Chapter 05
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development
1. (p. 159) According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and
acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory. A. bio-psycho-motor B. dynamic systems C.
bio-behavioral D. perceptual systems
2. (p. 159) According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills? A.
Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their
perceptions to fine-tune their movements. B. Motor development comes about through the
unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation. C. Motor skills are initially influenced by biology
but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors. D. Infants take bits and pieces
of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds.
3. (p. 160) What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn
adaptive behavior? A. reflexes B. motor skills C. vision and hearing D. dynamic systems
4. (p. 160) Infants root in order to A. find something to grasp. B. find something to suck. C.
calm down. D. go to sleep.
5. (p. 160) Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking
reflexes? A. Both involve avoiding toxic substances. B. Rooting involves locating food;
sucking involves eating food. C. Sucking involves eating; rooting involves bonding with a
caregiver. D. Rooting involves grasping a food source; sucking involves locating food.
6. (p. 160) Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back
her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating? A. sucking B. Moro
C. rooting D. grasping
7. (p. 160) Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and
opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex. A. sucking B. Moro C. rooting D.
grasping
8. (p. 160) Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called A. fine motor skills. B. gross
motor skills. C. Moro. D. reflexes.
9. (p. 160) Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment? A. sucking B. Moro C.
grasping D. rooting
10. (p. 160) Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body? A. sucking B.
rooting C. Moro D. grasping
11. (p. 160) The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response
to _____. A. sound or movement; touch B. touch; sound or movement C. smell; sight D.
sight; smell
12. (p. 160-161) How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches
how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's
temperament? A. one day B. one week C. several weeks D. several months
13. (p. 160) Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb. His mother is worried that thumb
sucking will become a lifelong habit. A developmental psychologist would MOST likely
advise Shawn's mother to: A. keep Shawn at home for another year before entering
kindergarten. B. change her disciplining methods. C. develop a strict behavior intervention
plan. D. relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.
14. (p. 161) Activities that use large muscles develop: A. the grasping reflex. B. fine motor
skills. C. gross motor skills. D. the sucking reflex
15. (p. 161) Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she?
A. 1 year B. 3 weeks C. 2 months D. 6 months
16. (p. 161) Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to
climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her A. first year. B. second year. C. prenatal stage.
D. reflex stage.
17. (p. 161) Infants normally are able to sit, stand, and walk ______, and climb and balance
their feet in a squatting position _________. A. within the first 6 months; within the first
year B. within the first year; within the second year C. after 18 months of age; after 24
months of age D. after 1 year of age; after 2 years of age
18. (p. 161) Research shows that infants occasionally take a few large steps when
walking.These large steps indicate which of the following? A. increased desire for
independence B. increased acceleration and speed C. increased balance and strength D. sign
of future delay in motor development
19. (p. 162) Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent.
Independence is important because it: A. is a prerequisite for the development of fine motor
skills. B. allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment. C. fosters
greater numbers of dendritic connections in muscle tissue. D. allows infants to strengthen the
bonds with their primary caregivers.
20. (p. 161-162) Infants start to be able to walk A. as soon as they can make alternating leg
movements. B. before they can make alternating leg movements. C. as soon as they can
produce forward stepping movements. D. only after they are able to balance on one leg long
enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.
21. (p. 162) Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and
kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months. A. 9 and 12 B. 13 and
18 C. 18 and 24 D. 36 and 48
22. (p. 162) To foster infants' motor development, which of the follow practices would be
effective? A. giving infants opportunities for exercise B. stroking, massaging, or stretching
the babies C. frequently exercising the babies’ trunk and pelvic muscles D. All of these
answers are correct.
23. (p. 162) Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on the
culture. This is probably due to A. the climate. B. activity opportunities. C. the genetic
disposition. D. nutrition.
24. (p. 164) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during
middle and late childhood? A. Only one child in a thousand can hit a tennis ball over the net
at the age of 11. B. Girls usually outperform boys in large-muscle activities until adolescence
when the opposite is true. C. Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle
activities. D. Children at this age can master activities such as running, climbing, and
skipping rope. However, once they master them, they don’t find them pleasant and enjoyable
anymore.
