This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access

Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.Doi Number

Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak

Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A
Review
Jalil Yaghoobi1, Member, IEEE, Ahmad Abdullah1, Dinesh Kumar2, Member, IEEE, Firuz
Zare1, Senior Member, IEEE, Hamid Soltani3, Member, IEEE
1
School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4067
2
Global Research & Development Center, Danfoss Drives A/S, Denmark
3
Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Aarhus, Denmark
Corresponding author: Jalil Yaghoobi ([email protected]).

ABSTRACT Mining is an important industry in many countries including Australia and plays a vital role in
their economy. The industry heavily depends on electricity as it employs different types of electrical loads.
Consequently, a stable and reliable supply of electricity is vital for running the production smoothly. In this
review paper, electrical characteristics of mining power systems are described and common power quality
and energy efficiency concerns in these systems are stated and classified. Different types of common power
electronics topologies used in the industry are also studied and main requirements for reliable and robust
operation of the system are categorized. A comprehensive case study to elaborate power quality challenges
in mining distribution network is performed.

INDEX TERMS Distorted grid, distribution network, energy efficiency, mining industry, power quality,
power system robustness

I. INTRODUCTION of the 19th century. Steam engine driven generators produced

Mining has been an occupation of mankind since pre-historic DC voltage of 300 V for power distribution to energize series
times. It has been used for obtaining metals to make required wound DC motors due to their favorable torque-speed
tools for agricultural activities [1]. Mining has been one of the characteristics. Coal cutting, drilling, and loading machines
main pillars of the Australian economy for more than 200 were developed at first followed by shuttle car, roof bolting
years [2]. During the year 2016-2017, the mining sector grew systems, and continuous mining machines. The mechanization
by 1.8% [3]. In 2017, the mining exports of the country resulted in tremendous efficiency enhancement of the mining
increased by 33.8% to $156.4 billion as compared to the process; however, it also introduced hazards like electric
previous year due to higher prices and mining sector recorded spark, resulting in safety-related challenges during that era.
the highest increase in operating profits. Although the Even though some mines used a higher voltage of 600 Vdc,
investments has recently declined, it is still the most large voltage drop due to the higher current in DC distribution
significant export part, contributing 5.8% towards the systems was the root cause for their demise in the 1960s.
Australian GDP during 2016-2017 [4]. Mining can be Consequently, as mentioned in [6], AC distribution systems
classified into three categories depending on the excavation were introduced in the mining industry during the 1960s with
techniques: underground mining including room and pillar, distribution voltage levels up to 4160 V (utilization voltage up
and longwall types, surface mining including open-pit and to 460 V) by employing various protection schemes.
strip types, and offshore mining. According to [2], the In this paper, sections 2, 3, and 4 discuss different electrical
presence of coal in Australia was confirmed in Port Jackson, characteristics of mining plants like power distribution and
Sydney in 1791 and the actual mining activities started in 1801 generation systems, load types, power electronic systems and
in Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Authors in [5] have their different topologies, energy efficiency, electric trucks,
discussed the evolution of mining industry when electricity and renewable energy integration. Section 5 investigates
was introduced in the US underground coal mines at the end different power quality issues in the mining industry along

VOLUME XX, 2017 1

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

with the mitigation techniques, whereas section 6 focuses on company, systems with generators operating in island mode
the effect of power quality issues on the reliability and are more prone to voltage and frequency fluctuations [8].
robustness of industrial grids. A comprehensive power
quality case study is carried out in Section 7. Conclusions A. ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN
and recommendations are finally presented in Section 8. UNDERGROUND MINING
Distribution voltages for underground longwall systems
II. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING have increased due to higher size and power of mining
POWER SYSTEMS machines, and larger inrush currents and voltage drops due
The electrical power systems of mining sector are complex to long cables [5]. The initial power rating of 5 kVA for
due to addition of non-linear loads and higher power continuous mining applications has increased to 9 MVA for
requirements. Consequently, different voltage levels and longwall systems. Nowadays, cycloconverters up to 25 MW
power distribution systems are used in the industry depending are used in underground mining [11]. A simplified single line
on the type of mining. Australian standard AS/NZS diagram of one such grinding mill power plant consisting of
4871.1:2012 [7] defines three voltage levels for mines and a 13 MW Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG) mill and two
quarries power systems: extra low voltage (less than 50 Vac or 7.83 MW ball mills is shown in Fig. 1. In the substation,
120 Vdc), low voltage (between 50-1000 Vac or 120-1500 Vdc), power is transformed from 230 kV transmission voltage to
and high voltage (exceeding low voltage). Similarly, several distribution voltage level of 11 kV through two 40 MVA
safety rules and regulations have been created by the Mining transformers. It is then transmitted to loads through power
Enforcement Safety Administration (MESA) and following distribution substations.
voltage levels have been defined for AC as per federal 230 kV

regulations for coal mines in the USA [6]: low voltage (less 172 km

than 660 V), medium voltage (660-1000 V), and high voltage 230/11 kV 230/11 kV
(higher than 1000 V). Due to the increase in power 40 MVA 40 MVA
8% 8%
requirement, the distribution voltage levels have now reached
up to 25 kVac. AC shuttle cars have replaced DC shuttle cars
and AC motors with power electronic systems have replaced
DC transition motors. Utilization voltages of shuttle cars and ~~ ~
~ ~~
continuous miners have also increased to 550 Vac and 2400 Vac
respectively. Electric power distribution systems for mines ~
M
~
M
~
M
can be classified into three categories depending on the type Ball Mill Ball Mill 30 MW 80 Hz 125 Hz 250 Hz 50 Hz
SAG Mill
of excavation technique including underground, surface, and 7.83 MW 7.83 MW PF 0.85 6 MVAr
(1)
6 MVAr
(2)
6 MVAr 6 MVAr
(3) (4)
13.05 MW

