A.
Short circuit calculation
For simplification purposes, the value of the negative & zero sequence impedances will be equal to
the calculated positive sequence impedance of the utility and power transformer. For 15kV XLPE
cable, except for the zero sequence impedance that will be taken from the manufacturer, the
calculated positive sequence impedance is also equal to the negative sequence impedance
1. Per unit values base on 100MVA power base
Utility (ZUT)
Θ =Tan-1 (15) = 86.186°
ZUT = MVABASE / MVASC
ZUT = 100 / 1000
ZUT = 0.100∟86.186° → Positive sequence impedance
Thus;
ZUT-1 = ZUT-2 = ZUT-0 = 0.100∟86.186°
Power TR (ZTR)
Θ =Tan-1 (6) = 80.538°
ZTR = ZTR-OLD x MVABASE / MVASC
ZTR = 0.08 x 100 / 20
ZTR = 0.400∟80.538° → Positive sequence impedance
Thus;
ZTR-1 = ZTR-2 = ZTR-0 = 0.400∟80.538°
15kV XLPE (ZCA)
ZCA = Z x MVABASE / (No of Conductor/phase) kVBASE2
Where;
Z = Conductor actual impedance value in ohms
Conductor data:
Actual Impedance
Values in Ohms
(Manufacturer Data)
ZCA-1 0.010+j0.013
ZCA-2 0.010+j0.013
ZCA-0 0.015+j0.033
Convert to per unit values, therefore;
For positive (ZCA-1) & negative (ZCA-2) sequence per unit impedances;
ZCA-1 = ZCA-2 = (0.010+j0.013 Ω) x 100 / (2) (13.8) 2
Thus;
ZCA-1 = ZCA-2 = 0.004∟52.431°
For zero (ZCA-0) sequence per unit impedance;
ZCA-0 = (0.015+j0.033 Ω) x 100 / (2) (13.8) 2
Thus;
ZCA-0 = 0.010∟65.556°
Summary of sequence impedances
Impedance Sequence impedances in per unit values
kV
ID Positive-1 Negative-2 Zero-0
ZUT 69 0.100∟86.186° 0.100∟86.186° 0.100∟86.186°
ZTR 13.8 0.400∟80.538° 0.400∟80.538° 0.400∟80.538°
ZCA 13.8 0.004∟52.431° 0.004∟52.431° 0.010∟65.556°
2. Calculation of three phase fault (I3F) current
Three phase fault (I3F) at Bus1-69kV
General equation;
I3F = I1 x IBASE
Where;
IBASE = 836.740A
I1 = VPU / ZTH
= VPU usually 1 per-unit
= ZTH is the thevenin’s fault point impedance
Note that a three phase fault is considered also as balanced fault, thus, only the positive
sequence were involve. Also, based on the single line diagram, we can see that the fault
contribution is mainly from the utility side, therefore, the impedance coming from XLPE
cable and transformer can be neglected, thus;
ZUT = Z1 = ZTH = 0.100∟86.186°
Therefore;
I1 = 1.0 / 0.100∟86.186°
I1 = 10∟-86.186°
I3F = 10∟-86.186° x 836.740A
I3F = 8367.400∟-86.186°ASYM
Three phase fault (I3F) at Bus2-13.8kV
Repeating above procedure with the following base values;
IBASE = 4183.698A
ZTH = ZUT + ZTR = 0.100∟86.186° + 0.400∟80.538°
ZTH = 0.500∟81.703°
Therefore;
I1 = 1.0 / 0.500∟81.703°
I1 = 2.002∟-81.703°
I3F = 2.002∟-81.703° x 4183.698A
I3F = 8,373.800∟-81.703°ASYM
Three phase fault (I3F) at Bus3-13.8kV
Repeating above procedure with the following base values;
IBASE = 4183.698A
ZTH = ZUT + ZTR + ZCA = 0.100∟86.186° + 0.400∟80.538° + 0.004∟52.431°
ZTH = 0.503∟81.444°
Therefore;
I1 = 1.0 / 0.503∟81.444°
I1 = 1.988∟-81.444°
I3F = 1.988∟-81.444° x 4183.698A
I3F = 8,317.491∟-81.444°ASYM
3. Calculation of single phase to ground fault (I SLGF) current
Single phase to ground fault (ISLGF) at Bus1-69kV
General equation;
ISLGF = 3I0 x IBASE
Where;
IBASE = 836.740A
I0 = I 1 = I 2
I1 = VPU / ZTH
= VPU usually 1 per-unit
= ZTH is the thevenin’s fault point impedance
