Chapter 3

Equilibrium constant of reaction

AC1 1
 Equilibrium constant of Reaction
(1)
a A+b B ←
→ cC +d D
(2)

Equilibrium constant

[C ] × [ D]
c d
K=
[ A] × [ B ]
a b

The equilibrium constant determines the relative

concentrations of products and reactants.

AC1 2
 Equilibrium constants

 Chemical reactions (redox, acid-base,

complexometric and precipitation reactions)
 Stepwise or overall equilibrium constants
 Acid-base dissociation constants
 Formation constants
 Solubility product constants

AC1 3
 Redox reactions

 Electron-transfer reaction
 Oxidation is a loss of electrons
 Reduction is a gain of electrons
 Reducing agent donates electron(s)
 Oxidizing agent accepts electron(s)

AC1 4
 Redox reaction - Example
 Half-equation
− + 2+
MnO4 + 5e + 8 H 
→ Mn
←
 + 4 H 2O
Fe 2+ − 1e ←

→
 Fe 3+

 Equation 0
EMnO − / Mn 2+ = 1.51V > EFe3+ / Fe 2+ = 0.77V
0
4

− 2+ + 2+ 3+
MnO4 + 5Fe + 8H ←
→ Mn

K
+ 5Fe + 4 H 2O

 How to balance redox reactions (electron exchange,

charge of ions, elements)
E0: standard reduction electrode potentials

AC1 5
 Half-equation

ox + ne kh
+
ox + mH + ne kh + m / 2 H 2O
+
ox + mH + ne pkh + m / 2 H 2O

 Example
Cu 2+ / Cu , Cl 2 / 2Cl −
MnO4− / Mn 2+
Cr2O72− / 2Cr 3+
AC1 6
 Redox reaction
 Equilibrium constant of the reaction
+ n2 m
n2 ox1 + n1kh2 + n2 mH 
←
→ n2 kh1 + n1ox 2 +
K (1)
H 2O
K(2) 2
n2 n1
[kh1 ] [ox ]
K (1) = n2 n1
2
+ n2 m
[ox1 ] [kh2 ] [ H ]

AC1 7
 Redox reaction
 Nernst equation – An equation relating
electrochemical potential to the concentrations of
products and reactants
+ m
RT [ ox ][ H ] RT [ox]
E=E +
0
ln or E=E +
0
ln
nF [kh] nF [kh]
+ m
0, 059 [ ox ][ H ] 0.059 [ox]
E=E +
0
lg or E=E + 0
lg
n [kh] n [kh]
R = 8.3144 J / mol 0 K , T = 298.160 K , F = 96493Cb / mol
 E0 : standard potentials
 n : number of electrons exchanged

AC1 8
 Example
 Half-equation
MnO4− + 5e + 8 H + ←
→
 Mn 2+
+ 4 H 2O
Fe 2+ − 1e ←
→
 Fe 3+

 Potentials - Nernst equation

− + 8
− 2+ 0 . 059 [ MnO ][ H ]
E ( MnO4 / Mn ) = 1.51 + lg 4
5 [ Mn 2+ ]
3+
3+ 2+ 0 . 059 [ Fe ]
E ( Fe / Fe ) = 0.77 + lg
1 [ Fe 2+ ]

AC1 9
 Redox equation ox1 / kh1 , ox2 / kh2
 Half-equation
+ m
ox1 + mH + n1e ← → kh1 + H 2O
2
ox 2 + n2 e←
→ kh2
 Potentials
+ m
0.059 [ox1 ][ H ]
E1 = E +
0
1 lg
n1 [kh1 ]
0.059 [ox2 ]
E2 = E2 +
0
lg
n2 [kh2 ]