25. (p. 164) Joey is the best batter on his little league team. Which of the following is a
consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter? A. unrealistic
expectations for academic success B. focusing more on academic work C. unrealistic
expectations for success as an athlete D. limitations on developing peer relations and
friendships
26. (p. 164) Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a
child? A. undue pressure and stress to achieve and win B. overly developed muscle mass C.
decreased cognitive functioning D. increased peer pressure for substance abuse
27. (p. 164) Peak physical performance usually occurs during A. adolescence. B. the 20s. C.
the 30s. D. the 40s.
28. (p. 164) Which of the following athletes would MOST likely show peak performance during
adolescence? A. golfer B. swimmer C. sprinter D. marathon runner
29. (p. 165) Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline. How old is he? A. 65 B. 50
C. 45 D. 30
30. (p. 165) Tom wants to attend his son's little league game. His son is embarrassed by Tom's
loud cheering, though, and asks Tom not to come. What should Tom do? A. go anyway and
cheer B. go but not cheer C. go but hide so his son can't see him D. respect his son's wishes
and stay home 31. (p. 166) Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine
motor skills include activities such as A. jumping. B. gymnastics. C. cutting with scissors.
D. crab walking.
32. (p. 166) What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing? A. fine motor
B. gross motor C. reflexes D. perceptual-motor
33. (p. 165-166) Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that
she can expect which of the following in older adulthood? A. a higher risk of obesity B.
arthritis in her knees and hips C. the same level of motor ability loss as her non-walking
counterparts D. a lower level of motor ability loss
34. (p. 166) Rachel Clifton and colleagues (1993) demonstrated that infants A. have to see
their own hands in order to reach for an object. B. do not have to see their own hands in order
to reach for an object. C. have good control over their fine motor skills as early as a few days
after birth. D. cannot use cues from muscles, tendons, and joints to guide their reaching until
after they are over 12 months of age.
35. (p. 166) A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the
A. onset of reaching and grasping. B. grasping reflex. C. Moro reflex. D. sucking reflex.
36. (p. 166) Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise
drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed A. grasping abilities. B. fine motor
skills. C. gross motor skills. D. palmer grasping abilities.
37. (p. 168) Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and
forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of rev: 11_25_2014_QC_57666
A. the palmer grasp. B. the pincer grip. C. gross motor skills D. reaching ability
38. (p. 168) Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the A.
palmer grasp. B. pincer grasp. C. gross motor skill. D. “sticky mittens” experience.
39. (p. 167) The "sticky mittens" studies found that A. gross motor development determines
fine motor development. B. experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills.
C. experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping. D. experience plays
a role in grasping but not reaching.
40. (p. 167) Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might
knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again? A. She fails to place a block
squarely on the stack she is assembling. B. She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
C. She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is
doing. D. Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.
41. (p. 168) Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small even rows. What BEST
accounts for her improving dexterity? A. better developed gross motor skills B. increased
myelination C. bone ossification D. increased muscle development
42. (p. 168) Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during
middle and late childhood? A. Increased myelination affects the development of gross motor
skills, but not fine motor skills. B. Letter size becomes bigger and more even with age. C.
Boys usually outperform girls in fine motor skills. D. Girls usually outperform boys in fine
motor skills. 43. (p. 168) Kate, a 12-year-old, and her granddaughter, Pamela, are taking a
crocheting class together. Which of the following is a likely outcome? A. Kate is more likely
to outperform Pamela. B. Pamela is more likely to outperform Kate. C. Kate and Pamela are
likely to perform at the same level. D. It is more likely for Kate to develop nerve damage
from overuse of her hands.
44. (p. 169) Sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create _____. David’s
reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is _____. A. an affordance; perception
B. perception; affordance C. perception; sensation D. a sensation; perception
45. (p. 169) Sensation occurs when information A. interacts with sensory receptors, such as the
eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. B. is interpreted by the brain. C. affects organs such as
the heart and lungs. D. interacts with the brain, but the brain can not make any meaning
interpretations.
46. (p. 169) Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and
perception? A. Sensation and perception are independent processes. B. Sensation occurs
after perception. C. Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first. D. Perception
involves information interacting with sensory receptors, while sensation involves meaningful
interpretations.
47. (p. 169) In order for David to realize that he heard the train approaching fast, it has to
involve the process(es) of A. sensation. B. perception. C. both sensation and perception. D.
neither sensation nor perception.