deep-sea mining systems. Power transmission and distribution FIGURE 1. Single line diagram of a simplified concentrator plant [12].
systems above the earth surface are quite similar for all types
of mining systems, but, complexities and differences arise As per [8], underground distribution systems for coal are
when power is distributed underground or in offshore mines. mostly radial due to the mine nature and service requirements,
Power can be supplied to the mining industry from either whereas secondary-selective main substations are usually used
utility companies or self-power generation using fossil fuels for improved reliability. The latter consists of a pair of
and renewable energy sources. substations connected via a normally open tie-breaker
As mentioned in [8], the power requirement for mining and allowing interruption-free maintenance activities of primary
concentrator plants can be up to 120 MW for 100,000 tons of circuits. However, radial systems are more economical as
mining product per day. Nowadays, higher short-circuit compared to the secondary-selective systems.
capacity is required due to the usage of non-linear loads. This The underground electrical equipment needs to be portable,
higher short-circuit capacity can be achieved by: (a) adding durable, and classified for hazardous areas [8]. In this type
overhead transmission lines in parallel, (b) increasing the of environment, maintenance and modifications in the
voltage level, (c) using DC transmission, or (d) generating equipment are difficult due to limited space and stringent
power at the plant. Power generation at the plant site improves safety regulations. Authors in [13] have reviewed the
the weak grid characteristics, but transportation of fuel and grounding issues in underground coal mining industry and
other logistic problems might outweigh the advantages. the criteria for choosing an appropriate grounding scheme.
Nevertheless, mining industries usually use self-generation at As the environment is wet and a significant amount of
remote locations [8-10]. The generators are normally driven methane gas is present underground, earth faults can lead to
by diesel engines or fossil fuel-fired boilers. Moreover, a disaster. The inability to detect the first earth fault and the
emergency diesel generators are extensively used to provide risk of transient overvoltage show that the scheme with no
power to critical loads such as hoists, lube oil pumps, and reference to earth is unsuitable for the mining applications.
ventilation fans in case of blackouts. However, as generators The low impedance earthing scheme is also impractical due
cannot respond to load variations as quickly as the utility to the high probability of fire and large touch potentials.

2
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

Hence, high impedance grounding shown in Fig. 2 is the DC Bus (± 3 kV)

Topside
most suitable and widely used scheme in the Australian and Subsea

Operational Depth
worldwide coal mining industries. This grounding method

2500-3000m
~ =~ =~ ~~
4x
can be used to detect the earth faults and limit the fault = =
~ =~ =~ =
~ =~
energy levels and touch potentials within the range provided ~M ~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M Aux.

by the international standards such as AS/NZS 4871.1 [7] 4xP. P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh.

and IEEE Std. 142 [14]. Riser Pumps Bulk Miner

(a)
Auxiliary Miner Collecting Machine

AC Bus (6 kV)
Topside
b Subsea

Operational Depth

2500-3000m
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
4x

N a
Zg ~M ~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M Aux.
c 4xP. P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh.
Riser Pumps Bulk Miner Auxiliary Miner Collecting Machine
FIGURE 2. A three-phase transformer with high-impedance grounding. (b)
FIGURE 3. Deep-sea mining distribution systems: (a) DC, (b) AC [21].

Authors in [15] have mentioned negative impacts of high

III. POWER ELECTRONICS TOPOLOGIES
distribution capacitance as loss of relay selectivity and
Several types of electrical equipment are used in mining
overvoltage in typical mining industrial systems by referring
industries. In underground mining, electric locomotives, drills,
to the results in [16-19]. High impedance grounding scheme
shearers, crushers, loading machines, belt and shuttle
has been recommended and it has been proposed to select the
conveyors, roof bolting machines, hoists, chillers, ventilation
value of resistance according to IEEE Std. 142. A detailed
systems, and different types of pumps are used [5, 6, 8, 22-28].
design procedure has been presented in [18] and the results
In surface mining, major types of loads include electric
have been verified using SPICE simulations for a mine
draglines, Electric Rope Shovels (ERS), Hydraulic Mining
distribution and a high voltage longwall utilization systems.
Shovels (HMS), drills, surface bucket-wheel and bucket-chain
excavators [8, 10, 20, 29, 30]. The extracted material is
B. ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN
SURFACE MINING
transported to mineral processing plants, where crushers, high-
The equipment for surface mining is mobile and the pressure grinding rolls, SAG and ball mills, and exhaust and
distribution scheme should consider this mobility [8]. Radial dryer combustion fans are the major load types [8, 11, 31, 32].
distribution systems are most popular and a section of the Induction and DC motors are used to drive these loads using
primary distribution is established as a baseline consisting of different AC and DC drives. Since Mercury-arc rectifiers were
overhead pole lines allowing mobility of the mining replaced by the silicon diode in the 1970s [5], the use of power
equipment [8]. An example of a radial power distribution electronic devices in mines has been increasing thanks to
system of an open pit surface mining industry is given in technological advancements. According to [8], 80% of the
[20]. This type of system has the advantage of being total power in the mining industry is consumed by Adjustable
inexpensive and flexible. Power is transformed in utility Speed Drives (ASDs). Some of the major power electronic
substation from transmission voltage of 220 kV to devices include cycloconverters, ASDs, DC-DC converters,
distribution voltage level of 13.8 kV [20]. rectifiers, active filters, Static Synchronous Compensators
(STATCOM), and Static VAR Compensators (SVC) [5, 33].
C. ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN It is important to analyze how electrical power flows between
DEEP-SEA MINING AC and DC networks. Common AC-DC energy conversion
AC and DC distribution systems have been introduced for systems are mentioned in the following sections.
deep-sea mining in [21] as shown in Fig. 3. DC system is more
economical, efficient, and reliable with reduced cable A. DIODE AND CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
insulation size and number of components. Hence, they could Diode and controlled rectifiers are unidirectional power flow
be a possible future choice if the limitations regarding the lack topologies and their line currents are distorted by significant
of galvanic isolation and the incapability of medium voltage low order harmonics, mainly below 2 kHz. There are several
circuit breakers to extinguish the short-circuit currents are solutions to improve the quality of the line current such as
addressed. The ingress protection (IP) ratings of deep-sea passive filters in the DC link and/or in the front side of the
electrical equipment should be selected according to the depth rectifier. These rectifiers can be either a single- or a three-
of equipment and required degree of protection. phase system as shown in Fig. 4.

3
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

Passive filter Boost Converter

DR/SCR +Vdc +Vdc

Ldc Ldc
Lg Rg ig,a
Lg Rg ig,a

~
+ +
Cdc
_ ~ Cdc
_
Vdc

AC Grid Grid
Ldc

-Vdc
-Vdc
(a) (a)
Passive filter Boost Converter
DR/SCR +Vdc +Vdc
Ldc Ldc
Lg Rg ig,a
Lg Rg ig,a

~
+
Cdc Vdc,d/s
~
_ +
Cdc Vdc
_
AC Grid Grid
Ldc

-Vdc
-Vdc
(b)
(b)
FIGURE 4. Diode or controlled rectifier (a) single-phase, and (b) three-
phase +Vdc