AC1 10
 Equilibrium
At equilibrium:
E1 = E2 = Eeq
+ m
0.059 [ox1 ][ H ] 0.059 [ox2 ]
⇒E + 0
1 lg = E2 +
0
lg
n1 [kh1 ] n2 [kh2 ]
n1
[ox2 ] [kh1 ] n2
n1n2 ( E − E )
0 0
lg n1 n2 + n2 m
= 1 2
[kh2 ] [ox1 ] [ H ] 0.059
n1n2 ( E10 − E20 )
n1n2 ( E − E )
0 0
lg K = 1
hay K = 10
2 0.059
0.059
AC1 11
 Potential at equivalence
 Case 1: + m
0. 059 [ ox ][ H ]
n1[ox1 ] = n2 [kh2 ] E1 = E1 +
0
lg 1
n1 [kh1 ]
n1[kh1 ] = n2 [ox2 ]
0.059 [ox2 ]
Eeq = E1 = E2 E2 = E +0
2 lg
n2 [kh2 ]
[ox1 ][ox 2 ]
⇒ =1
[kh1 ][kh2 ]
[ox1 ][ox2 ] + m
(n1 + n2 ) Eeq = n1 E + n2 E + 0.059 lg
0
1
0
2 [H ]
[kh1 ][kh2 ]
n1 E10 + n2 E20 0.059
⇒ Eeq = + lg[ H + ]m
n1 + n2 n1 + n2
AC1 12
 Potential at equivalence
 Case 2
+ m
ox1 + mH + n1e ← → pkh1 + H 2O , E1
0
2
ox 2 + n2 e←
→ kh2 , E 20

E10 > E 20
+ n2 m
n2 ox1 + n1kh2 + n2 mH ←
→

K
n2 pkh1 + n1ox 2 + H 2 O
2

AC1 13
 Potential at equivalence
 Case 2

n1[ox1 ] = n2 [kh2 ]
(1− p )
n1 [ ox ][ ox ] [ ox ][ kh ] [ kh ]
[kh1 ] = n2 [ox2 ] ⇒ 1
p
2
= 1
p
1
= 1
p [kh1 ] [kh2 ] [kh1 ] [ox1 ] p p
Eeq = E1 = E2
[ox1 ][ox2 ] + m
(n1 + n2 ) Eeq = n1 E + n2 E + 0.059 lg
0
1
0
2 p
[ H ]
[kh1 ] [kh2 ]
+ m
n1 E + n2 E
0 0
0.059 [ H ]
⇒ Eeq = 1
+ 2
lg [kh1 ](1− p )
n1 + n2 n1 + n2 p
AC1 14
 Example
 Calculte the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium
potential of the reaction between MnO4- / Mn2+ and
Fe3+ / Fe2+ at pH = 0.
E 0
MnO4− / Mn 2+
= 1.51V , E 0
Fe 3+ / Fe 2+
= 0.77V
MnO4− + 5Fe 2+ + 8 H + ←
→

K
Mn 2+
+ 5 Fe 3+
+ 4 H 2O
n1n2 ( E10 −E20 ) 5×1(1.51− 0.77 )
K = 10 0.059
= 10 0.059
= 10 62.7
= 5 ×10 62

n1 E10 + n2 E20 0.059

Eeq = + lg[ H + ]m
n1 + n2 n1 + n2
5 ×1.51 + 0.77 0.059
= + lg(1)8 = 1.39V
5 +1 5 +1
AC1 15
 Dissociation constants for acids
 [PO43-] = 10-1M, H3PO4 : stepwise
dissociation constants
K a1 = 10 −2 , K a 2 = 10 −7 , K a 3 = 10 −12
1
H 3 PO4 ←
→
k1
H+ + H 2 PO4− , β 3
= = 10 2
β3 k1
− + 2− 1
H 2 PO4 ← → H + HPO4 , β 2 =
k2
= 10 7
β2 k2
2− + 3− 1
HPO4 ←  →