48. (p. 169) Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects and surfaces offer opportunities
for people to perform activities on them. They refer to such opportunities as A. sensations.
B. affordances. C. perceptions. D. ecological views.
49. (p. 169) According to the ecological view of sensory-perceptual development, how do we
perceive and eventually represent objects in our minds? A. We take bits and pieces of data
from sensations and build up representations of the world. B. Environmental stimuli motivate
us to fine-tune gross and fine motor movements in order to act. C. We directly and accurately
perceive information that exists in the world around us, known as affordances, which guide
the way we interact and adapt to the world. D. We first act on the world, and through action,
we develop our perception.
50. (p. 169) Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep
embankment. He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling
up. This illustrates the concept of A. sensation. B. perception. C. affordances. D. visual
acuity.
51. (p. 170) Dr. Jackson measures how long an infant looks at different visual stimuli. Which
experimental method is this? A. habituation B. dishabituation C. high-amplitude sucking
D. visual preference
52. (p. 170) Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use if she wants to determine
whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another? A. visual preference B.
habituation-dishabituation C. high-amplitude sucking D. All of these answers are correct.
53. (p. 170-171) Which of the following is used in habituation studies? A. sucking behavior B.
heart and respiration rates C. the length of time an infant looks at an object D. All of these
answers are correct.
54. (p. 170) When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's-eye
pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we know that the infant A. has normal 20/20 vision. B.
can see fine details as well as adults can. C. can see the difference between the two patterns.
D. recognizes circles more quickly than squares.
55. (p. 170) What is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated
presentations of the stimulus? A. habituation B. dishabituation C. visual preference D.
affordance
56. (p. 172) As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be A. 20/100.
B. 20/240. C. 20/150. D. 20/50.
57. (p. 172) William James said that the newborn's perceptual world is "a blooming, buzzing
confusion." What did he mean? A. The newborn's environment is loud. B. The newborn has
advanced skills in hearing even soft sounds. C. The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to
make sense of the surrounding stimuli. D. The newborn can see clearly, but hearing is not
well developed.
58. (p. 170, 172) Baby Jacci, who is 2 days old, is shown four drawings: a blue square, a white
oval, a drawing of a face, and a bright red circle. Based on Fantz's work, which will she
probably prefer to look at? A. the oval B. the face C. the square D. the bright red circle
59. (p. 170, 172) Su-Fang would like to hang one picture above her baby's crib. Which of the
following would attract the MOST attention from the infant? A. a red circle B. a drawing of
a face C. a bright yellow oval D. a bright white square
60. (p. 172) At what age is an infant able to distinguish male from female faces, discriminate
between ethnic groups, and match grandma's voice to her face? A. 2 days B. 10 days C. 3
months D. 1 years
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory
and perceptual development.Topic: InfancyTopic: Visual Acuity
61. (p. 173) Christopher knows that the ball he is holding is smaller than the dog across the
street, even though the retinal image of the dog is actually smaller than that of the ball. This is
an example of A. perceptual shape constancy. B. size constancy. C. depth perception. D.
accommodation of the eye.
62. (p. 173) Baby Mary recognizes the table as in the same shape, even though the table appears
in different shapes depending on the angle from which it is observed. This is an example of
A. size constancy. B. depth perception. C. shape constancy. D. accommodation of the eye.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory
and perceptual development.Topic: InfancyTopic: Perceptual Constancy
63. (p. 173) From the top of the Ferris wheel, the people on the ground look small, but Allison
knows they are regular-sized humans. This is an example of A. accommodation of the eye.
B. depth perception. C. shape constancy. D. size constancy.
64. (p. 174) In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl
across the glass over the visual cliff would A. crawl across it without hesitation. B. not
crawl across it. C. crawl across it if their mothers coaxed them. D. crawl across it, but
showed a significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety.
65. (p. 174) Many preschool children are _____, and first graders ______. A. farsighted;
become more farsighted until late childhood. B. farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain
their attention on close-up objects. C. nearsighted; become farsighted until late childhood.
D. nearsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.
66. (p. 174) Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the
board. These are signs that Robert may have A. attention deficit disorder. B. vision
problems. C. color blindness. D. presbyopia.
