THERMODYNAMICS EXPERIMENT
Experiment 1
Aim: to explain first law of thermodynamics
Apparatus : Hot water, Bucket, Bottle, Balloon
Procedure :
• Boil the water with the help of burner or electric kettle
• Pour the boiling water into bucket where the bottle has been already placed with its
neck covered with non inflated balloon .
• Wait for some time for the result
• The balloon expands after some time when boiling water is placed in bottle’s
surrounding.
Experimental set up diagram :
Before After
We know that the first law of thermodynamics states that energy vcan neither be created nor
destroyed .
In physical terms ,
Q=∆U+W
Implies that ∆U=Q–W
The balloon expanded because when hot water was added into the bucket, heat was
transferred from the surrounding (hot water) to the system ( the air inside bottle and balloon) .
Q = +VE
W = +VE
∆U=Q–W
The internal energy is positive because dT is positive i.e. temperature before and after heating
the system . Before the system transfer heat into work, it is stored as internal energy which
then is transferred as heat . The system consist of air inside the bottle and ballon and since
work done by the system is positive, hence the balloon expands .
In simple terms, system does work by expanding against its surrounding. Thus the
energy was not lost but gets converted into mechanical work because of which the
balloon expanded. This is in agreement with the first law of thermodynamics .
Experiment 2
Aim: To show 2nd law of thermodynamics from diffusion perspective .
Apparatus : Distilled water, Hot water, Transparent beaker, Ink, Stopwatch
Theory : Second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system does
not decreases, but always increases . Processes that proceeds in definite direction energy
input are spontaneous and processes that can’t go back to initial states are irreversible .
Talking of irreversibility, the second law of thermodynamics present the arrow of the time .
The thermo dynamic arrow points in the direction of increasing entropy . Things can’t go
back to where they were .
Spontaneous and irreversible processes increase the entropy of the system .
Diffusion is the process of solute movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
. In this energy dispersion occurs, which leads to increase in the entropy of the system .
Procedure:
• Take the beaker and put distilled water into it.
• Drop the dye( approximately same amount each time ) on top surface .
• Note down the time for the dye to reach the bottom surface of the beaker and get
evenly distributed .
• Repeat above steps with hot water and note down the readings
Experimental set up diagram :
These pictures were taken at different time interval from the time when the ink or dye
was dropped into the water .
OBSERVATION:
The time taken for the complete diffusion of the ink in the water at room temperature was
more than the time taken by the ink for complete diffusion in hot water.
Explanation :
• We can clearly observe the moving pattern of the dye which is fairly constant for
different trials using same level of water and dye used done at room temperature . It
showed that the matter dispersion during the process lead to increase in entropy of the
system .
• At the end, both the beaker contained evenly distributed blue solution but path taken
by diffusing particles were different and this is what we call as the randomness of the
process i.e. Entropy .
• When done at high temperature with beaker containing hot water, the system showed
different rate of diffusion at different temperature .
• The one with higher temperature showed showed higher diffusion rate thus proving
the fact that randomness (entropy) increases with increasing temperature . In simpler
terms, the beaker with high temperature takes less time for the dye to get evenly
distributed . Thus second law of thermodynamics is shown and verified with these
experiments .
RISHABH NAGDA
386/192220
THANK YOU
