REI N FORCED CONCRET E DE SIGN
MODULE 1.1:
INTRODUCTION TO RCD
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
1.1a
CONCRETE
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or
other aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as
its workability, durability, and time of hardening.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel
wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete.
RGBV
ADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURALMATERIAL
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other
materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is
the best structural material available for situations where water is present.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and
water).
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials
RGBV such as structural steel.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED
CONCRETE AS A STRUCTURALMATERIAL
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms (which are expensive) are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently. In addition, falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in
place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until the concrete members gain
sufficient strength to support themselves.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes
an increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large dead
weight has a great effect on bending moments.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as
is the production of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.
RGBV
CONCRETE
CEMENT AND WATER
• Used in binding aggregates ( sand and gravel)
• Water/cement ratio greatly affects the strength of
concrete
CURING OF CONCRETE
• Curing is performed by submerging the specimen
underwater. This is done in order to prevent moisture
loss. Rapid moisture loss leads to cracking and loss of
strength of the concrete specimen
Note : Ideally, the maximum strength of concrete is
attained at the 28th day of curing.
RGBV
STRESS –STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
fc
Ultimate Compressive
Strength
fc’
Break Point
Elastic
Limit
Non-Linearly
Elastic
Region
Linearly
Elastic
Region
!max strain
c
RGBV
DESIGN CODES
Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used
to establish the requirements for the actual structural design. It
should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general
guide for design.
“The ultimate responsibility for the design
lies with the structural engineer.”
National Structural Code of thePhilippines 2015
RGBV
ELASTIC MODULUS OF CONCRETE, Ec
From NSCP 2015
; in MPa ; For Normal Weight Concrete (NWC) ; NWC =2300 kg/m3
; in MPa ; for other weights, wc : mass density, kg/m3
Where : λ– factor considered for the type of concrete
λ=1.00 if Normal Weight Concrete (NWC)
λ=0.75 if Light Weight Concrete (LWC) (below 2300 kg/m3)
RGBV
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, fc’
- the load-carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of the concrete reaches a
maximum value
Commercial Available fc’ of Concrete
17MPa - Lowest value according to NSCP 2015
21MPa - 3 ksi
28 MPa - 4 ksi
CONVERSION : 1ksi = 6.895 MPa
34 MPa - 5 ksi
RGBV
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
METHOD
The behavior of concrete is LINEAR ELASTIC.
The consideration is up to the proportionality
limit
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
(USD) METHOD
The behavior of concrete is NON-LINEAR
ELASTIC. The consideration is up to the
ultimate strength.
RGBV
STEEL
TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
LONGITUDINAL BARS PRE-STRESSED STRUCTURAL STEEL
(rebars) STEEL SHAPES
Plain Bar – smooth surface High Tension Cable Wide Flange, Angle Bar, C-
Deformed Bar – ridges and lugs; Wires Section, Rectangular, Tubular,
used to anchor the steel to etc…
concrete.
Note : Reinforcing Steel Bars are strategically placed where concrete is weak in tension
RGBV
LONGITUDINAL BARS
Nominal Sizes
(diameter in mm)
10
12 Nominal Length
16 (in m) Yield Points
20 6 ASTM PNS NSCP Color
25 7.5 (ksi) (MPa) (MPa)
28 9 33 230 230 White
32 10.5 40 275 280 Yellow
36 12 60 415 420 Green
RGBV
STRESS –STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF STEEL
fs
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Break Point
Elastic
Limit
Proportionality
Limit Yield Point
Necking
Region
Elastic
Region
RGBV
CONCRETE : SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
SHRINKAGE CREEP
Contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to Additional deformation because of the load applied
the loss of water/moisture. Shrinkage temperature for a very long time.
bars are used.
RGBV
1.1b
STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to
support a load. Important examples related to civil
engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers;
When designing a structure to serve a specified function
for public use, the engineer must account for its safety,
esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into
consideration economic and environmental
constraints. Often this requires several independent
studies of different solutions before final judgment can be
made as to which structural form is most appropriate. This
design process is both creative and technical and requires
a fundamental knowledge of material properties and the
laws of mechanics which govern material response. Once
a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the
structure must then be analyzed to ensure that it has its
required stiffness and strength.