B. ACTIVE FRONT END (AFE)

This is a bidirectional power flow converter, which provides a Lg Rg ig,a
Cdc
+
_ Vdc
high-quality sinusoidal line current waveform. The system has ~
six active power switches such as IGBTs or MOSFETs, Grid

controlled based on a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

-Vdc
technique. To control the switching frequency ripple, a front
(c)
side filter, which can be L, LC, or LCL type, is required. The FIGURE 6. AC-DC topologies: (a) single-phase PFC, (b) three-phase EI,
LCL filter, shown in Fig. 5, is a common option as it can and (c) three-phase Vienna rectifier
remove high frequency current harmonics.
IV. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
+Vdc Improving energy efficiency in the mining industry at both
LCL filter
Lg Rg ig,a L1 L2
system and equipment levels leads to higher profitability and
+ revenues and a cleaner environment. Authors in [29, 35-38]
~ Cdc
_
Vdc
have proposed a hybrid converter system to improve the
Grid energy efficiency of high-power mobile mining equipment
Cf
like shovels and AC draglines. The idea is to store the
-Vdc
regenerated power of the equipment in ultra-capacitor banks
FIGURE 5. AFE with integrated LCL filter. using a DC-DC converter; this power can then be used for
sharing the peak load demand. To improve energy efficiency
C. SPECIAL TECHNOLOGIES in mobile mining trucks, the regenerative power can be fed
Some other AC-DC topologies are shown in Fig. 6. A back to the grid using AFE rectifiers and trolley systems [39,
common single-phase system is based on a diode rectifier 40]. MATLAB simulation and field results demonstrate cost
combined with a boost converter called single-phase with savings, increased production and speed, reduced fleet size,
Power Factor Correction (PFC) as shown in Fig. 6. (a). Its and less emission of greenhouse gases when the trucks
main advantage is the improved line current quality and operated using these trolley systems. Authors in [20] have
power factor due to the active circuit in the DC link system. demonstrated the relationship between voltage level and
A similar concept has been used in a three-phase diode or energy efficiency of the power system at the terminal of a
controlled rectifier and the topology is called Electronic shovel in a surface mining industry as shown in Fig. 7. It is
Inductor [34] as shown in Fig. 6. (b). Its main advantage is evident from the graph that addressing the voltage regulation
the ability to control the DC link current and voltage under issue can improve the energy efficiency at the shovel
different load profiles. The Vienna rectifier shown in Fig. 6. terminals.
(c) is unidirectional with an almost sinusoidal line current.
Compared to AFE, less switches are used, meaning lower
cost and higher reliability.

4
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

been mentioned as the advantages of DC distribution systems.

They also requiring a smaller number of equipment. One such
typical microgrid arrangement for a dragline is shown in Fig.
8.
Wind-turbine DC Battery
Generation Load

FIGURE 7. Energy efficiency vs voltage regulation at shovel terminals [20]

Authors in [32] have analyzed the possibility of using an ASD AC-DC

Converter
for 6000 hp exhaust dryer fan in a Canadian mining industry
with high energy efficiency and economic benefits. Authors in
[24-28] have also discussed the application of ASDs to IED

improve energy efficiency for ventilation, refrigeration, and

cooling systems in different mining industries. Harmonics in AC grid AC
a power system are a source of energy wastage leading to motor
inefficiency. Improvement methods in the harmonic filter PV DC Fuel-cell
designs for higher efficiency have been presented in [31, 41- Generation Load

44].
Diesel driven trucks are widely used in the mining industry for FIGURE 8. A ring-type DC microgrid topology [48]

the transportation of extracted material to dump site,

stockpiles, or mineral processing plant. Recent technological V. POWER QUALITY ISSUES IN THE MINING
INDUSTRY
advancements related to electric vehicles indicate that electric
trucks (eTrucks) in the mining industry will ultimately replace
Various power quality problems in electrical distribution
the conventional diesel-driven trucks. With the launch of Tesla
system have been reported in [49, 50]. Among them, voltage
Semi eTruck in October 2017, the first eTruck has already
sag is a common disturbance in industrial distribution network
entered the market [45]. The latest research reveals that the
confirmed with recent power quality recorded data. Authors in
share of eTruck market could increase to 15% by 2030 due to
[51] have discussed the economic impacts of power quality
economic benefits, electrification readiness, and stricter
issues on consumers. For that purpose, flicker, voltage
environmental regulations. A comparison between energy
unbalance, harmonics, and sags have been analyzed with
consumption of battery eTrucks and buses with conventional
respect to their economic impacts. Production losses due to
diesel-driven ones, performed by California Air Resources
interruptions, reinstatement of process parameters, damaged
Board (CARB), shows that their energy efficiency could be up
electrical equipment, energy inefficiency, and lower staff
to six times higher especially in low-speed operations [46].
productivity are some of the major consequences of these
This outcome is particularly important for mining industries,
power quality problems. The impact of sags and harmonics are
where the trucks operate at low-speeds with frequent stops for
widespread and economically more significant as compared to
loading and unloading of material. However, authors in [47]
other power quality issues. A large scale power quality
have discussed that the commercial use of heavy-duty eTrucks
monitoring project known as Power Quality Compliance
is still not possible due to limited technologies and
Audit (PQCA), which has been in progress in Australia since
infrastructure for their recharging along with payload mass
2002, has been introduced in [52]. The project relies on the
and volume constraints. Nonetheless, their widespread
data provided by 12 Australian Distribution Network Service
commercialization is expected after 2025 due to the great
Providers (DNSPs) to monitor and report power quality
potential of ongoing research and projects in the field of
parameters at the utility, network, and site levels. One of the
heavy-duty eTrucks.
main contributions of this project is the assistance in the
During recent years, a number of mining industries in
development of the Australian standard for voltage levels AS.
Australia, USA, Canada, South Africa, Chile and some other
61000.3.100 [53]. In the coming sections, some of the major
countries have adopted renewable energy solutions to fulfill
power quality issues faced by the mining industry along with
their energy requirements [9]. Authors in [10] have discussed
different techniques to mitigate them are discussed.
the possibility of using renewable energy at both system and
equipment levels for an open-cut mine. A DC distribution
A. UNDERVOLTAGE/SAGS
system has been proposed as an alternative to conventional AC The main reason of voltage sag is an increase in load current,
distribution systems. Improved stability, higher efficiency, which may extend over one to a few hundred cycles [54]. This
better power quality, improved voltage regulation, longer short-term increase of load current could be due to start-up of
trailing cables extending the reach of mobile mining high power motors, transformer inrush current, short-circuit,
equipment, and higher power delivery at long distances have or fast reclosing of circuit breakers [55]. Many voltage sag

