ACC 215 Statistical Analysis with Software Application
Statistics
Derivation:
Latin → “ratio status” – study of practical politics (TRAPO)
“statista” – a person in political affairs
German → “statistik” – political science of several countries
Anglo-Saxon → “statistics” – state and facts
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Definition:
Singular – Statistics is the science and art that deals
with the collection, organization, summarization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Example:
A study of variation.
A study of making objective or fair generalization about
a population
Plural – Statistics is a set of quantitative/numerical data
- PROCESSED DATA
Example:
Population statistics
Statistics on enrollment
Statistics on births
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
DATA: Facts and Figures
Examples:
Philippine population in 2000 is 76.5 million.
Poverty threshold in year 2000 is P69,580 for a family of 5.
Two Broad Categories of Statistics:
Descriptive Statistics – art → deals with methods of
collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting data and
their interpretation.
Inferential Statistics – science → concerned with making
analysis and generalizations about a larger set of data
where only a part is examined.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
⦿ Example:
⦿ In a recent study, volunteers who had less than 6
hours of sleep were four times more likely to answer
incorrectly on a science test than were participants
who had at least 8 hours of sleep. Decide which part
is the descriptive statistic and what conclusion might
be drawn using inferential statistics.
The statement “four times more likely to
answer incorrectly” is a descriptive statistic.
An inference drawn from the sample is that all
individuals sleeping less than 6 hours are
more likely to answer science question
incorrectly than individuals who sleep at least
8 hours.
Statistics 1
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Role of Statistics in Decision-Making
• A tool for data analysis
❖ Standard Drug vs. New Drug …which is more effective?
❖ What is the volume of sales in the last 12 months?
❖ Factors affecting sales?
❖ Predict sales for the next 6 months?
• Opinion Poll Survey
• Design/ Model
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Some Basic Terms:
Universe – set of all entities or individuals under
consideration
e.g U = the whole stat class
= { A, B, C,…, Z}
Two Types:
Finite → limit exists to the number of elements
Infinite → involves large values/numbers that it becomes
very tedious to work with.
POPULATIONS & SAMPLES
Example:
In a recent survey, 250 college students at USM were
asked if they smoked cigarettes regularly. 35 of the
students said yes. Identify the population and the
sample.
Responses of all
students at Union
College (population)
Responses of students in
survey (sample)
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Variable – characteristic of interest observable or
measurable from each element.
Qualitative – descriptive, something being observed
e.g. sex, political affiliation, occupation
Quantitative – a variable that takes on numerical values
representing an amount or quantity
➢ discrete – can assume finite, or at most, countably
infinite number of values.
e.g. no. of brothers, no. of callers/day
➢ continuous – can take the infinitely many values
corresponding to a line interval.
e.g. height, weight
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
⦿ Example:
⦿ The grade point averages of five students are
listed in the table. Which data are qualitative
data and which are quantitative data?
Student GPA
Sally 3.22
Bob 3.98
Cindy 2.75
Mark 2.24
Kathy 3.84
Qualitative data Quantitative data
Statistics 1
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Methods of Collecting Data:
✓ Objective Method – by measurement, counting, observation.
✓ Subjective Method – provided by respondent.
✓ Use of existing records – published statistics.
General Classification of Collecting Data:
✓ Census or complete enumeration → process of gathering
information from every unit in the population
- not always possible to get timely, accurate and
economical data
- Costly if the number of units in the population is too
large
Statistics 1: Elementary Statistics
Survey Sampling → process of obtaining info from the units
in the selected sample
Advantages: reduced cost, greater speed / scope / accuracy
Two Types of Data:
Primary Data → data which have been acquired directly
from source.
Example: Data obtained by measuring weight of 1,000 one-
day old chicks from Farm ABC.
Secondary Data → non-primary data
Example: Philippine rice production (tons/hectare) data by
province from 2005-200 taken from publications of
the Philippine Statistics Authority.
Levels of Measurement
The level of measurement determines which
statistical calculations are meaningful. The four
levels of measurement are: nominal, ordinal,
interval, and ratio.
Nominal
Lowest to
Levels Ordinal highest
of
Interval
Measurement
Ratio
Nominal Level of Measurement
Data at the nominal level of measurement are
qualitative only.
Nominal
Levels Calculated using names, labels, or
of qualities. No mathematical
Measurement computations can be made at this
level.
Colors in Names of Textbooks you are
the US students in your using this
flag class semester
Statistics 1
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Data at the ordinal level of measurement are
qualitative or quantitative.
Levels
of Ordinal
Measurement Arranged in order, but differences
between data entries are not
meaningful.
Class standings: Numbers on the Top 50 songs
freshman, back of each played on the
sophomore, junior, player’s shirt radio
senior
Statistics 1
Interval Level of Measurement
Data at the interval level of measurement are
quantitative. A zero entry simply represents a
position on a scale; the entry is not an inherent zero.
Levels
of Interval
Measurement Arranged in order, the differences
between data entries can be
calculated.
Temperatures Years on a timeline Atlanta Braves
World Series
victories
Statistics 1
Ratio Level of Measurement
Data at the ratio level of measurement are similar
to the interval level, but a zero entry is meaningful.
A ratio of two data values can be
Levels formed so one data value can be
of expressed as a ratio.
Measurement
Ratio
Ages Grade point Weights
averages
Statistics 1
Summary of Levels of Measurement
Arrange Determine if one
Level of Put data in Subtract
data in data value is a
measurement categories data values
order multiple of another
Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes
Statistics 1