k3
β1
H + PO4 , β 1 = = 10 12
k3
[ HPO42− ] [ H 2 PO4− ] [ H 3 PO4 ]
β1 = + 1 β2 = + 1 β3 = + 1
[ H ] [ PO43− ]cb [ H ] [ HPO4 ] 2−
[ H ] [ HPO42− ]
AC1 16
 Formation constants for acids
+ β1,1 2−
H + PO43− 
←→ HPO 4 , β 1,1 = β 1 = 1012
k3
+ 3− β1, 2 −
2 H + PO4 ← → H 2 PO4 , β 1, 2 = β .
1 2β = 1019
k2,3
+ 3− β1,3
3 H + PO4 ←
  → H 3 PO4 , β1,3 = β1.β 2 .β 3 = 10 21
k1,3
2−
[ HPO ]
β1,1 = + 1 4
3−
[ H ] [ PO ] [ H 3 PO4 ]
−
4 eq
β1,3 = + 3 3−
[ H 2 PO ] [ H ] [ PO4 ]eq
β1, 2 = + 2
4
3−
[ H ] [ PO ]4 eq
AC1 17
 Dissociation and formation
constants – stepwise
β1 constants
A + p k D1
n
β2 [ Di ]
D1 + p k D2 βi =
n −1 [ Di −1 ][ p]
− − − − − − − −
[ Di −1 ][ p]
βi ki ' =
β Di −1 + p k Di [ Di ]
A + np k D i'
[ Di ]
− − − − − − − −
β1,i =
β n −1 [ A][ p]i
Dn−2 + p k2
Dn−1
i
[ A][ p] 1
Dn−1 + p k Dn βn k1,i = =
1 [ Di ] β1,i
AC1 i + i' = n +1 18
 Dissociation and formation
constants – Overall
β
constants
A + p k1,1 D1
1,1
β1, 2
A+2p k D2 1
1, 2 β1,1 = β1 =
kn
− − − − − − − − − − − − −

β1,i β1,i = β1.β 2 .β i

β A + ip k Di
A + np k D 1, i 1
βi =
− − − − − − − − − − − − −
ki '
β1,n −1
A + (n − 1) p k Dn−1
1, n −1
β1, n
A + np k Dn
1, n
AC1 19
 Concentrations at the equilibrium
[ A]0 = C A = [ A]eq + [ D1 ] + [ D2 ] + ... + [ Di ] + ...[ Dn ]
[ Di ] = β1,i [ p ]i [ A]eq
[ A]0 = C A
= [ A]eq + β1,1[ p][ A]eq + β1, 2 [ p] [ A]eq + ...
2

+ β1,i [ p]i [ A]eq + ... + β1,n [ p ]n [ A]eq

[ A]0 = C A = [ A]eq {1 + β1,1[ p ] + β1, 2 [ p ]2 + ...
+ β1,i [ p ] + ... + β1,n [ p ] }
i n
α A(p) : conditional coefficient
n (factor)
[ A]0 = C A = [ A]eq {1 + ∑ β1,i [ p ]i } = [ A]eq α A( p )
i =1
AC1 20
 Concentrations at the equilibrium

[ A]0
⇒ [ A]eq = n
1 + ∑ β1,i [ p ] i

í =1
α A(p) : conditional
β í ,i [ p] [ A]0
coefficient (factor) i
[ Di ] = n
1 + ∑ β1,i [ p] i
í =1

AC1 21
 Concentrations at the equilibrium
[PO43-] = 10-1M, H3PO4 :
−2 −7 −12
K a1 = 10 , K a 2 = 10 , K a 3 = 10
+ β1,1 2−
H + PO43− 
←→ HPO 4 , β 1,1 = β 1 = 1012
k3
+ 3− β1, 2 −
2 H + PO4 ← → H 2 PO4 , β1, 2 = β1.β 2 = 10 19
k2,3
+ 3− β1,3
3 H + PO4 ← →
 3 4 1,3
H PO , β = β . β
1 2 3. β = 10 21
k1,3