5
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

incidents occur due to short-circuit events in distribution TABLE II

TRANSFORMATION OF VOLTAGE SAG THROUGH LOW VOLTAGE
networks. Possible short-circuit events in a distribution DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER [56]
network include three-phase, single-phase-to-ground, phase- Transformer Sag type on primary side
to-phase, and two-phase-to-ground faults, discussed as connections A B C D E F G
follows [56]. A classification of sag types is summarized in YNyn A B C D E F G
Table I and Table II summarizes the effect of transformer type Yy, Dd, Dz A D C D G F G
Yd, Dy, Yz A C D C F G F
on sag characteristic.
TABLE I
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BALANCED VOLTAGE SAG Three-phase fault could result in voltage drop in all three
TYPES [56] phases by the same amount called balanced or type-A sag.
Type Voltage vector diagram Phase voltages (pu)
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇
Single-phase-to-ground is the most common fault in
distribution network and could result in voltage amplitude
1 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑗𝑗 𝑽𝑽 drop in the faulty phase only, called type-B sag. Phase-phase
2 2 𝒇𝒇
A 1 √3 fault is another common fault in distribution network causing
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 + 𝑗𝑗
2
𝑽𝑽
2 𝒇𝒇 change in voltage amplitude and phase angle as the voltage
vectors of affected phases move towards each other. This
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 change in voltage is normally represented as type-C sag as
1 √3 shown in Table I. Type-B sag on primary side of Yd (or Dy,
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − − 𝑗𝑗
2 2 Yz) distribution transformer also leads to type-C sag on
B secondary side as shown in Table II. Similarly, type C sag
1 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = − + 𝑗𝑗
2 2 after a Yd (or Dy, Yz) distribution transformer leads to type-
D sag, where affected phasor moves outward as shown in
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇
Table II. Finally, two-phase-to-ground fault causes only drop
1 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − − 𝑗𝑗 𝑽𝑽 in voltage amplitudes of affected phases commonly
C 2 2 𝒇𝒇
1 √3 represented as Type-E sag as shown in Table I. Like other
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = − + 𝑗𝑗
2
𝑽𝑽
2 𝒇𝒇 unbalanced sags (types B, C and D), the characteristic of
Type-E sag changes on the secondary side of distribution
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇
transformer resulting in type-F and type-G sags.
1 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑗𝑗 Different types of voltage sag can be classified in two
2 2
D categories of balanced (type-A) and unbalanced (types-B, C,
1 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 + 𝑗𝑗
2 2
D, E, F and G). In both categories, the voltage magnitude
remains constant during sag with a rectangular shape.
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏 However, in some industrial applications, where a large
1 √3 motor is used, the voltage during sag can have a non-
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑗𝑗 𝑽𝑽
E
2 2 𝒇𝒇 rectangular shape [57-59].
𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑 Authors in [20] have evaluated power quality and energy
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 + 𝒋𝒋 𝑽𝑽
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇 efficiency of a practical open pit mine distribution system.
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇
Comparison between different topologies of the shovels
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏
working at the mine site shows that the DC shovel is the most
1 √3 √3
sensitive to sags and swells, whereas AFE AC drive is the
F = − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑗𝑗
2 3
− 𝑗𝑗
6 𝒇𝒇
𝑽𝑽 least sensitive. In case of unbalanced sag, the voltage
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 amplitude and phase angle of one or two phases change with
𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 respect to the other phase(s) depending on fault type,
= − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 + 𝒋𝒋 + 𝒋𝒋 𝑽𝑽
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 𝒇𝒇 resulting in three-phase voltage unbalance at the Point of
𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽
𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = +
𝒇𝒇
Common Coupling (PCC). Apart from this reason, there are
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
1 1 √3
several other reasons for voltage unbalance such as unequal
G 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = − − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 − 𝑗𝑗
3 6
𝑽𝑽
2 𝒇𝒇 distribution of single-phase load on three-phase power
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑 system, asymmetrical transformer winding impedances, and
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 = − − 𝑽𝑽𝒇𝒇 + 𝒋𝒋 𝑽𝑽
𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇 connection of unbalanced and overload equipment to power
system [60].
Authors in [61] have discussed the impacts of voltage sags
on shovels and drillers in typical open-pit mining industries.
The root causes of these conditions have been mentioned as
long cables and poor design and selection of transformer and
cable ratings. As drillers do not use drives, high starting

6
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

currents can also contribute towards high voltage drops. C. HARMONICS

Field measurements from different mine sites have indicated Harmonics lead to degradation of motor insulation and energy
severe transient and steady state voltage drops. It has been wastage in a mine electrical system. In [31], authors have
proposed to design the transformer and cables by considering designed a passive harmonic filters for mining applications.
voltage drops during maximum power operation and to Current subharmonics and interharmonics generated by
connect a series active power filter at the secondary of step- mining cycloconverters need to be attenuated by filtering.
down transformers for voltage drop compensation. In [62], High pass and C-type filters could be a good choice due to
voltage sag has been mentioned as a major problem in their lower inrush currents and high attenuation factors at high
mining industries particularly due to long power cables frequencies. C-type filters need to be tuned for low-frequency
supplying power to the mining equipment. A distributed harmonics due to lower losses, whereas high pass filters
synchronous compensator model with either a PI or a should be used for high-frequency harmonics. Two C-type and
hysteresis controller has been proposed and simulated in six high-pass passive filters have been designed for a grinding
MATLAB for a power system of underground mines in mill power plant using three 12-pulse cycloconverters.
India. The simulation results show that both controllers can Simulation results have verified the effectiveness of these
regulate the voltage and effectively reduce the total harmonic filters to minimize the total current harmonic distortion values.
distortion of the system current. The hysteresis controller, Similarly, authors in [65] have discussed that interharmonics
however, depicts better results compared to the PI controller. generated by cycloconverters can cause overvoltage
conditions due to resonances and damage the mining electrical
B. OVERVOLTAGE/SWELLS equipment. IEEE-519 [64] defines the limits for odd and even
In [63] authors have discussed that switching overvoltage harmonics but not for interharmonics, whereas, IEC-61000-2-
incidents in mining industry can cause insulation 4 [66] sets the voltage harmonic limits for industrial plants
degradation. To analyze these overvoltage incidents, a with voltage levels up to 35 kV and just provides guidelines
simulation model for the vacuum circuit breakers has shown for treating interharmonics. IEC-61000-3-6 [67] is referred for
that the transient switching overvoltage can be six times voltage levels above 35 kV. Consequently, defining some
higher than the nominal voltage. To alleviate this problem, limits for interharmonics is necessary. A summary of different
controlled switching and surge arresters can be used. The methods for harmonic suppression presented by the authors is
impact of long trailing cables and short circuit capacity on shown in Table III.
the stability of voltage, particularly in the mining industry TABLE III
COMPARISON BETWEEN HARMONIC SUPPRESSION TECHNIQUES
has been discussed in [30]. In one instance, auxiliary power Technique Methodology Advantages Disadvantages
supplies of Electric Hydraulic Mining Shovel (EHMS) have Possibility of
been damaged due to overvoltage at the secondary of the large voltage
Input harmonics
auxiliary transformer. The case analysis has shown that a Inexpensive harmonics due
Harmonic cancellation by
main cause of overvoltage is the parallel resonance between Cancellation phase shifting
Effective to resonance
the inductance of the substation transformer and the Reduced THD from long
the output
cable
capacitance of long trailing cables due to switching of AFE
capacitance
rectifiers used in Electric Rope Shovels (ERS). Authors have
First- or higher- Reduced THD Fundamental
also identified the need to update the IEEE-519 [64] standard order filters Variety of losses
to incorporate resonance related guidelines. Filters provide an options and Voltage drops
Authors in [23] have analyzed a new method for power alternative path techniques are Higher capital
transfer to motors using ASDs, particularly in the mining to the harmonics available cost
industry. PWM allows to control the motor speed but it has Generation of Most
numerous disadvantages like transient overvoltage Active anti-harmonics expensive
Reduced THD
Filtering for cancellation Early stages of
conditions and high-frequency ground currents, which can
of harmonics development
damage the cable, motor insulation, and bearings. Hence,
utilization of a DC cable from the rectifier to the inverter
installed near the motor terminals has been proposed. The Authors in [65] have demonstrated the application of
results have demonstrated that this technique of power harmonic cancellation and different types of filters for
transfer is more economical compared to the traditional harmonic reduction in a 75 MVA mining power system with
method of transferring AC power. It can also eliminate a cycloconverter constituting 30% of the total load. PFC
abovementioned problems caused by PWM. However, capacitors have been installed at the mine. If a neighboring
installing the inverter near motor terminals exposes it to industry also installs PFC capacitors, it can create a series
different environmental factors like humidity, high resonance circuit, which can lead to higher THDi and
temperature, and higher vibrations, causing its premature capacitor bank failure. Authors in [42] have proposed a True
failure. Unit Power Factor (TUPF) AFE rectifier for regenerative
multi-motor conveyor drive systems. The existing AFE