67. (p. 174) Two-year-old Saunder rubs his eyes, squints, tilts his head, and blinks excessively.
Saunder's parents should A. give him more daytime naps. B. encourage more nighttime
sleep. C. make an appointment with an ophthalmologist. D. wait for the results of the
kindergarten vision screening.
68. (p. 175) Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain
images on his retina. This condition is known as A. macular degeneration. B. cataracts. C.
glaucoma. D. presbyopia.
69. (p. 175) Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition? A.
bifocal glasses B. intraocular glasses C. laser surgery D. All of these answers are correct.
70. (p. 175) Forty-seven-year-old Dixie is able to read better when she holds the book further
from her face. The recent decline in her visual acuity is common among individuals her age
and is known as A. glaucoma. B. macular degeneration. C. dark adaptation. D. presbyopia.
71. (p. 175) Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes
oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with A. dark adaptation. B. depth perception. C.
presbyopia. D. his blind spot.
72. (p. 175) Thora's grandson has noticed that Thora uses increasingly brighter colors in her
paintings. Thora may be compensating for A. glaucoma. B. a reduction in the quality or
intensity of light reaching the retina. C. a problem with dark adaptation. D. presbyopia.
73. (p. 176) Compared to younger drivers, older drivers A. show a decline in motion
sensitivity. B. need to expend more cognitive effort when driving. C. overestimate the time
needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location. D. All of these answers are correct
74. (p. 176) Ilene has difficulty negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with
A. dark adaptation. B. depth perception. C. presbyopia. D. a growing blind spot.
75. (p. 176) Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the
lenses of her eyes. Stella has A. glaucoma. B. dark adaptation. C. macular degeneration. D.
cataracts.
76. (p. 176) Will is going to have surgery to remove a thick layer on his eye that is causing
cloudy vision. He has A. glaucoma. B. macular degeneration. C. cataracts. D. presbyopia.
77. (p. 176) Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has A.
glaucoma. B. presbyopia. C. cataracts. D. macular degeneration.
78. (p. 176) The disease marked by retina deterioration is called A. glaucoma. B. cataracts. C.
macular degeneration. D. presbyopia.
79. (p. 176) Harley's ophthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eye drops to treat a
buildup of fluid that can destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has A. presbyopia. B.
macular degeneration. C. glaucoma. D. cataracts.
80. (p. 176) Eyedrops are used to treat A. macular degeneration. B. glaucoma. C. cataracts.
D. prebyopia.
81. (p. 177) DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a
story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hat) and to a story they had not heard (The
King, the Mice, and the Cheese). The study concluded that A. amniotic fluid blocks sound
waves from reaching the fetus. B. the fetus could not learn before birth, but infants can learn
right after birth. C. the fetus could learn even before birth. D. the infants showed equal
interest in both stories.
82. (p. 177) We know that fetuses can hear before birth because newborns A. show an
aversion to loud noises. B. show preferences for sounds presented repeatedly before birth. C.
go to sleep while hearing lullabies. D. respond more when hearing sounds that were not
presented before birth.
83. (p. 177)
Which sound is an infant most likely to hear? A. low-pitched, whisper volume B.
low-pitched, conversational volume C. high-pitched, whisper volume D. high-pitched,
conversational volume
84. (p. 177) Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory development? A. Infants are
more sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are. B. Immediately after birth, infants
cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults. C. Infants cannot distinguish the location from
which a sound originates. D. A fetus can hear sounds during only the last 2 weeks of
pregnancy.
85. (p. 178) About _____ newborns are deaf, and ______ newborns have some level of hearing
problems. A. 1 in 10; 2 in 10 B. 1 in 100; 5 in 100 C. 1 in 1,000; 6 in 1,000 D. 1 in 10,000;
6 in 10,000
86. (p. 178) What percentage of adults over 70 years of age has some type of hearing problem?
A. 15% B. 22% C. 54% D. 63%
87. (p. 178) Fifteen percent of people over 65 are legally deaf usually due to degeneration of the
primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear, referred to as A. the cochlea. B. the
eardrum. C. the retina. D. glaucoma.
88. (p. 179) Infant boys often drift into a deep sleep after circumcision. This is most likely A. a
mechanism to cope with the pain. B. an indication that infants don’t feel pain. C. an
indication that infants feel excessive pain in such surgeries. D. an indication that such surgery
can sooth the infants.
