Earth SCIENCE 5.

State a Conclusion

INTRODUCTION: 
I. The Nature of Science  Hypothesis is either proved or
 Earth Scientists used specific methods to disproved after experimentation and
investigate. observation
 Earth Science: earth systems and systems in CHAPTER I: The Origin and Structure
space- including weather, and climate
of Earth
systems
A. Scope Lesson 1.1: Theories on the Origin of the
1. Astronomy: study of objects beyond Universe
Earth’s atmosphere
2. Meteorology: study of Earth’s  Humans derived theories from religion,
atmosphere traditions, philosophy, and science.
3. Geology: study of origin, structure of the - Religious Cosmology: based on the creation
Earth and mythology of a specific tradition
4. Oceanography: study of the life and 1. Mormon Cosmology
properties of Earth’s ocean - According to it, there is a pre-existing or
- Water composes ¾ of Earth’s a primordial universe
surface. - They believed that human spirits are
5. Environmental Science: study of the literal children of heavenly parents
interactions of organisms and their 2. Buddhist Cosmology
surroundings - Existence of the universe is dependent
upon the action or karma of its
B. Earth’s Systems
inhabitants
1. Geosphere: area from the surface of the
- No beginning nor end
Earth down to its center
- Consists large number of worlds
2. Atmosphere: blanket of gases that
3. Islamic Cosmology
surrounds our planet
- God created the universe including
- Tropopause: layer between
Earth’s physical environment and human
troposphere and stratosphere
beings
3. Hydrosphere: all water on Earth
- Teacher to visualize cosmos as a book of
4. Biosphere: all organisms on Earth and
symbol for recitation for spiritual
the environments in which they live
upliftment
II. Methods of Scientists 4. Hindu Cosmology (Rigveda)
 Scientific Methods: series of organized - Timeless and has no beginning
problem solving procedures that help - oscillating universe in which a “cosmic
scientists conduct experiments egg” or Brahmanda containing the
1. State the Problem or Ask a Question whole universe expanded out of a single
 Observation: use of senses to gather concentrated point called Bindu, and will
information about the world. eventually collapse again.
2. Gather Information 5. Christian Cosmology (Genesis)
 Investigate and gather information - how God separated light from darkness,
 Use of measurement and created the sky, land, sea, moon,
3. Form a Hypothesis stars, and every living creature in a span
 Hypothesis: possible solution to a of 6 days.
problem (educated guess)
4. Test the Hypothesis 5th to 3rd century BCE: (Greek philosophers)
 Experimentation: procedures carried 6. Anaxagorian Universe
out to prove or disprove a hypothesis - The original state of the cosmos was a
- IV: what the experimenter changes primordial mixture of all its ingredients
- DV: changes in the IV and factor which existed in infinitesimally small
being measured (depends on the IV) fragments of themselves.
- CV: never changes during the - This mixture was not entirely uniform,
experiment and some ingredients were present at
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 higher concentrations than others, as - It involved a system of huge swirling
well as varying from place to place. whirlpools of fine matter, producing
- At some point in time, it was set in what would later be called gravitational
motion by the action of “nous” (mind), effects.
and the whirling motion shifted and 14. Albert Einstens (1879-1955) model (1915)
separated out the ingredients, ultimately was no different from Newton. He added a
producing the cosmos of separate cosmological constant to his general theory
material objects, all with different of relativity equations to counteract the
properties, that we see today. dynamic effects of gravity, which would
7. Atomist Universe have caused the universe to collapse. He
- Leucippus and Democritus founded the would later abandon this part of the theory
school of Atomism, which held that the when, in 1929, American astronomer Edwin
universe was composed of very small, Hubble (1889-1953) showed that the
indivisible and indestructible building universe was not static.
blocks known as atoms (Gr “atomos”> 15. Big Bang Theory
uncuttable). All of reality and all the - Describes the universe as expanding,
objects in the universe are composed of having originated from an infinitely tiny,
different arrangements of these eternal infinitely dense point.
atoms and an infinite void in which the - Matter was not present at the beginning
atoms form different combinations and of time; there was only pure energy
shapes. compressed in a single point called
8. Stoic Philosophers of Ancient Greece singularity.
- The universe is like a giant living body 16. Oscillating Universe
with the sun and the stars as the most - Albert Einstein’s most favored model
important parts to which everything else after rejecting his own original model.
was interconnected - Followed the general theory of relativity
9. Geocentric Universe equations of the universe with positive
- The Earth stayed motionless in the curvature.
heavens and everything else was - This curvature resulted in the expansion
revolving around it of the universe for a time, and then to its
10. Theory of Heliocentrism contraction due to the pull of its gravity
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1543) in a perpetual cycle of Big Bang and Big
demonstrated that the motions of Crunch.
celestial bodies can be explained without 17. Open and Closed Universe
putting Earth in the center of the - Alexander Friedmann created two
universe. theories and derived equations from
11. Giordano Bruno (Italian) (1584) suggested Einstein’s equations.
that even the Solar System is not in the - Open: the universe began with a Big
center of the universe- it is merely just Bang and will continue to expand
another star system among an infinite forever and time and space have no end
multitude of others. - Closed: time and space have a beginning
12. Sir Isaac Newton (1687) described the and an end or Big Bang to Big Squeeze
universe as a static, steady-state, infinite which pulls everything back into one
universe. Matter on a large scale is point
uniformly distributed, and the universe is 18. Edward Hubble
gravitationally balanced but essentially - The universe is finite and the expanding
unstable. universe is due to space expanding
13. Cartesian Vortex Model 19. Steady State Theory
- Rene Descartes (French) outlined a - Sir James Jeans (1920) revised in by sir
universe with many of the characteristics Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold
of Newton’s static, infinite universe. (1948)
- The vacuum of space was not empty at - Further developed by Sir Fred Hoyle to
all but was filled with matter that swirled deal with problems that arose from
around in large and small vortices. alternate BBT

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 - Predicted a universe that expanded but began whirling and pushing themselves
did not change its density- matter was into planets and moons
inserted into the universe as it expanded
in order to maintain a constant density
 SST vs. BBT
 SST has been discarded due to
contradiction in newer observation, the
universe has no beginning or end in time
and from any point, it is expanding but
the distances between matter increasing
on a very small scale.
 BBT is most widely known
cosmological theory of Earth’s
foundation of the universe, starts from
singularity then it expanded
continuously, also expanding and all
matter are moving away from each other

Lesson 1.2: The Origin of the Solar System

 Astronomy is a natural science that study of
celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies,
planets, moons, asteroids, comets and
nebulae), the physics chemistry, and
evolution of such objects, and phenomena
that originate outside the atmosphere of
Earth, including supernovae explosions,
gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave
background radiation.
1. Fission Theory
- Sun bursts open, and planets and moons
shot out at high speeds and went to their
respective places, then stopped, and
started orbiting the Sun, as the moons
began orbiting the planets
2. Capture Theory
- Planets and moons were flying around,
and some were captured by our Sun and
began circling
3. Accretion Theory
- A pile of space dust and rock chunks
pushed together into our planet, and
another pile pushed itself into our moon.
Then the moon got close enough and
began encircling the Earth
4. Planetary Collision Theory
- Our world collided with a small planet,
and the explosion threw off rocks which
became the moon, and then it began
orbiting us
5. Stellar Collision Theory
- Our planets, moons, and suns spun off
from the collision between stars
6. Gas Cloud Theory
- Gas clouds were captured by our Sun.
But instead of being drawn to it, they
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