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
Beams. Beams are usually straight horizontal
members used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported, as indicated the figure.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending
moment; however, if they are short and carry
large loads, the internal shear force may become
quite large and this force may govern their
design.
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
For bending and deflections, if the deformations
disappear and the structure regains its original
shape when the actions causing the deformations +M +M
are removed, the deformations are termed elastic
deformations. positive moment,
concave upward
The permanent deformations of structures are
referred to as inelastic, or plastic,
deformations.
—M —M
A positive moment tends to bend a beam or
horizontal member concave upward.
negative moment,
Likewise, a negative moment tends to bend the concave downward
beam or member concave downward.
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS :
BEAMS and GIRDERS
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
Development Length Stirrups Web Bars Top Bars Bottom Bars
(40db -100db) *Take note of Concrete Covers. Assume column dimension of 400 x 400 mm
Clear Span, L = 4.5 m Hooks for Stirrups(6db)
Hooks (12db)
BEAM CROSS-SECTION
L/3 L/3 L/3
Splice Zone
L/7 Splice Zone Lap Splicing Splice Zone
(40 - 50db)
L/4 or 2D L/4 or 2D
B
BEAM DIMENSION (mm) STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
BEAM LEFT MID SPAN RIGHT STIRRUPS (10 mm diameter, unless
MARK Diameter of specified)
B D
Bar (mm) TOP BOT TOP BOT TOP BOT
B-1 200 450 12 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 @50mm, 8 @100mm, rest @200mm
TYPICAL BEAM DETAIL : VERIFY SPECIFICATIONS ON NSCP 2015
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : BEAMS and GIRDERS
FLEXURE CRACKS
Originates in maximum moment region
because the flexural capacity of the
beam is inadequate
SHEAR CRACKS
Originates near supports because the
shear capacity of the beam is
inadequate
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : COLUMNS
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial
compressive loads are referred to as columns.
Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps
maintain the vertical positions of the bars.
BUCKLING EFFECT – due to
moment and instability because
of the applied compressive
force.
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEM ENTS : SLABS
Slabs are flat horizontal panels that
support the floor. It can be supported by
beams/girders on edges or directly by
columns. They carry gravity loads and
transfer them to the vertical components
(columns and/or walls), and also act as
horizontal diaphragms by transferring the
lateral load to the vertical components of
a structure.
TYPES
1. One – way Floor System
2. Two – way Floor System
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS : SLABS
One-way floor system is a slab or deck that is
supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action. It is often
referred to as a one-way slab. s/l < 0.50
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span
One-way slab bends in only one direction along
the short span
RGBV
STRUCTURAL ELEM ENTS : SLABS
If the support ratio is s / l >= 0.50 , the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and
girders in two directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a two-way slab.
RGBV
1.1c
LOADS
BY: ROLLS GRANT VASQUEZ
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
Once the structural form has been determined, the
actual design begins with those elements that are
subjected to the primary loads the structure is
intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence to the
various supporting members until the foundation is
reached. In order to design a structure, it is therefore
necessary to first specify the loads that act on it
Thus, a building floor slab would be designed first, followed by the
supporting beams, columns, and last, the foundation footings .
.
RGBV
LOADS ON STRUCTURES GRAVITY LOADS
The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and
snow or rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weights of the various
structural members and the weights of any objects that are
permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead loads
are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for
common material densities and minimum design dead loads for
common components.
Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and
location. They may be caused by the weights of objects
temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural
forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended
design live loads depending on the use of the space
RGBV
LOADS ON STRUCTURES GRAVITY LOADS
Snow and Rain Loads. In some parts of the country, roof loading
due to snow or rain can be quite severe, and therefore protection
against possible failure is of primary concern.
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure. When structures are used to retain
water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these
loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.
Impact Loads. When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure,
they cause larger stresses than those that would be produced if the
same loads would have been applied gradually. The dynamic effect
of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is
referred to as impact.
RGBV
The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and
earthquake are called lateral loads.
Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the
wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of
pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on
a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air,
the angle of incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of
the structure, and the roughness of its surface.
Earthquake Loads. Earthquakes produce loadings on a
structure through its interaction with the ground and its
response characteristics. These loadings result from the
structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the structure.
RGBV
RGBV
LOADS DISTRIBUTION
TWO WAY SLAB
RGBV
LOADS DISTRIBUTION
TWO WAY SLAB
RGBV