89. (p. 180) Which of the following is true of older adults' experience of touch and pain? A.
There are no changes in touch and pain with age. B. Older adults detect touch less in their
ankles than their shoulders. C. Older adults detect touch less in their wrists than their knees.
D. Older adults rarely report any persistent pain.
90. (p. 180) Six-day-old Shayli who has been breast fed is presented with two nursing pads.
One is soaked with her mother's breast milk and the other is clean. Shayli will MOST likely
A. show no preference for smelling either nursing pad. B. prefer to smell her mother's
nursing pad. C. prefer to smell the clean nursing pad. D. show no response to either nursing
pad unless she is hungry.
91. (p. 180) Which of the following statements is true regarding smell and taste in the elderly?
A. These senses do not decline as we age. B. Smell declines more than taste. C. Healthy
elderly adults are less likely to experience a decline in both smell and taste than unhealthy
elderly adults. D. Smell declines, but taste becomes more sensitive as we age.
92. (p. 180) Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth.
A. before B. right after C. by 1 weeks after D. by 6 weeks after
93. (p. 180) Which taste preference develops at about 4 months of age? A. sweet B. sour C.
salty D. bitter
94. (p. 180) Brenda's grandmother is 83 years old. She most likely doesn't show much interest
in her food because A. medication has caused her sensitivity to odors to increase. B. activity
has increased in the olfactory pathways of her brain. C. her sense of taste has intensified to an
unbearable degree. D. her sense of smell has declined.
95. (p. 181)
Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception? A. A child can
both watch and hear children playing outside in the snow. B. A child listens to soft music
while falling asleep. C. A child hears the sound of the movement of an object, and turns her
head in the rough direction to where the object is moving. D. A child requires a cochlear
implant for hearing.
96. (p. 181) If infants are able to engage in intermodal perception, this means they are able to
A. isolate the sensory source of information. B. integrate information across different senses
into one unified piece of information. C. sense visual and auditory stimuli at the same time.
D. identify information from different senses and keep them separate.
97. (p. 181) What are the current findings of intermodal perception? A. Intermodal perception
is developed early in infancy. B. Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but
they improve through experience. C. A person's intermodal perception is not coordinated
until middle childhood. D. Experience is not essential to the development of intermodal
perception. 98. (p. 181) A 3-month-old infant will look more at his mother when he also hears
her voice. This is an example of A. bonding between the child and mother. B. shape
constancy. C. intermodal perception D. size constancy.
99. (p. 181) Dr. Smith believes that the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized
way is innate. Dr. Smith seems to uphold the A. empiricist view. B. nativist view. C.
intermodal perception. D. ecological view.
100. (p. 183) Dr. Dre is interested in how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and
acting. He is taking a _____ in perceptual development. A. dynamic systems approach B.
ecological approach. C. nativist approach D. behavioral approach
101. (p. 183) Dr. McDreamy is interested in how perception guides action and how action
guides perception. He is taking a ______ in perceptual development. A. genetic
determination approach B. ecological approach C. natavist approach D. behavioral
approach
102. (p. 183) Evangeline is 80 years old and is involved in a program designed to enhance
speed of processing in an effort to reduce her risk of crashing while driving. This program
involves: A. education. B. cognitive training. C. dynamic systems training. D. perceptual-
action coupling.
103. (p. 183) A program that has been shown to reduce at-fault accidents in older adults by
more than 40 percent is: A. education. B. cognitive training. C. dynamic systems training.
D. perceptual-action coupling.
Short Answer Questions 104. (p. 159) Briefly describe Thelen's dynamic systems theory.
Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. In order to develop motor skills,
infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their
perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
105. (p. 160) List and briefly describe three infant reflexes.
1. Blinking: both eyes close rapidly 2. Grasping: grasps tightly when palm is stroked 3.
Moro: back arches, head is thrown back, arms and legs fling out and then rapidly close toward
the center of the body 4. Rooting: head turns, mouth opens when cheek is stroked 5. Sucking:
sucks automatically
106. (p. 161-167) Define gross and fine motor skills, and give an example of each.
