ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT WEEK 1. Learning Outcomes: After completing this course you are expected to demonstrate the following: 1. Define database management, examples, characteristics and importance of databases, history of database software and the users of database system. A. Engage Word Search Find words that are hidden in the grid and write your answers in the space provided below. WU [N[v [Os ]e|cjujr|i[t]y w]e 1 A eC tlels(m[s{alclcle|s |slolelelz Y[tlolz[s{s[s{z[n[e [rime lw]v T[olaltialelolvfe[a|njaln[cle K[m[o[s[c[o]e le lu[m|x[nlaly[z p[ei[mls[e[clole|s[P{clF(s [tr mls [M[wla[n[x]o|z[1le[ru[t a 8{n{olr lt [wie |x[s [x]e [s|c|[w D[z{t[efalKfalr[xfolr[Klelr]s x{s[v]s[tfe[m[a|n[alcly[s[t[m eR [ulz[ela]a[miz|tr[zlulalx a D{alt{alelatsfely[t[sfalz[K]a Tle fa[miatets{ejofr{afc|tje[r YOUR ANSWERS: B. Explore Video Title: Database Management — Week 1 YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDpB97FSLBWw&t=5s c.Explain According to Oracle Philippines, with massive data collection from the Internet of Things transforming life and industry across the globe, businesses today have access to more data than ever before. Forward-thinking organizations can now use databases to go beyond basic data storage and transactions to analyze vast quantities of data from multiple systems. Using database and other ‘computing and business intelligence tools, organizations can now leverage the data they collect to run more efficiently, enable better decision-making, and become more agile and scalable.Today, cloud databases and self-driving databases are breaking new ground when it comes to how data is collected, stored, managed, and utilized.tt is important to have a good knowledge of database ‘management as well as its characteristics and importance. Prepared and Validated By: Ms. AlmiraSactiz | Dean Manuel Luis C DelosSantos, MSCS Pagel of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester D. Elaborate Introduction A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by adatabase management system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database. Data within the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Databases can be used to store products, details of customers, records of members of a society or a club, and much more. They can store names, passwords, addresses, e-mail addresses, registration dates, blog entries, and telephone numbers. Databases can be regarded as folders containing tables of data. The table of data, like all tables, has columns and rows; however, the rows in database tables are called records. ‘An Example of a Database © Orade = Bz ‘© Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise © FileMaker © Firebird © Ingres © Informix © Microsoft Access © Microsoft Sal Server, ‘© Microsoft Visual FoxPro Myson © PostgresaL © Progress © salite © Teradata Characteristics and Benefits of Databases There are a number of characteristics that distinguish the database approach from the file-based system or approach. This chapter describes the benefits (and features) of the database system. ‘+ Self-describing nature of a database system A database system is referred to as self-describing because it not only contains the database itself, but also metadata which defines and describes the data and relationships between tables in the database. This information is used by the DBMS software or database users if needed. This separation of data and information about the data makes a database system totally different from the traditional file based system in which the data definition is part of the application programs. ‘+ Insulation between program and data In the file-based system, the structure of the data files is defined in the application programs so if a user wants to change the structure of a file all the programs that access that file might need to be changed as well. On the other hand, in the database approach, the data structure is stored in the system catalogue and not in the programs. Therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page2 of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester structure of a file. This insulation between the programs and data is also called program-data independence. ‘+ Support for multiple views of data A database supports multiple views of data. A view is a subset of the database, which is defined and dedicated for particular users of the system. Muttiple users in the system might have different views of the system. Each view might contain only the data of interest to a user or group of users. ‘+ Sharing of data and multiuser system Current database systems are designed for multiple users. That is, they allow many users to access the same database at the same time. This access is achieved through features called concurrency control strategies. These strategies ensure that the data accessed are always correct and that data integrity is maintained. ‘The design of modern multiuser database systems is a great improvement from those in the past which restricted usage to one person at atime. * Control of data redundancy In the database approach, ideally, each data item is stored in only one place in the database. In some cases, data redundancy still exists to improve system performance, but such redundancy is controlled by application programming and kept to minimum by introducing as little redudancy as possible when designing the database. * Data sharing ‘The integration of all the data, for an organization, within a database system has many advantages. First, it allows for data sharing among employees and others who have access to the system. Second, it gives users the ability to generate more information from a given amount of data than would be possible without the integration. + Enforcement of integrity constraints Database management systems must provide the ability to define and enforce certain constraints to ensure that users enter valid information and maintain data integrity. A database constraint is a restriction or rule that dictates what can be entered or edited in a table such as a postal code using a certain format or adding a valid city in the City field. ‘There are many types of database constraints. Data type, for example, determines the sort of data permitted in a field, for example numbers only. Data uniqueness such as the primary key ensures that no duplicates are entered. Constraints can be simple (field based) or complex (programming). + Restriction of unauthorized access Not all users of a database system will have the same accessing privileges. For example, one user might have read-only access (ie, the ability to read a file but not make changes), while another might have read and write privileges, which is the ability to both read and modify a file. For this reason, a database management system should provide a security subsystem to create and control different types of user accounts and restrict unauthorized access. * Data independence Another advantage of a database management system is how it allows for data independence. In other words, the system data descriptions or data describing data (metadata) are separated from the application programs. This is possible because changes to the data structure are handled by the database management system and are not embedded in the program itself. Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page3 of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester + Transaction processing A database management system must include concurrency control subsystems, This feature ensures that data remains consistent and valid during transaction processing even if several users update the same information, * Provision for multiple views of data By its very nature, a DBMS permits many users to have access to its database either individually or simultaneously. it is not important for users to be aware of how and where the data they access is stored. * Backup and recovery facilities Backup and recovery are methods that allow you to protect your data from loss. The database system provides a separate process, from that of a network backup, for backing up and recovering data, fa hard drive fails and the database stored on the hard drive is not accessible, the only way to recover the database is from a backup. if a computer system fails in the middle of a complex update process, the recovery subsystem is responsible for making sure that the database is restored to its original state. These are two more benefits of a database management system. Data Governance Data governance is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are formally managed throughout the enterprise. It ensures that trusted information is used for critical business processes, decision making and accounting, The lack of effective data governance within a company guarantees one thing: the existence of poor data. This poor data manifests itself in inconsistent definitions, duplicates, missing fields, and other classic data faux pas. Here are the 3 main benefits that highlight why data governance is important: 1. Data Governance Saves Money ‘Simply, data governance increases efficiency. Duplicate accounts lead to duplicate efforts, or at the very least it leads to time wasted tracking down duplicate accounts in your marketing, sales, finance, or analytical efforts. Data governance reduces errors in your database, giving your business a solid database to work from and saves precious time that would otherwise be used correcting your existing data, Time saved is money saved, Additionally, data governance forces a business to clearly define their core data, and the rules governing that core data. The inception of a data governance project is a golden opportunity to get everyone on the same page about core data definitions. The enforcement of this ensures greater operational efficiency over time, 2. Bad Data Governance is Risky Lack of effective data governance is a security concern for 2 reasons: outside security risks associated with dirty, unstructured data, and regulatory compliance issues. Bad data, and badly structured data poses a security risk for the simple reason that if you have dirty, unstructured data clogging your database, how can you quickly tell when something goes wrong and how can you efficiently monitor what data is at risk? Good data governance tools and practices make it easier to monitor what is happening across your database and will make it easier to see what areas may be at risk. Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page 4 of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester Regulatory compliance and data governance is becoming a hotter topic with each passing day. As people continue to understand the importance of their personal data, governments are beginning to take the ways in which companies store, protect, and use their customer's data extremely seriously. 3. Good Data Governance Provides Clarity ‘Take a second to imagine what the assurance of perfect data would mean to your business. Effective data governance provides the peace of mind that the data is generally clean, standardized, and accurate. The effects of this reverberate throughout a company. History of Database Software The earliest known use of the term database was in November 1963, when the System Development Corporation sponsored a symposium under the title Development and Management of a Computer- centered Data Base. Database as a single word became common in Europe in the early 1970s and by the end of the decade it was being used in major American newspapers. (The abbreviation DB, however, survives.) The first database management systems were developed in the 1960s. A pioneer in the field was Charles Bachman. Bachman's early papers show that his aim was to make more effective use of the new direct access storage devices becoming available: until then, data processing had been based on punched cards and magnetic tape, so that serial processing was the dominant activity. Two key data models arose at this time: CODASYL developed the network model based on Bachman's ideas, and (apparently independently) the hierarchical model was used in a system developed by North American Rockwell later adopted by IBM as the cornerstone of their IMS product. While IMS along with the CODASYL IDMS were the big, high visibility databases developed in the 1960s, several others were also born in that decade, some of which have a significant installed base today. The relational model was proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. He criticized existing models for confusing the abstract description of information structure with descriptions of physical access mechanisms. For a long while, however, the relational model remained of academic interest only. While CODASYL products (IDMS) and network model products (IMS) were conceived as practical engineering solutions taking account of the technology as it existed at the time, the relational model took a much more theoretical perspective, arguing (correctly) that hardware and software technology would catch up in time. Among the first implementations were Michael Stonebraker's Ingres at Berkeley, and the System R project at IBM. Both of these were research prototypes, announced during 1976. The first commercial products, Oracle and DB2, did not appear until around 1980. During the 1980s, research activity focused on distributed database systems and database machines. ‘Another important theoretical idea was the Functional Data Model, but apart from some specialized applications in genetics, molecular biology, and fraud investigation, the world took little notice. In the 1990s, attention shifted to object-oriented databases. These had some success in fields where it was necessary to handle more complex data than relational systems could easily cope with, such as spatial databases, engineering data (including software repositories), and multimedia data. In the 2000s, the fashionable area for innovation is the XML database. As with object databases, this has spawned a new collection of start-up companies, but at the same time the key ideas are being integrated into the established relational products. What is a DBMS? ‘A Database Management System or DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Pages of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester to their data structures or types, sometime DBMS is also known as Data base Manager. It is a set of prewritten programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a Database. Databases management systems are categorized according to the database model that they support. The model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures. ADBMS includes: ‘A modeling language to define the schema of each database hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS data model. + The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object ‘models. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the four models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the application's data, and on the application's requirements (which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost) + The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in SQL, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model, since it violates several of its fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance. Many DBMSs also support the ‘Open Database Connectivity API that supports a standard way for programmers to access the DBMS. Data structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile ‘main memory). {A database query language and report writer to allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. * It also controls the security of the database. * Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called subschemas. For example, an ‘employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data + If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance). + It also maintains the integrity of the data in the database. + The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time, The DBMS can help prevent duplicate records via unique index constraints; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page 6 of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester + The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. Database servers are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software, Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a highspeed channel, hardware database accelerators are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. Sometimes DBMSs are built around a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system. Users of a Database System Any person who uses the database and takes benefits from the databases is considered as Database Users. They can be programmers, scientists, engineers, business person or can be an employee. 1. Database Administrator (DBA): ‘* It is a person or a team, who is responsible for man: system. ‘+ Itisthe leader of the database. It is ike a superuser of the system ‘+ Itis responsible for the administration of all three levels of the database. ‘+ The DBA has all the privileges of the DBMS, he also can assign or remove the privileges from the other database users ing the overall database management DBAis responsible for Deciding the instances for the database Defining theSchema Liaising with Users Define Security Back-up and Recovery Monitoring the performance 2. Database Designers: Database designers design the appropriate structure for the database, where we share data 3. System Analyst: System analyst analyses the requirements of end users, especially naive and parametric end users. They are responsible for the design, structure, and properties of the database. The main concern of the system analyst is on feasibility, economic and technical aspects Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page 7 of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester 4, Application Programmers: Application programmers are computer professionals, who write application programs They are developers who interact with the database through DML quenes. They are the programmers and develop application programs such as C, C++ Java, PHP, Python, etc They develop application programs and provide a user interface through applications so the other user can interact with the database They also specify what modifications are needed to the database structure for an application and relay it to the database administrator 5. Naive Users / Parametric Users: Naive Users are unsophisticated users, which has no knowledge of the database. These users are like a layman, which has a little bit of knowledge of the database They are the end users of the database who work through the menu-driven applications This type of user, we do not need to be aware of the presence of the database system They interact with the database only with the help of the application interface. They are just accessing the application whatever they are using that Naive Users are just to work on developed applications and get the desired result For Example: Railway's ticket booking users are naive users or clerical staff in any bank is a naive user because they don't have any DBMS knowledge but they still use the database and perform their given task 6. Sophisticated Users: Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analysts who are familiar with the database. These users interact with the database but they do not write programs, 7. Casual Users / Temporary Users: These types of users communicate with the database for a little period of time. ‘Summary * A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. * Data governance is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are formally managed throughout the enterprise. It ensures that trusted information is used for critical business processes, decision making and accounting, ‘+The earliest known use of the term database was in November 1963, when the System Development Corporation sponsored a symposium under the title Development and Management of a Computer-centered Data Base. ‘+ Thefirst database management systems were developed in the 1960s. ‘+ Inthe 1990s, attention shifted to object-oriented databases. ‘+ Inthe 2000s, the fashionable area for innovation is the XML database. ‘+A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. ‘+ Any person who uses the database and takes benefits from the databases is considered as Database Users. Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Pages of 9ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Course Modules C225 - Information Management (Database System) 2 Year— 2" Semester E. Evaluate ASSESSMENT: Instructions: You may write your answer on the Answer Sheet (AS) provided in this module. IDENTIFICATION (2-Points Each): 1. The earliest known use of the term database was in 2 can be engineers, scientists, business analysts who are familiar with the database BA is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. 4 are methods that allow you to protect your data from loss. 5. aretthe types of users communicate with the database for alittle period of time. 6 is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are formally managed throughout the enterprise. ZA is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. 8 analyses the requirements of end users, especially naive and parametric end users. 9. The relational model was proposed by in 1970. 10. is a person or a team, who is responsible for managing the overall database ‘management system. References: 1. Introduction to Database Management https://www.w3schools.in/data-structures-tutorial/intro, hittps://www.oracle.com/ph/database/what-is-database.htm! hittps://www.oracle.com/ph/database/what-is-database.html 2. Lecture Notes on Database Management https://opentextbc.ca/dbdesign01/chapter/chapter-3-characteristics-and-benefits-of- database/ https://blog.semarchy.com/3-reasons-why-data-governance-is- important#i:”:text=Data%20governance%20reduces% 20errors%20in, Time%20saved%201s%20m oney%20saved. https://www thestudygenius.com/different-types-of-database-users/ 3. Practical PHP and MySQL Website Databases: A simplified Aprroach - Adrian W. West Database Management System Course Writer - Gerald C. Okereke Eco Communications Inc. Lagos ikeja Facilitated By: Name MS Teams Account (email) Smart Phone Number Prepared and Validated By: Ms AlmiraSacriz | Dean Manuel Luis C. Delos Santos, MSCS Page9 of 9