[ HPO ] 2− [ H 2 PO4− ]
β1, 2 =
β1,1 = + 1 4
3− [ H + ]2 [ PO43− ]eq
[ H ] [ PO ] 4 eq [ H 3 PO4 ]
β1,3 =
[ H + ]3 [ PO43− ]eq
AC1 22
 Concentrations at the equilibrium
[ H + ] = [OH ]− = 10 −7 M [ A]0
[ A]eq = n
1 + ∑ β1,i [ p ] i

−1 í =1
10
[ PO43− ]cb =
1 + 1012 [ H + ] + 1019 [ H + ]2 + 10 21[ H + ]3
= 0,5 ×10 −6 = 5 ×10 −7 M
[ HPO42 − ] = β1,1[ H + ]1[ PO43− ]eq
= 1012 × (10 − 7 ) × 5 × 10 − 7 = 5 × 10 − 2 M
[ H 2 PO ] = β1, 2 [ H ] [ PO ] = 5 ×10 M
−
4
+ 2 3−
4 eq
−2

[ H 3 PO4 ] = β1,3 [ H + ]3 [ PO43− ]eq = 5 ×10 −7 M

AC1 23
 Precipitation reaction
βD βD↓
 ←
A + np ←
→
 D 
→ D ↓
 Formation constant

[ D] 1 1 1
βD = n
, β D↓ = , ⇒ β D × β D↓ = n
=
[ A][ p] [ D] [ A][ p] Tst
 Solubility product constant (Ksp = Tst)
The equilibrium constant for a reaction in
[ A][ p] = Tst
n
which a solid dissociates into its ions (Ksp)

 Solubility
S = [ D] + [ A] ≈ [ A]
AC1 24
 Prepicitation Reaction
 Example 1

Ag + + Cl − 
→
 AgCl ↓
←
s s s
+ − −9.75
TAgCl = [ Ag ][Cl ] = s × s = 10
−5
or=
s 1.3 × 10 M

AC1 25
 Precipitation Reaction
 Example 2

2 Ag + + CrO42− 
→ Ag 2CrO4 ↓
←

2s s s

+ 2 2−
K sp = TAg 2CrO4 = [ Ag ] [CrO ]
4
−11.95
= (2 s ) × s = 4 s = 10
2 3

−5
or s ≈ 2.5 ×10 M

AC1 26
 Acid-base reactions
 Bronsted-Lowry theory (1923)
 acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor
 Lewis theory (1923)
 acid is an electron pair acceptor and base is an
electron pair donor
 complexation reactions between metal ions and ligands

Amphiprotic - A species capable of acting

as both an acid and a base.
Acid dissociation constant (Ka):The equilibrium constant for a
reaction in which an acid donates a proton to the solvent

AC1 27
 Dissociation constant of acid
HCl → Cl − + H + → OH − + H +
H 2O ←

→ CH 3COO − + H +
CH 3COOH 
KA

Acid Conjugated base

[ H + ][CH 3COO − ]
K CH 3COOH = K =
CH 3COOH / CH 3COO − [CH 3COOH ]
K H 2O = [ H + ] × [OH − ] =10 −14
+ −
→
HA ← H + A
+ −
[ H ][ A ]
K A/ B = K = K HA =
HA / A− [ HA]
AC1 28
 Dissociation constants of conjugated
base − −
CH 3COO + H 2O 
→ CH 3COOH + OH
KB

[CH 3COOH ] × [OH − ]

K =
CH 3COO − [CH 3COO − ]
[CH 3COOH ] × [OH − ] × [ H + ]
= − +
= K H 2O / K CH 3COOH
[CH 3COO ] ×[H ]