7
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

regenerative rectifier uses three-level space vector tested by introducing a DC fault to verify the design basis
modulation; however, it is inefficient due to high power and the robustness of the converter.
losses in the damper resistors. Moreover, it uses a bulky LCL Voltage distortion in MV network is introduced by switched
filter, which can cause resonance problems. Alternatively, mode power supplies used in various loads connected to the
the proposed rectifier uses Selective Harmonic Elimination LV network [71]. The most dominant voltage harmonics in
Pulsed Width Modulation (SHEPWM) with only a line high- and medium-voltage networks is the 5th harmonic.
reactor, which can efficiently reduce the input current Although single-phase load generates significant 3rd harmonic,
harmonics up to 50th order. The simulation results confirm it is barely present in high and medium voltage networks due
improved power quality at the grid side, higher efficiency, to the use of delta-wye transformers in most of low voltage
and excellent dynamic capability. Similarly, a modified distribution networks. In mining industry, existence of a large
version of a SHEPWM technique for low power, high number of power converters generate high current harmonics.
switching frequency 2-level converters has been proposed in When combined with grid impedance, they result in voltage
[41] and further been implemented in high-power low distortion at the PCC, which can be seen by other
switching frequency 3-level converters. In [43], a SHEPWM neighbouring converters connected at the same PCC. The
technique along with an LCL filter has been presented to diode rectifiers are normally robust against background
address the power quality issues for three-level AFE distortion unless a resonance occurs on any characteristic
Medium Voltage Drives (MVDs) used in mining industry. harmonic of diode rectifier. However, it is important to note
The harmonic analysis has shown that the low switching that the total current at the PCC is the vector summation of
frequency technique in SHEPWM has a better harmonic currents generated by different power converters. This fact can
profile compared to Phase Disposition PWM and can reduce be understood by following equations from [72], where two
switching loss and improve efficiency. A prototype has also power converters are connected to a sinusoidal voltage source
been developed and tested, further justifying the proposed (Vs) with a system impedance (Zs) as shown in Fig. 9. The nth
design as per IEEE 519-1992 standard [68]. current harmonics of the two power converters are defined as
Authors in [69] have proposed a passive harmonic filter for i1(t) and i2(t).
Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) of medium voltage
induction motor three-level drives. The goal of this study was Ls Rs iTotal(t)=i1(t)+i2(t)
to introduce a harmonic filter without affecting the control Zs
Vs i1(t) i2(t)
system. An LC filter and a controller have been designed and
the results were analyzed in Simulink with and without the
filter at rated and slow speeds. At both low and rated speeds,
the filter introduces torque fluctuations, which can be FIGURE 9. A simple model of two current harmonic sources
compensated by adjusting the proportional gain of the
current controller. On the other hand, THD values of current 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼1 sin(𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 + ∅1 ) (1)
and voltage are reduced at the machine terminals. In [70], 𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼2 sin(𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 + ∅2 ) (2)
authors have recommended an alternate five-level NPC type
G converter for high-power applications in mining 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡) → 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
industries. Type G converter requires fewer devices (3)
compared with the conventional five-level NPC converters. = �𝐼𝐼1 2 + 𝐼𝐼2 2 + 2𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼2 cos(∅1 − ∅2 )
A Phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (PD-PWM)
technique has been proposed so the PWM harmonics appear where 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋, and ∅ is the phase angle of harmonics.
in the form of sidebands at double of the switching frequency When the grid is not as an ideal source – with low order
and its multiples making it easier to mitigate harmonics. voltage harmonics below 2 kHz – the grid connected diode
Simulation results show lower THDv and THDi for this rectifiers are not affected significantly. On the other hand, it
converter compared to a three-level NPC converter. may even help to reduce the harmonic distortion by harmonic
Moreover, the type G five-level converter can use low- cancellation. Therefore, it is important to consider this idea
frequency modulation techniques to improve converter during harmonic filter selection at PCC.
efficiency. Authors have proposed a design and control
method of a DC-DC converter employing a passive LCL D. INTERHARMONICS
filter for high-power low-loss applications in mining in [44]. One of the most complicated subjects recently highlighted in
The design approach focuses on high efficiency, high voltage the area of power quality is interharmonics. Interharmonics
step ratio, lower fault currents, stability, economic aspects, are spectral components of the voltages and currents that are
zero reactive power, active power balance, and limiting the not multiple integers of the grid main frequency [73]. ASDs
voltage across the capacitor in the LCL filter. In the [74-76], arcing loads [73, 77, 78], static converters [79], and
implemented design, the higher step voltage ratio is achieved ripple controls [79, 80] are considered the main sources of
in the post resonant case. A prototype has also been built and interharmonics distortions in the grid. Although