1. Gross motor skills involve large muscle activities. Examples: moving arms and walking.2.
Fine motor skills involve more finely tuned movements. Examples: finger dexterity,
coordination of the thumb and forefinger, hand-eye coordination, hand rotation.
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.Topic:
Fine Motor SkillsTopic: Gross Motor Skills
107. (p. 164-165) List three positive and three negative consequences of participation in
children's sports.
Positive: 1. Exercise 2. Learning how to compete 3. Increased self-esteem 4. Increased social
skills with peers 5. Increased social skills with adults 6. Meeting new friends 7. Increased
physical fitness 8. Lowering fat mass Negative: 1. Pressure to achieve and win 2. Physical
injuries 3. Distraction from academic work 4. Unrealistic expectations for athletic success 5.
Poor self-esteem 6. Negative role models
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.Topic:
Gross Motor SkillsTopic: Middle and Late Childhood
108. (p. 165) List three "dos" and three "don'ts" for parents and coaches of children in sports.
Dos: 1. Make sports fun. 2. Remember that it is okay and expected that children make
mistakes. 3. Allow children to ask questions. 4. Show respect for a child's participation. 5. Be
positive with the child. 6. Be a good example and a positive role model. Don'ts: 1. Yell or
scream at the child. 2. Condemn the child for poor play. 3. Point out errors in front of others.
4. Expect the child to learn something immediately. 5. Ridicule or make fun of the child. 6.
Make sports all work and no fun. 7. Compare the child to others. 8. Expect the child to
become a professional.
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how motor skills develop.Topic:
Gross Motor SkillsTopic: Middle and Late Childhood
109. (p. 169) Contrast sensation with perception.
Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—eyes, ears, tongue,
nostrils, and skin. Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 4.1Bloom's Taxonomy: AnalyzeDifficulty Level: DifficultLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory
and perceptual development.Topic: Sensation and Perception
110. (p. 169-170) Briefly describe Eleanor and James Gibson's ecological theory.
We directly perceive information that exists around us. Perception brings us into contact with
the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. Perception is designed for action.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 4.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how motor
skills develop.Topic: Ecological View
111. (p. 169) Briefly explain the concept of "affordances."
Affordances are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that are necessary to perform
activities. We perceive affordances by sensing information from the environment. As we
become more experienced, we better understand what interactions objects "afford" and we
adjust our actions accordingly.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 4.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of
sensory and perceptual development.Topic: Ecological View
112. (p. 164) Define habituation and dishabituation.
Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the
stimulus.Dishabituation: recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory and
perceptual development.Topic: Ecological View
113. (p. 170) Define and give an example of size and shape constancy.
Size constancy: recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of
the object changes. (Any example involving an understanding that the size of an object stays
the same even though it may appear smaller or larger depending on the distance or vantage
point.) Shape constancy: recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its
orientation to us changes. (Any example involving an understanding that the shape of an
object remains the same even though it may appear otherwise depending on the viewing
angle.)
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory and
perceptual development.Topic: Perceptual Constancy
114. (p. 176) List and describe two diseases that can impair the vision of older adults.
1. Cataracts: thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque,
and distorted.2. Glaucoma: damage to the optic nerve due to pressure created by a buildup of
fluid in the eye.3. Macular degeneration: deterioration of the retina.
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory and
perceptual development.Topic: Diseases of the EyeTopic: Late Adulthood
115. (p. 181) Define intermodal perception.
Intermodal perception: the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more
sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.
APA Outcome: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of sensory and
perceptual development.Topic: Intermodal Perception
116. (p. 181-182) Compare and contrast the nativist versus empiricist view of perceptual
development.
Nativists believe that the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is
inborn or innate.Empiricists emphasize learning and experience.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 4.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Outline the course of
sensory and perceptual development.Topic: Nature and Nurture
117. (p. 183) Define perceptual-motor coupling, and describe how this concept applies to an
infant's development.
Perceptual-motor coupling: Action guides perception, and perception guides action. Babies
continually coordinate their movements with perceptual information to learn how to maintain
balance, reach for objects in space, and move across various surfaces and terrains.
APA Outcome: 1.1APA Outcome: 4.1Bloom's Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Discuss the connection
between perception and action.Topic: InfancyTopic: Perceptual-Motor Coupling
