1

LECTURE 2

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS BY INSPECTION

ℒ −1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓 (𝑡) if and only if ℒ{𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠)

Examples: Find the Inverse Laplace of the following by inspection (using a table).

2 2𝑠
1: ℒ −1 { 3 } = 𝒕𝟐 5. ℒ −1 { ( } = 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
𝑠 𝑠2+1) 2

2 1
2 ℒ −1 { } = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 6. ℒ −1 { } = 𝒆−𝟓𝒕
𝑠2 +4 𝑠+5

𝑠 6
3. ℒ −1 { } = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 7. ℒ −1 { ( } = 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟗𝒕
𝑠2 +25 𝑠−9)4

𝑠 2𝑠 𝟏
4. ℒ −1 { } = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟓𝒕 8. ℒ −1 { ( } = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒕
𝑠2 −25 𝑠2−4) 2 𝟐

LINEARITY

Examples:
4 1
1. ℒ −1 { } = 4ℒ −1 { } = 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝒕
𝑠−2 𝑠−2

1 3 1 1 3 𝟏
2. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕
𝑠2 +9 3 𝑠2 +9 3 𝑠2 +9 𝟑

5𝑠+4 5𝑠 4 1 2
3. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { 3 + 3 } = 5ℒ −1 { 2 } + 2ℒ −1 { 3 } = 𝟓𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
𝑠3 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

6 6 1 1 𝟑
4. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = 3ℒ −1 { } = 𝟑𝒆𝟐𝒕
2𝑠−3 2 𝑠−3 𝑠−
3
2 2

COMPLETING THE SQUARE AND TRANSLATIONS

Examples:
1 1 1 √8 𝟏
1. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 {
2 }=
2 𝒆𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝟖 𝒕
𝑠2 −2𝑠+9 (𝑠−1) 2+(√8) √8 (𝑠−1) 2+(√8) √𝟖

𝑠−3 𝑠−3
2. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 {( } = 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒕
𝑠2 −6𝑠+25 𝑠−3) 2+16

1 1 1 1 1 1 𝟏
3. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = 𝒆𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒕
4𝑠2 −8𝑠 4(𝑠−1) 2−4 4 (𝑠−1) 2−1 4 (𝑠−1) 2−1 𝟒

ME223 – ADVANCED MATHEMATICS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Engr. Dennis E. Ganas
Mechanical Engineering Department MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 2

𝑠+4 𝑠+2+2 𝑠+2 2

4. ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2 +4𝑠+8 2
(𝑠+2) +( 2)2 (𝑠+2) 2+( 2)2 (𝑠+2) 2+( 2) 2
= 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕

PARTIAL-FRACTION DECOMPOSITIONS

1
Example1: Use partial fraction to decompose
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2+1)

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
2 = + 2
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)

1 ≡ 𝐴 (𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 + 1)
(0) 𝑠 2 + (0) 𝑠 + 1 ≡ (𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝑠 2 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 )𝑠 + (𝐴 + 𝐶)

Equating,
1 1 1
(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 0, (𝐵 + 𝐶 ) and (𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 1 so that 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = − and 𝐶 =
2 2 2

Therefore,
𝒔 𝟏
1 𝟏/𝟐 − +
≡ + 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 1) (𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝒔 𝟐 + 𝟏)

1
Example2: Use partial fraction to decompose
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠2+4𝑠+8)

1 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
= 2 + 2
(𝑠 2 2
+ 1)(𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 8) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 8)

1 ≡ (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)( 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 8) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠 2 + 1)

(0)𝑠 3 + (0)𝑠 2 + (0) 𝑠 + 1 ≡ (𝐴 + 𝐶 )𝑠 3 + (4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷) 𝑠 2 + (8𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶 )𝑠 + (8𝐵 + 𝐷)

Equating coefficients of like powers of 𝑡, we obtain

(𝐴 + 𝐶 ) = 0 (4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷) = 0 (8𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶 ) = 0 (8𝐵 + 𝐷) = 1
4 7 4 9
The solution of this set of equation is 𝐴 = − , 𝐵 = , 𝐶= and 𝐷 = . Thus,
65 65 65 65

𝟒 𝟕 𝟒 𝟗
1 − 𝒔+ 𝒔+
≡ 𝟔𝟓𝟐 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟔𝟓 𝟔𝟓
(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 8) (𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝒔 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟖)

ME223 – ADVANCED MATHEMATICS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Engr. Dennis E. Ganas
Mechanical Engineering Department MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 3

2𝑠2 −4
Example3: Use partial fraction to decompose
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)

2𝑠 2 − 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 3)

2𝑠 2 − 4 = 𝐴 (𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)

4 7 1
Setting 𝑠 = 2 yields 𝐵 = − , setting 𝑠 = 3 yields 𝐶 = , & setting 𝑠 = −1 yields 𝐴 = − .
3 2 6

Therefore,
𝟏 𝟒 𝟕
2𝑠 2 − 4 − −
= 𝟔 + 𝟑 + 𝟐
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) (𝒔 + 𝟏) (𝒔 − 𝟐) (𝒔 − 𝟑)

Assignment 2: Due on February 13, 2021 (Saturday) 5pm.

6𝑠−4
1. Find ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2 −4𝑠+20

4𝑠+12
2. Find ℒ −1 { }
𝑠2 +8𝑠+16

5𝑠2 −15𝑠−11
3. Find ℒ −1 { ( }
𝑠+1)(𝑠−2) 3

1
4. Find ℒ −1 { }
𝑠( 𝑠2 +4)

𝑠+3
5. Find ℒ −1 { }
4𝑠2 +4𝑠−3

ME223 – ADVANCED MATHEMATICS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Engr. Dennis E. Ganas
Mechanical Engineering Department MECHANICAL ENGINEERING