8
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

interharmonics amplitudes are generally lower than integer Notably, in addition to the interharmonic distortions caused
harmonics, their frequency behavior is much more complex by the rectifier and inverter switching operations during
and more difficult to be accurately characterized. normal operating condition, there may be other sources of
Interharmonics could escalate the problems that are already the interharmonics in ASDs such as the load torque
existing due to harmonics and could also result in other disturbance, the motor shaft eccentricity, and the load current
problems like light flicker [81], sideband torques on the unbalance. From this perspective, variety and complexity of
motor/generator shaft [82], interference with protection the interharmonics origins have made them one of the most
signals [83], and dormant resonance excitations [84]. challenging subjects in ASDs.
Consequently, interharmonic issue has attracted more
attentions recently, and more strict demands have been 2) INTERHARMONICS IDENTIFICATION
placed on Power Electronics products companies to further Interharmonics detection and identification usually suffer
reduce their interharmonic pollution levels. A major source from the spectral leakage phenomenon and the picket fence
of interharmonics in the power system is double-stage ASD. effect. Therefore, accuracy of the interharmonics analysis
In the following subsections, the interharmonics source, highly depends on the precision of the detection approach.
identification, and mitigation in ASDs will be elaborated The spectral leakage problem may happen if the harmonic
more in detail. components of the signal are not well synchronized with the
1) INTERHARMONIC SOURCES fundamental frequency. Moreover, adopting a non-suitable
windowing period for Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT),
Fig. 10 shows the circuit diagram of a double-stage ASD,
where the repetition of the interharmonic components are
where the front-end diode rectifier is connected to the rear-
incomplete, will give rise to the picket fence effect and
end inverter through a DC-link filter, and it feeds the motor
inaccurate assessment of interharmonics [73, 85]. It is worth
at the required power and frequency levels.
noting that the severity of the spectral leakage effects highly
DR Inverter depends on the spectral characteristic of the adopted
(AC-DC) irect iinv (DC-AC)
Lg Rg ia a window. Hence, several windowing techniques with quickly
Rdc/2 Ldc/2 iCdc + u iu
decaying side lobes such as Hanning, Hamming and
~ b Cdc vdc v
vr M
Grid
c R /2 L /2 Rc _
dc dc
w ~ Blackman can be utilized to reduce the leakage effects. Fig.
fin fout 11 illustrates the spectral characteristics of the Rectangular
Front-end DC-link Rear-end Window (RW) and Hanning Window (HW). As it can be
FIGURE 10. Equivalent circuit of an adjustable-speed drive connected to observed, the HW benefits from better side-lobe behavior
an Induction Motor (IM).
compared to RW and it weights suitably the signals, leading
to much lower leakage problem.
In normal operation of the ASD, its output frequency varies
in a wide range. Consequently, the inverter output pulsating
voltage is composed of harmonics, which their frequencies
depend on the load fundamental frequency fout and the
switching frequency fc. Voltage harmonics (including the
fundamental frequency) across the motor load create current
harmonics, and accordingly, the harmonical power will be
transferred from the inverter output to the DC link. The
inverter side current of DC-link (iinv) oscillations will then be
affected by the DC-link low-pass filtering function before
leaking into the grid [76]. Finally, the rectifier side current
of DC-link (irect) oscillations will then be modulated by the
rectifier function and will be injected to the grid. Since the
motor frequency fout is usually different from the supply
FIGURE 11. Continuous spectrum of Rectangular window (RW) and
frequency fin, the interactions between the grid harmonics Hanning window (HW).
and the oscillations coming from the motor side will give rise
to the input current interharmonic distortions. The same Harmonics and interharmonics measurement methods and
scenario may also occur when the input side harmonics are the corresponding results interpretation are recommended in
transferred to the inverter side, which can generate IEC standard 61000-4-7 [86]. It utilizes DFT, which is
interharmonics on the motor side. Prediction of the main performed over a rectangular time window of ten cycles for
interharmonic frequencies may prevent undesirable 50 Hz systems, or twelve cycles for 60 Hz systems,
interference with control and protection signals. Hence, corresponding to a time window width of 200 ms. According
some research works have analyzed the ASDs input current to the recommendation, a sufficiently high sampling
interharmonics frequencies [75, 85]. frequency shall also be chosen to allow for analysis of

9
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

harmonics and interharmonics up to 9 kHz. In this respect, makes the DC-link acting as a high impedance buffer against
Interharmonic Subgroup (ISG) of amplitude C2n+0.5–200–ms is the oscillations coming from the inverter side.
defined as given in (4). Although many investigations have been devoted to
8
mitigating the interharmonics after creation, the detection of
2
𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛+0.5−200−𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
= � 𝐶𝐶10𝑛𝑛+𝑘𝑘 (4) the interharmonics source and adopting a suitable strategy
𝑘𝑘=2 can reduce interharmonics generation. In this regard, a
where Ci denotes the rms value of the DFT output as shown comprehensive investigation has been conducted in [97],
in Fig. 12. where influence of the most commonly used modulation
techniques was highlighted. According to this study,
Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation technique could
create higher input current interharmonics compared to the
Space Vector Modulation.