A − + H 2O ←
→ HA + OH −
[ HA][OH − ] [ H + ] 10 −14
KB = K = × + =
A− −
[A ] [ H ] K HA

AC1 29
 Dissociation constant for
acids and bases
−14
10
CH 3COOH ( K HA = 10 − 4.75 ) ⇒ K CH COO − = − 4.75 = 10 −9.25
3
10
−14
10
NH 4OH ( K B = 10 − 4.76 ) ⇒ K NH + / NH = − 4.76 = 10 −9.24
4 3
10
k > 100 : strong acid
10-3 < k < 100: medium acid
10-10 < k < 10-3: weak acid
k < 10-10: very weak acid
AC1 30
 pH of an acid or base
 Acid (monoprotic acid)
 Strong acid  Medium acid
 Weak acid  Polyprotic acid
 Base (monoprotic base)
 Strong base  Medium base
 Weak base  Polyprotic base
 Salt
 Buffer

AC1 31
 Strong acid
pH = -lg [H+]

HA → H + + A− 10–2 M HCl (pH = 2)

+
k >> 0 ⇒ [ H ] ≈ C HA
H 2O → H + + OH −
Khi C HA ≈ 10 −8 − 10 −7 M
−14
+ − − 10
[ H ] = [ A ] + [OH ] H 2O = C HA + +
[H ]
+ 2 + −14
⇒ [ H ] − C HA [ H ] − 10 =0

AC1 32
 Medium acid

+ − 10–2 M HIO3 (pKa =

→H +A
HA ←
0.9) (pH = 2.02)
+ −
[H ] = [ A ]
−
[ A ] + [ HA] = C HA

[ H + ][ A− ] [ H + ]2 [ H + ]2 [ H + ]2
k HA = = = =
[ HA] [ HA] C HA − [ A ] C HA − [ H + ]
−

+ 2 +
⇒ [ H ] + k HA [ H ] − k HAC HA = 0

AC1 33
 Weak acid

+ −
HA →
← H +A
+ − 10–2 M CH3COOH (pKa =
[H ] = [ A ]
4,76) (pH = 3.39)
[ HA] ≈ C HA
+ − + 2 + 2
[ H ][ A ] [ H ] [ H ]
k HA = = =
[ HA] [ HA] C HA
+
⇒ [ H ] = k HAC HA

AC1 34
 Polyprotic acid k1 >> k 2 ≈ 10 4

+ −
A → H
H2 ←

k1
+ HA + −
− + 2−
HA1 ←→ H

k1
+ A1
HA 
←→ H + A

k2
+ −
HA2 
←→
k2
 H + A2

pH of monoprotic acid (Ka1)

H2CO3 (pKa1 = 6,35, pKa2= 10,32) 10–2 M

(pH = 4.18)

AC1 35
 Polyprotic acid k1 ≈ k 2

HA1←
 + −
k HA1
→ H + A1
HA2 ←
 + −
k HA2
→ H + A2

[ H + ][ A1− ] [ HA1 ] + [ A1− ] = C HA1 (3)

k HA1 = (1)
[ HA1 ]
[ HA2 ] + [ A2− ] = C HA2 (4)
[ H + ][ A2− ] + − −
k HA2 = ( 2) [H ] = [ A1 ] + [ A2 ](5)
[ HA2 ]

AC1 36
 Polyprotic acid k1 ≈ k 2

+ k HA1 [ HA1 ] k HA2 [ HA2 ]

[H ] = +
+
[H ] [H + ]
⇒ [ H + ]2 = k HA1 [ HA1 ] + k HA2 [ HA2 ]
[ HA1 ] ≈ C HA1 , [ HA2 ] ≈ C HA2
⇒ [ H + ]2 = k HA1C HA1 + k HA2 C HA2

n
or [ H ] = ∑ k HAi C HAi
+ 2

i =1

AC1 37
 Polyprotic acid - Example k1 ≈ k 2

acid m-phthalic, 10-2 M C6H4(COOH)2 (pKa1 =

3.70, pKa2 = 4.60) (pH = 2.87)

n
[ H ] = ∑ k HAi C HAi = 10
+ 2 −3.70 −2
×10 + 10 − 4.60
×10 −2

i =1

AC1 38
 Strong base
10–2 M NaOH (pH = 12)
k − −14
A + H 2O ←
−

→ HA + OH − 10
=
A
k
−14
A− k HA
− 10
[OH ] = C − ⇒ +
=C −
A [H ] A

⇒ pH = 14 + lg C −
A
Khi C −8
≈ 10 − 10 −7
M H 2O → H + + OH −
A−
−14
− + + 10
[OH ] = [ BH ] + [ H ] H 2O = C +
A− [OH − ]
⇒ [OH − ]2 − C − [OH −
] − 10 −14
=0
A