If ZUT = Z1 = Z2 = Z0 = ZTH
ZTH = 3ZUT = 3(0.100∟86.186°)
ZTH = 0.300∟86.186°
Therefore;
I1 = 1.0 / 0.300∟86.186°
I1 = 3.333∟-86.186°
Then;
I0 = I1 = I2 = 3.333∟-86.186°
Calculating ISLGF;
ISLGF = 3(3.333∟-86.186°) x 836.740A
ISLGF = 8,366.563∟-86.186° ASYM
Single phase to ground fault (ISLGF) at Bus2-13.8kV
Repeating above procedure with the following base values;
IBASE = 4183.698A
If ZTH = Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Then;
Z1 = ZUT + ZTR = 0.100∟86.186° + 0.400∟80.538°
Z1 = 0.500∟81.919°
If Z1 = Z2
Then;
Z1 = Z2 = 0.500∟81.919°
Also, adding the total zero sequence impedance (transformer zero sequence impedance)
going to the fault point and considering the transformer delta-wye construction, yields to;
Z0 = ZTR = 0.400∟80.538°
Z0 = 0.400∟80.538°
Therefore;
ZTH = Z1 + Z2 + Z0
ZTH = 2(0.500∟81.919°) + 0.400∟80.538°
ZTH = 1.400∟81.524°
Calculating ISLGF;
I1 = 1.0 / 1.400∟81.524°
I1 = 0.714∟-81.524°
If I0 = I1 = I2 = 0.714∟-81.524°
Then;
ISLGF = 3(0.714∟-81.524°) x 4183.698A
ISLGF = 8,965.599∟-81.524° ASYM
Single phase to ground fault (ISLGF) at Bus3-13.8kV
Repeating above procedure with the following base values;
IBASE = 4183.698A
If ZTH = Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Then;
Z1 = ZUT + ZTR + ZCA = 0.100∟86.186° + 0.400∟80.538° + 0.004∟52.431°
Z1 = 0.503∟81.444°
If Z1 = Z2
Then;
Z1 = Z2 = 0.503∟81.444°
Also, adding the total zero sequence impedance (transformer zero sequence impedance)
going to the fault point and considering the transformer delta-wye construction, yields to;
Z0 = ZTR + ZCA = 0.400∟80.538° + 0.010∟65.556°
Z0 = 0.410∟80.176°
Therefore;
ZTH = Z1 + Z2 + Z0
ZTH = 2(0.503∟81.444°) + 0.410∟80.176°
ZTH = 1.416∟81.077°
Calculating ISLGF;
I1 = 1.0 / 1.416∟81.077°
I1 = 0.706∟-81.077°
If I0 = I1 = I2 = 0.706∟-81.077°
Then;
ISLGF = 3(0.706∟-81.077°) x 4183.698A
ISLGF = 8,861.072∟-81.077° ASYM
Summary of the calculated short circuit currents
BUS ID kV Three phase fault (I3F) Single phase to ground fault (ISLGF)
Bus1 69 8367.400∟-86.186° ASYM 8,366.563∟-86.186° ASYM
Bus2 13.8 8,373.800∟-81.703° ASYM 8,965.599∟-81.524° ASYM
Bus3 13.8 8,317.491∟-81.444° ASYM 8,861.072∟-81.077° ASYM
B. Current Transformer Selection
Requirements
CT primary = CT secondary x Pick-up current / 3.5
1. For CT1 at Bus1-69kV
Transformer primary FLC = 20MVA / √3x69kV = 167.348 A
CT secondary = 5A
Then;
CT primary = 5 x 167.348 A / 3.5
CT primary = 239.068 A
Use 300:5
2. For CT2 at Bus2-13.8kV
Transformer secondary FLC = 20MVA / √3x13.8kV = 836.740 A
CT secondary = 5A
Then;
CT primary = 5 x 836.740 A / 3.5
CT primary = 1,195.342 A
Use 1400:5
3. For CT at Bus3-13.8kV
Pick-up = 2-1Cx300mm2 15kV XLPE continuous current rating = 901.400A
CT secondary = 5A
Then;
CT primary = 5 x 901.400 / 3.5
CT primary = 1,287.714A
Use 1400:5
Summary of the Current Transformer Ratings
BUS ID kV CT Ratio
Bus1 69 300:5
Bus2 13.8 1400:5
Bus3 13.8 1400:5
C. Overcurrent Protection Coordination
For the coordination of Overcurrent relays, the extremely inverse (EI) curve/equation will be used
T = TD x 80 / (M2-1)
Where;
T = operating time in seconds
TD = time dial setting
M = multiples of pick-up
Coordination time interval (CTI between relay to relay) = 0.2 sec.