E. SUPRAHARMONICS
Authors in [98] have discussed that grid integration of solar
and wind powers results in higher harmonics. Low-
frequency resonances and reduction in efficiency are some
related challenges. So, active, passive, and hybrid type filters
are important for the harmonic mitigation and can be
installed at on- and off-shore locations. Passive filters,
FIGURE 12. Harmonics and interharmonics grouping based on IEC
61000-4-7 [86]. however, can only limit a few harmonics and due to some
uncertainties related to models and lack of data, they might
Notably, employing the DFT-based identification does not
be over-sized. On the other hand, active filters can be tuned
preclude applying other interharmonics estimation
to control THD and power factor and reduce the uncertainties
approaches such as the parametric and recursive methods
risk. However, they have the drawback of introducing high-
[87]. The Prony-based technique and the Estimation of
frequency distortions, which can introduce unwanted
Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques
resonance conditions in case of PV inverters.
(ESPRIT) are within the most common parametric methods
In [99] authors have emphasized the importance of studying
[88, 89]. The estimation precision by employing these
supraharmonics, primary and secondary emissions, and the
approaches strictly depends on the estimation order and the
need to improve the existing standards and harmonic
noise interference level. Moreover, the computation burden
assessment techniques. Different standards and their
may increase when higher frequency resolution is required.
limitations have been discussed. IEC 61000-3-2 underlines
The recursive method may be generally considered as the
testing the equipment under sinusoidal conditions but the
parametric method, where there is more knowledge about the
harmonic emission increases considerably when the voltage
given signal. Adopting an appropriate model may have
is distorted and grid impedance is present. For example, IEC-
significant effects on the signal parameters estimation in this
61400-21 considers the wind turbines as ideal current
technique [90, 91].
sources, which do not include the impact of internal and grid
3) INTERHARMONICS MITIGATION impedances. Consequently, the future revision of that
Interharmonics distortions can highly deteriorate the grid standard needs to reflect this impact and specify methods for
power quality; consequently, the grid operators are passing voltage and phase angle measurements. Authors have
strict interharmonics rules on the Power Electronic device studied the phenomena of primary and secondary emissions
manufacturers. Accordingly, more attention is given to the for the case of supraharmonics in [100]. Harmonic currents
interharmonics reduction in double-stage ASD applications of an electric vehicle (EV) connected with a TV, LED, and
[92]. Employing a DC-link active filter has been proposed in microwave have been analyzed during EV charging. The
several investigations, where the interharmonics generated study shows that the emissions at the Point of Connection
by the inverter operation and motor are compensated at the (PoC) can be different from the individual emissions and,
DC-link stage [93, 94]. However, the extra costs and the hence, the source of emissions cannot be determined without
requirement to precise detection of the related harmonics in a detailed analysis. As a result, a full-scale model of a home
the DC-link are challenges. In [95], a control approach has was developed in a lab and primary and secondary emissions
been employed in a back-to-back variable drive, where the due to these devices with and without the presence of EV
front-end active rectifier blocks the interharmonic sources in were measured to prove the existence of secondary emission.
the DC-link. The investigation performed in [96] It is also possible that some emissions might not travel to
demonstrates high performance of the Electronic Inductor other equipment.
(EI) based front-end rectifiers in reducing the ASD input Authors in [101] have reviewed different methods of
current interharmonic components. In this drive, the EI supraharmonics measurement and devised a new high-pass

10
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

filter design to improve the accuracy, reliability, and signal- (b)

to-noise ratio (SNR) above 2 kHz. A transfer function of a

filter from the elliptic family has been developed and
implemented by producing a prototype analog filter design
consisting of passive elements and a digital filter with DSP.
The prototype analog filter improves the SNR both in a
laboratory and a public LV grid. The laboratory and public
LV grid results of the analog and digital filters are consistent. (c)
In [33], authors have proposed to use a Random Pulse
Position Modulation (RPPM) technique to reduce
supraharmonics emissions in two- and multi-level
converters. Measurement, standardization, and analysis of
supraharmonic emissions is an area of interest due to the
application of 2 to 150 kHz frequency range in Power Line
Communication (PLC) and different power electronic
devices. Simulation results show that the use of multi-level (d)
FIGURE 13. 95 percentile values of voltage harmonics over May 2018,
inverters reduces the supraharmonics emissions compared to for (a) 50-2500 Hz, and (b) 2-9 kHz, and current harmonics for (c) 50-2500
two-level inverters. In RPPM, the delay time of the on-pulse Hz, and (d) 2-9 kHz.
from the beginning of the switching period is randomly
varied. Simulation results of two- and three-level NPC VI. RELIABILITY AND ROBUSTNESS
inverters using this technique show lower voltage and In the mining industry, the reliability of the electrical power
current harmonics at the multiples of switching frequency. system is important as even a short interruption in power
Measurement and analysis of the power quality and supply can lead to huge production loss, especially when the
supraharmonics of PV inverters have been done using PQ mining materials are precious like gold and platinum. In
analysers and MATLAB [102, 103]. The devices measure [104], it has been proposed to use an advanced fault-tolerant
voltage and current harmonic data for 50-2500 Hz and 2-9 kHz current control of five-phase Permanent Magnet
ranges, and voltage harmonics 10-150 kHz. Two meters were Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for mining applications.
installed at the outputs of grid-connected PV inverters. PMSM can work reliably under fault conditions using
Voltage and current harmonics data for a month from both Decoupled Motor Model (DPC) and non-linear Sliding
meters have been plotted and reported. The current and Mode Control (SMC) as a prototype shows. The
voltage harmonics (95 percentile values) for May 2018 for one experimental results show the motor has low distortion
of the meters are shown in Fig. 13 as an example. Data analysis sinusoidal phase currents. The motor has constant quadrature
shows that the voltage harmonics are more significant during and direct axis currents, constant EMFs, ripple-free torque
day compared to night. That is, higher usage of non-linear and smooth speed profile during the phase loss.
loads during day increases harmonics emissions. These results Authors in [11] have discussed that voltage and frequency
also depict the existence of high voltage harmonic distortions variations could lead to commutation failure of
(up to 13V at 2 kHz) due to resonances particularly in the cycloconverters used in the mining industry. Consequently,
frequency range up to 9 kHz. The root cause of these the maximum bearable voltage drop at the converter input
resonances might be the excitation of cables capacitance by terminals needs to be identified. Then, a case-study in a 15
the harmonics generated by non-linear power electronic loads. MW cycloconverter shows that voltage drops greater than
20% could cause commutation failure. Hence, to improve the
system reliability, the maximum voltage drop, and frequency
variation need to be considered and suitable under-voltage
and under-frequency protection settings must be adjusted.
In [22], authors have discussed different topologies for
medium voltage converters and proposed the usage of three-
level Fault Tolerant Active Neutral Point Clamped Voltage
Source Converter (FT ANPC VSC) to improve the reliability
(a)
of a mine hoist electrical system. Simulation indicates that
the junction temperature in ANPC mode is less than NPC
mode, leading to lower thermal stress and longer lifetime.
Practical results from a prototype FT-ANPC have confirmed
the improved lifetime of these converters. The
reconfiguration capability of FT-ANPC along with
prognostic methods have been also demonstrated. The grid

11
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

disturbances can have impacts on ASD in terms of The impact of balanced and unbalanced sags on ASD
performance and reliability as shown in Fig. 14. In the operations in term of DC-link voltage drop and AC current
following sections, major effects of grid disturbances on peaks has been analyzed in [106]. It has been confirmed that
three-phase ASD with a diode rectifier topology have been balanced sag Type-A has the worst consequence on the DC-
analyzed. link voltage, whereas unbalanced sag Type-B has the least
Diode DC-link
consequence on this parameter. However, estimating the
Grid
impedance
Rectifier Circuit Inverter
behavior of ASD during unbalanced sag is more complicated
Protective
Grid
Lg Rg Devices
Ldc
Cdc +_
due to significant ripples in the DC-link voltage and input
u iu
line current as shown in Fig. 16.
m
Cdc _
+
v
w ~M
Ldc

