CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 1/12
Analysis of Statically Analysis of Statically
Determinate Structures Determinate Structures
The most common type of structure an engineer
will analyze lies in a plane subject to a force
system in the same plane.
Analysis of Statically Analysis of Statically
Determinate Structures Determinate Structures
In general, it is not possible to perform an A pin connection confines deflection; allows
exact analyze of a structure. rotation
Approximations for structure geometry, A fixed connection confines deflection and
material parameters, and loading type and rotation
magnitude must be made.
However, in reality, a pin connection has some
Support connections - Structural members resistance against rotation due to friction,
may be joined in a variety of methods, the therefore, a torsional spring connection may be
most common are pin and fixed joints more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the joint is
a pin, if k = , the joint is fixed.
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
A pin connection confines deflection; allows rotation However, in reality, a pin connection has some resistance
against rotation due to friction, therefore, a torsional spring
Pin support connection may be more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the
joint is a pin, if k = , the joint is fixed.
Roller support
Torsional spring support
A fixed connection confines deflection and rotation
Fixed support
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 2/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Pin support Pin support
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Pin support Fixed support
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Fixed support
Fixed support
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 3/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Smooth pin Smooth pin
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 4/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Smooth pin Smooth hinge
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Smooth hinge Smooth hinge
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 5/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Smooth hinge Roller support
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Roller support Fixed support
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Fixed support Fixed support
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 6/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
A complex structure may be idealized as a line
drawing where orientation of members and type
of connections are assumed.
L
2
In many cases, loadings are transmitted to a
structure under analysis by a secondary structure.
In a line drawing, a pin support is represented by P
lines that do not touch and a fixed support by
connecting lines
L L
A 2 2
B
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 7/12
Support Idealizations Support Idealizations
The dead load on the roof is 72 lb/ft2
Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations
Tributary Loadings - When frames or other structural
members are analyzes, it is necessary to determine
how walls, floors, or roofs transmit load to the element
under consideration.
A one-way system is typically a slab or plate structure
supported along two opposite edges
Examples, a slab of reinforced concrete with steel in one
direction or a with steel in both directions with a span ratio
L2/L1 > 2
A two-way system is typically defined by a span ratio L2/L1
< 2 or if the all edges are supported
Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations
1,250 lb 2,500 lb 1,250 lb
250 lb/ft
A B A E
10 ft 5 ft 5 ft
A B 1,250 lb 1,250 lb A B 2,500 lb 2,500 lb
500 lb/ft
2.5 ft 2.5 ft
C D C D
2.5 ft 2.5 ft
C 10 ft D
2,500 lb 2,500 lb
E F E F
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 8/12
Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations
A B
10 ft
C D
500 lb/ft
5 ft 5 ft
B
A
Loading Idealizations Principle of Superposition
Basis for the theory of linear elastic structural analysis:
The total displacement or stress at a point in a structure subjected to
several loadings can be determined by adding together the
displacements or stresses caused by each load acting separately.
There are two exceptions to these rule:
If the material does not behave in a linear-elastic manner
If the geometry of the structure changes significantly under loading
(example, a column subjected to a bucking load)
The dead load on the roof is 100 lb/ft2
Equations of Equilibrium Equations of Equilibrium
From statics the equations of equilibrium are: In order to apply these equations, we first
must draw a free-body diagram (FBD) of
F x 0 F y 0 F
z 0 the structure or its members.
M x 0 M y 0 M z 0 If the body is isolated from its supports, all
forces and moments acting on the body are
However, since are dealing with co–planar
structures the equations reduce to
included.
F x 0 F
y 0 M z 0
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 9/12
Equations of Equilibrium Determinacy and Stability
If internal loadings are desired, the method of sections is Determinacy - provide both necessary and
used.
A FBD of the cut section is used to isolate internal sufficient conditions for equilibrium.
loadings.
In general, internal loadings consist of an axial force A, a When all the forces in structure an be determined from
shear force V, and the bending moment M. the equations of equilibrium then the structure is
considered statically determinate.
M
If there are more unknowns than equations, the
A structure is statically indeterminate.
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
For co-planar structures, there are three
equations of equilibrium for each FBD, so that
for n bodies and r reactions:
r = 3n statically determinate
r > 3n statically indeterminate r=3
r = 3n determinate
n=1
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
r=4
r > 3n indeterminate
n=1
r=6
r = 3n determinate
n=2
r=6
r = 3n determinate
n=2
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 10/12
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
r=9
r = 3n determinate
n=3 (1) (2)
r = 10
r > 3n indeterminate
n=3
(3) (4)
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
Stability - Structures must be properly held or Another case is when all the reactions are parallel
constrained by their supports In general, a structure is geometrically unstable if there
Partial Constraints - a structure or one of its member are fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium.
with fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium An unstable structure must be avoided in practice
Improper Constraints - the number of reactions regardless of determinacy.
equals the number of equations of equilibrium,
however, all the reactions are concurrent. In this case,
the moment equations is satisfied and only two valid r < 3n unstable
equations of equilibrium remain.
r 3n unstable if members reactions are
concurrent or parallel or contains
a collapsible mechanism
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
Unstable - Partial Constraints Unstable - Improper Constraints
A B By
Ay
B C
A
B A
By
By C
Ay
A
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 11/12
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
Stable Reactions are nonconcurrent and
Unstable The three reactions are concurrent
nonparallel
Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability
C D
r=7
r < 3n
A
n=3
B
Unstable The three reactions are parallel Unstable r < 3n and member CD is free to move
horizontally
Application of the Equations Application of the Equations
of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Free–Body Diagram - disassemble the structure Free–Body Diagram
and draw a free–body diagram of each member. Disassemble the structure and draw a free–body
diagram of each member.
Equations of Equilibrium - The total number of It may be necessary to supplement a member free-
unknowns should be equal to the number of body diagram with a free-body diagram of the entire
equilibrium equations structure.
Remember that reactive forces common on two
members act with equal magnitudes but opposite
direction on their respective free bodies.
Identify any two-force members
CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 12/12
Application of the Equations Application of the Equations
of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for
the following structures
Check is the structure is determinate and stable
Attempt to apply the moment equation M = 0 at a
point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of
as many forces as possible
When applying Fx = 0 and Fy = 0, orient the x and y
axes along lines that will provide the simplest reduction
of forces into their x and y components
If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a
negative value for an unknown, it indicates that the
direction is opposite of that assumed
Application of the Equations Application of the Equations
of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for
the following structures the following structures
Analysis of Statically
Determinate Structures
Any Questions?