1. Setting of Relay-3
Phase Time Overcurrent element (51) – 22MJ4
Pick-up relay setting = 100% x Cable ampacity x CT Ratio
Pick-up relay setting = 100% x 901.400 x 5/1400
Pick-up relay setting = 3.219
Operating time of circuit breaker 22MJ4 (T 22MJ4)
Fault seen by Relay-3 = 8,317.491 A
IPICK-UP = 100% of cable ampacity = 901.400 A
M = 8,317.491 / 901.400 = 9.227
When calculating the settings for the relays situated at the end of the circuit i.e. Relay-3, the
minimum time dial setting can be selected, thus 0.05 will be used
T22MJ4 = 0.05 x 80 / (9.2272-1)
T22MJ4 = 0.048 sec
Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent element (50) – 22MJ4
Pick-up relay setting = 8,317.491 / CT Ratio
Pick-up relay setting = 5.9411 A
Time delay = 0 sec
2. Setting of Relay-2
Phase Time Overcurrent element (51) – 21MJ4
Pick-up relay setting = 125% x Transformer secondary FLC x CT Ratio
Pick-up relay setting = 125% x 836.740 x 5/1400
Pick-up relay setting = 3.735
To discriminate Relay-2 with Relay-3, time of operation of Relay-2 is determine by T 21MJ4 =
T22MJ4 + CTI = 0.048 + 0.2 = 0.248 s
Fault seen by Relay-2 = 8,373.800 A
Required TD setting;
M = Fault seen by the relay / Pick-up current
If;
Fault seen by the relay = 8,373.800 A
Pick-up current = 125% x Transformer secondary FLC x CT Ratio
Pick-up current = 125% x 836.740 = 1,045.925 A
M = 8,373.800 / 1,045.925 = 8.006
TD = T21MJ4 x (M2-1) / 80
TD = 0.248 x (8.0062-1) / 80
TD = 0.196
Calculating operating time (T21MJ4-B) for a line to line fault;
ILINE-LINE = I3F x 86.86%
ILINE-LINE = 8,373.800 x 86.86%
ILINE-LINE = 7,251.711 A
M = 7,251.711 / 1,045.925 = 5.275
Therefore;
T21MJ4-B = 0.196 x 80 / (5.2752-1)
T21MJ4-B = 0.333
Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent element (50) – 21MJ4
Setting for instantaneous = disabled
3. Setting of Relay-1
Phase Overcurrent element (51) – 51MJ4
Pick-up relay setting = 125% x Transformer primary FLC x CT Ratio
Pick-up relay setting = 125% x 167.348 x 5/300
Pick-up relay setting = 3.486
The back-up to Relay-2 is obtained by considering the operating time of a line-to-line fault at
the 13.8kV side of the transformer T 51MJ4 = T21MJ4-B + CTI, thus;
T51MJ4 = 0.333 + 0.2 = 0.533 sec
Through fault current = 8,373.800 x 13.8kV / 69kV = 1,674.760 A
Pick-up current = 167.348 A x 125% = 209.185 A
Therefore;
M = 1,674.760 / 209.185 = 8.006
TD = T51MJ4 x (M2-1) / 80
TD = 0.533 x (8.0062-1) / 80
TD = 0.420
Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent element (50) – 51MJ4
Pick up setting = Inrush current / pick-up current
Inrush current = 2008.176 A
Pick-up current = 209.185
Pick-up relay setting = 2008.176 / 300:5 = 9.600
4. Summary of relay settings for phase Overcurrent element
Pick-up current setting Time Dial setting
Relay ID
51 50 51 50
Relay-1 3.486 9.600 0.420 -
Relay-2 3.735 Disable 0.196 -
Relay-3 3.219 9.227 0.05 -