AC1 39
 Medium base

−14
10
A − + H 2O ←

k −
→ HA + OH − k =
A−
A
k HA
[ HA][OH − ] [OH − ]2 [OH − ]2
k = = =
A− −
[A ] −
[A ] C − − [OH ]−
A

⇒ [OH − ]2 + k − [OH −
] − k −C =0
A A A−

AC1 40
 Weak base
10–2 M NH4OH (pK A- = 4.76) (pH = 10.61)

k −
A + H 2O ←
−
 → HA + OH
A −

C − ≈ [ A− ]
A

[ HA] = [OH − ]
[ HA][OH − ] [OH − ]2 [OH − ]2
k = = =
A− −
[A ] −
[A ] C −
A
−
⇒ [OH ] = k − C
A A−

AC1 41
 Polyprotic base k n << k n−1 ≈ 10 4

2− − − − −
A + H 2O←
→ HA + OH
 A1 + H 2O←
→ HA1 + OH

k2 k1
−
HA + H 2O←
→ H 2 A + OH

− A2− + H 2O←
→
 HA2 + OH −
k1 k2

pH of monoprotic base

AC1 42
 Polyprotic base - Example

10–2 M Na2CO
k n << k n−1 ≈ 10 4
3

CO3 2− + H 2O ←

→
 HCO3
−
+ OH −

− −
HCO3 + H 2O←
→
 H 2 CO3 + OH

H2CO3 (pKa1= 6.35, pKa2 = 10.32)

Na2CO 3 (pKb1 = 3.68, pK b2 = 7.35)

pH of monoprotic base (pH = 11.13)

AC1 43
 Polyprotic base k1 ≈ k 2

k −
−
A1 + H 2O←
 → HA1
A1
+ OH −
k −
− −
A2 + H 2O ←

→ HA2
A2
+ OH

− −
[ HA1 ][OH ] [ HA1 ] + [ A1 ] = C − (3)
k = (1) A1
A1− −
[ A1 ]
[ HA2 ] + [ A2− ] = C − ( 4)
[ HA2 ][OH − ] A2
k = ( 2)
A2− −
[ A2 ] [OH − ] = [ HA1 ] + [ HA2 ](5)

AC1 44
 Polyprotic base k1 ≈ k 2
− −
− [kA1 ] k − [ A2 ]
− A A
[OH ] = 1
+ 2
[OH − ] [OH − ]
⇒ [OH − ] = k − [ A −
1 ]+ k − [ A −
2]
A1 A
2

[ A1− ] ≈ C − , [ A −
2]≈C
A1 A2−

⇒ [OH − ]2 = k − C + k −C
A1 A1− A2 A2−
n
− 2
[OH ] = ∑ k − C −
A A i =1 i i
AC1 45
 Salts
Strong acid and strong base
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (1) pH = 7

Weak acid and strong base

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O (2)

CH3COONa 10-2 M, pH = 8.38 CH3COO-, pH < 7

Strong acid and weak base

NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O (3)

NH4Cl 10–2 M, pH = 5.62
NH4+, pH > 7
AC1 46
 PH of salts

 Neutral ions (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3- ; Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+,
Mg 2+, Ba2+)
 Acidic ions (HSO4-, H2PO4- ; H+, Al3+, NH4+, Zn2+ ,
Cu2+, …)
 Basic ions (OH-, HS-, CO32-, HCO3-, PO43-, HPO42-,
S2-, CN-, CH3COO-)

