Prepared by: Mr Ali Abbas
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Fundamentals & Concepts of Processes
Control Systems
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There are three stages of control systems
• Manual control system [human control]
• Automatic control system
Mechanical Control Electronic Control
• Hydraulic Control
• Pneumatic Control
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Human Control
[Manual]
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Mechanical Control [Automatic]
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Electronic Control [Automatic]
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Classification of Control Strategies
The control system can be classified as open
loop control system, closed loop control
systems and feed forward control
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Open Loop Control System
The open loop control system is also known as control
system without feedback.
In open loop systems the control action is independent
of desired output .
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Examples open Loop Control Systems
1-Heat exchanger
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Examples open Loop Control Systems
2- Automatic washing machine:
In the machine the operating time is
set manually after completion of set
time the machine will stops.
3- Automatic control traffic.
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Advantages:
Open loop control systems are simple, economical,
Less maintenance is required and not difficult.
Disadvantages:
Open loop control systems are inaccurate, not
reliable, slow and optimization is not possible.
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Closed Loop Control System
Closed loop control systems are also know as
feedback control systems.
In closed loop control systems the control
action is dependent on the desired output.
In closed loop control systems the output is
compared with reference input and error signal
is produced, the error signal is fed to the
controller to reduce the error and desired
output obtained .
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Example of closed Loop Control Systems
1- Heat exchanger
2- In room we need to regulate the temperature. Air
conditioners are provided with thermostat.
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Advantages:
These system are more reliable, faster, a
number of variables can be handled
simultaneously and optimization is
possible.
Disadvantages:
Closed loop systems are expensive,
maintenance difficult and complicated
installation.
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Feed-forward
The objective of feed-forward control is to measure
disturbances and compensate for them before the
controlled variable deviates from set point. When feed-
forward control is applied correctly, deviation of the
controlled variable is minimized.
-A feed-forward controller measures the disturbance
variable and sends this value to a controller, which
adjusts the manipulated variable.
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Heat exchanger feed-forward control system
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Advantages
If all sources of the disturbances are known and these
values can be measured accurately.
Perfect Control !
Disadvantages
No corrective action for unmeasured disturbances.
In industrial applications, feedforward control should
be used in combination with feedback control.
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Heat exchanger feed-forward control
system with feedback compensation
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Feedback Control
There are several important elements in a feedback
control system.
• Sensor / Measurement
• Controller
• Final Element (Actuator)
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Feedback Control
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Sensor / Measurement
To effect control of a variable, we need to have information
on the variable itself.
Measurement also includes transducers, devices that
converts signal from one form to another.
What are the common variables
measured in a process plant ?
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Controller
Part of the system that examine the error and determine
the amount of action needs to be taken.
In modern control systems, control operations are
performed by computers or PLCs.
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Final Element (Actuator)
Device that exert direct influence on the process and bring
the controlled variable to its desired value.
Accepts input from the controller which is then converted
into proportional operation on the process.
Examples:
- control valves.
- pumps, motors.
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