and magnetic energy is stored within the cavity.

Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 3

 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity
To satisfy the boundary conditions, d must be equal
to an integer multiple of g / 2.

A resonant wave number for the rectangular cavity

can be deifned as:
2 2 2
 mπ   nπ   lπ 
kmnl       
 a   b  d

The resonant frequency of the TE mnl or TM mnl mode

is then given by:

 m   n   l 
2 2 2
1
f mnl       
2   a   b  d 
Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 4
 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity
Waveguide (waves in one direction)

m x n y  j z
H z ( x, y, z )  H 0 cos cos e (TE modes)
a b
m x n y  j z
E z ( x, y, z )  E0 sin sin e (TM modes)
a b
Cavity (waves in both directions, standing waves)
m x n y l z
H z ( x, y , z )  H 0 cos cos sin (TE mnl modes)
a b d
( m  0,1, 2,...), ( n  0,1, 2,...), (l  1, 2,3,...)

m x n y l z
E z ( x, y , z )  E0 sin sin cos (TM mnl modes)
a b d
( m  1, 2,3,...), ( n  1, 2,3,...), (l  0,1, 2,...)
Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 5
 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity
 A set of mnl corresponds to a mode, where the indices m,n,l
refer to the number of variations in the standing wave pattern in
the x,y,z directions. TE101 stands for that a rectangular waveguide
cavity operating on a TE10 wave, and the length of the cavity is
half of the guide wavelength.

The lowest order modes in a rectangular cavity are the TM110,

TE101, and TE011 modes. Which of these modes is the dominant
mode depends on the relative dimensions of the resonator. If
b<a<d, the dominant resonant mode is TE101.

 In order to properly design the coupling and the tuning devices

of the cavity, knowledge about the distribution of the fields in the
cavity is required.
Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 6
 d
z y

a
The figure gives the distribution of
the fields in a rectangular cavity
x x
z operating at the TE101 mode.
b
Electric field lines
y Magnetic field lines

Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 7

 Quality factor , Q
•The cavity has walls with finite conductivity and is therefore
losing stored energy.
 0W
•The quality factor is: Q 
Pl
where 0 is the resonant angular frequency, W is the total energy,
Pl is the power loss in the cavity.

The Q of the cavity with lossy conducting walls for the TE10l mode is:

 kad  b '
3
1
Qc =
2 2 Rs  2l 2a 3b  2bd 3  l 2a 3d  ad 3 

2 f  r 0 120
where k , Rs  , ' 
c 2 r
Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 8
 Example : An air-filled rectangular waveguide has a=3cm , b=2cm. If a
cavity resonator is to be designed, find the length of cavity so the resonant
frequency is 5.44 GHz for (a) TE101 mode, (b) TE102 mode

 m   n   l 
2 2 2
1
fr       
2   a   b  d 
3  108  1   0   1 
2 2 2

For TE101 mode: f r          5.44 GHz  d  7 cm

2  3cm   2cm   d 
3  108  1   0   2 
2 2 2

For TE102 mode: f r          5.44 GHz  d  14 cm

2  3cm   2cm   d 
or : cavity resonates at lg /2.

 f   f c10 
g   ' 1   c  , For TE10l mode  g   ' 1  
 f   5.44 GHz 
c 3  108 c
'  , f   5 GHz,  g  0.139973
f 5.44  10 9 c10
2a
for TE101  d  g /2  7 cm, for TE102  d  2g /2  14 cm 9
 Example
For a cavity of dimensions; 5cm x 4cm x 10 cm filled with air and
made of copper (c=5.8 x 107)
Find the resonant frequency and the quality factor for the
dominant mode.

 m   n   l 
2 2 2
1
f mnl       
2   a   b  d 

3  1010  1   0   1 
2 2 2

For TE101 mode: fr           3.354 GHz

2  5   4   10 
 kad  b ' 2 f  r
3
1 0
Qc = , k  , Rs 
2 2 Rs  2l a b  2bd  l a d  ad 
2 3 3 2 3 3
c 2

2 f 0
k  70.246, Rs   0.0151,  '  120
c 2
Qc = 14365 Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 10
Waveguide Filters

Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 11

Waveguide Filters
Filter for E-band
systems (81-86
GHz)
Coupling Matrix
 0 0.0589 0 0 0 
 
 0.0589 0 0.0432 0 0 
k  0 0.0432 0 0.0432 0 
 
 0 0 0.0432 0 0.0589 
 0 0 
 0 0 0.0589

Dr. Talal Skaik 2012 IUG 12