AC1 47
 pH of a buffer

 What is a buffer solution

 A solution containing a conjugate weak
acid/weak base pair that is resistant to a
change in pH when a strong acid or strong
base is added.
 Buffer solution
 HA và MA
 B và BH+
 pH of a buffer solution

AC1 48
 pH of a buffer
solution
+ −
HA 
←

k HA
→ H + A
 pH (HA và MA) 
→
MA ←
 M +
+ A −

−
[ HA] + [ A ] = C A + C B (2) A − + H 2O 
→
←
 HA + OH −

[ H + ] + [ M + ] = [OH − ] + [ A− ] [ HA]
+
[ H ] = k HA − (1)
hay [ H + ] + C B = [OH − ] + [ A− ] [A ]
− + −
⇒ [ A ] = C B + [ H ] − [OH ](3) CA
+
[ H ] ≈ k HA
⇒ [ HA] = C A − [ H + ] + [OH − ](4) CB
+ −
+ C − [ H ] + [OH ] CB
⇒ [ H ] = k HA A
+ − pH = pk HA + lg
C B + [ H ] − [OH ] C A

AC1 49
 pH of a buffer
solution

Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
Equation showing the relationship
between a buffer’s pH and the relative
amounts of the buffer’s conjugate weak
acid and weak base.

AC1 50
 pH of a buffer solution
 pH (HA và MA) – Example

1) Mixture of 10–2 M CH3COOH and 10–2 M

CH3COONa

CB
pH = pk HA + lg
CA
−2
10
= 4.76 + lg − 2 = 4.76
10

AC1 51
 pH of a buffer solution - Example
 pH (HA và MA) – Example
CB
pH = pk HA + lg
CA
1) Calculate pH of a mixture of 10–2 M CH3COOH and 10–2 M
CH3COONa
2) Calculate pH of a mixture of 250 mL of 10–2 M CH3COOH
and 100 mL of 10–2 M CH3COONa.
3) Calculate pH of the solution (2) after adding 2 mL of 10–2
M NaOH or 2 mL of 10–2 M HCl

4) How many grams of CH3COONa needed to add to the

solution (2) to have a solution of pH 5.

AC1 52
 pH of buffer - Example
CB
pH = pk HA + lg
CA
1) Mixture of 10–2 M CH3COOH and 10–2 M CH3COONa

10 −2
pH = 4.76 + lg − 2 = 4.76
10
2) Calculate pH of a mixture of 250 mL of 10–2 M CH3COOH
và 100 mL of 10–2 M CH3COONa.
3
10
10 − 2 ×10 −3 ×100 ×
pH = 4.76 + lg 350 = 4.36
3
10
10 − 2 ×10 −3 × 250 ×
350
AC1 53
 pH of a buffer solution
3) Calculate pH of the solution (2) after adding 2 mL dd
NaOH 10–2 M or 2 mL HCl 10–2 M.
−2 −3 103 −2 −3 103
10 ×10 ×100 × + 10 ×10 × 2 ×
pH = 4.76 + lg 350 350 = 4.37
3 3
10 10
10 − 2 ×10 −3 × 250 × − 10 − 2 ×10 −3 × 2 ×
350 350
4) How many grams (m) of CH3COONa is needed to add to
the solution (2) to have a solution with pH =5?
3
10
10 − 2 ×10 −3 ×100 × +x
pH = 4.76 + lg 350 =5
3
10
10 − 2 ×10 −3 × 250 ×
350 −3
m= x ×10 × 350 × 82
AC1 54
 pH of a buffer solution
 pH (B và BH+)
BH + 
←→
ka
 B + H + NH3 and NH4Cl
+ −
B + H 2O ←
→ BH + OH

kb

+
[ B ][ H ] k w
ka = +
=
[ BH ] kb CB
or pH = pk a + lg
+ CA
+ [ BH ]
[ H ] = ka
[ B]
+
+ [ BH ]
− log[ H ] = − log ka − log
[ B]
AC1 55