Distribution Power quality and Diode DC choke and IGBT Motor load
transformer protective devices stress capacitor stress stress

FIGURE 14. Negative impacts of grid disturbances on ASD operation

A. INPUT VOLTAGE SAG, UNDERVOLTAGE AND

UNBALANCE
Voltage sag could cause fluctuation in DC link voltage of
ASD. In that case, ASD tries to stabilize the load power by
adjusting the modulation index. Thus, line and DC link
currents could be affected and operate outside their safety
zones. The higher current magnitude could saturate
inductors, resulting in higher ripples in the line current, FIGURE 16. Operation of ASD with 30% voltage sag (Type-B): three-
which has a negative impact on the capacitor lifetime and phase line voltage and current, and DC-link voltage waveforms.

protection of the ASD system. Furthermore, the impact of

voltage sag on ASD operation depends on the sag The voltage unbalance and asymmetrical voltage sag affect
characteristics. For example, during balanced voltage sag the ASD operation in the same way. Most of asymmetrical
(type-A), the DC-link voltage significantly drops due to the sags result in changing the voltage amplitude and its phase
drop in all three-phase line voltages. However, the scenario jump. However, it has been indicated in [107] that jump in
can be totally different in unbalanced voltage sags due to phase-angle does not have any significant impact on ASD
different phases having different voltage drops. It has been operation. One of the major effects of unbalanced voltage on
shown in [105] that balanced sag (type-A) is more ASD is that the DC-link capacitor discharges more than a
destructive than other sag types, as the maximum AC voltage normal amount as the energy is still being fed through the
no longer exceeds the DC-link voltage as shown in Fig. 15; inverter to the motor load. Thus, when the un-sagged
thus, the DC-link capacitor continues to discharge, which (healthy) input voltage phase forward biases the diode
leads to drop in DC-link voltage and increase in the current, rectifier to supply all the energy and recharges the DC-link
which can stress the IGBT module. However, duration of capacitor, a large amount of current flows in that phase.
decay in DC-link voltage depends on the magnitude of sag During unbalanced voltage sag, three-phase diode rectifier is
and load connected to the DC bus. The voltage drop in forced to enter in single-phase operation. However, this
balanced sag can result in a drop in motor terminal voltage behavior does not depend on sag level, but on line
causing a drop in torque and, consequently, a reduction in impedance, DC-link choke and capacitor [54]. The single-
motor speed. phase operation of drive degrades the input power factor and
current Crest Factor (CF), and creates significant line current
peak; they can stress the diode bridge rectifier and input
protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses [108].
Normally, the rectifier diodes are already operating at their
rated current level when the ASD is delivering 50% rated
power during single-phase rectifier operation [109]. To
estimate the input current unbalance due to voltage
unbalance, a relationship has been developed by using
analytical approach in [110]. Operation of three-phase diode
rectifier under unbalanced condition could result in 6-pulse,
4-pulse, or 2-pulse mode operation, depending on voltage
unbalance and drive configuration [110]. The unbalance
factor of fundamental current (μ) can be defined as the ratio
FIGURE 15. Operation of ASD with 30% voltage sag (Type-A): three- of negative over positive sequence currents �𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 ⁄𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 �, given
phase line voltage and current, and DC-link voltage waveforms.

12
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

for 6-, 4-, and 2-pulse operation modes in (5), (6), and (7) Resistance (ESR), which is a function of temperature and
respectively [110]. frequency. A high ripple current under unbalanced
conditions can further increase ESR value. Also, it is
√3 important to note that the capacitor ESR increases
𝜇𝜇 = 𝑢𝑢 (5)
2𝜌𝜌 significantly at low frequencies, therefore capacitor losses
𝑢𝑢 2 1 𝑢𝑢 1 are extremely high at low frequency components (i.e 100Hz,
𝜇𝜇 = �𝑐𝑐 2 � � + 𝑐𝑐 + (6) 200Hz and so on) [112]. The total power loss in the DC-link
𝜌𝜌 √3 𝜌𝜌 3
capacitor can be calculated by using RMS value of the
𝜇𝜇 = 1 (7) capacitor harmonic current (Ich) as given in (12).
ℎ=𝑛𝑛
where c is the phase angle of deviated line voltage, 𝜌𝜌 =
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 ⁄√2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 is voltage drop ratio, Vp is the line voltage peak, Vr
2
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = � 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑓𝑓ℎ ) (12)
is peak-to-peak of the rectifier voltage, and 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 ⁄𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 is ℎ=1

voltage unbalance factor (𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 is the negative sequence voltage The total power loss can then be used to determine the
magnitude). High line current harmonic from ASD also capacitor hot spot temperature (Th) and then operating
deteriorates the performance of the transformer. Transformer lifetime (Lop) of DC-link capacitor as follows [113].
K-factor in (8) is used as a measure of additional losses due
to harmonics. 𝑇𝑇ℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 + 𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ [𝐶𝐶] (13)
ℎ=ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
(8) 𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂 −𝑇𝑇ℎ 𝑉𝑉 −𝑝𝑝1
𝐾𝐾 = � 𝐼𝐼ℎ2 ℎ2 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 2 𝑝𝑝2 � � [𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻] (14)
ℎ=1
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜

where, Ih is the RMS current amplitude of harmonic h. K- where LO, VO, V, Rth, TO and Th are the rated lifetime, rated
factor is a derating factor for a transformer and indicates its voltage, real voltage, capacitor thermal resistance, ambient
suitability to be used with loads with non-sinusoidal currents temperature, and hot-spot temperature respectively. The
[108, 111] and is useful for specifying transformers that are coefficients p1 and p2 for any specific capacitor can be
connected to nonlinear loads such as ASD system. It has selected from [114]. The harmonics in DC-link voltage due
been shown that CF, power factor, and K-factor do not vary to line asymmetrical voltage sag/unbalance can distort the
much with the amount of voltage sag or unbalance, once the PWM output voltage of inverter and cause harmonics
front-end rectifier enters single-phase operation [108]. That currents in the motor load. The harmonics in motor currents
operation mode of three-phase front-end rectifier under create ripple in motor torque at the same frequency as seen
unbalanced condition generates low-order even harmonic in DC-link voltage, known as pulsating torque [115]. The
voltages in the DC-link voltage [107]. They can significantly motor line-to-midpoint voltage (Vum) under balanced
raise the AC-flux densities of the core material of DC-choke condition is as given in (15).
compared with normal balanced condition; this will cause 1
additional core losses and can saturate the DC-choke. The 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 (𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡)𝐴𝐴1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) (15)
2
effects of low-order harmonics on magnetic flux densities
can be understood by following equations [107]. Where, ωo is the inverter output frequency and A1 is the
Fourier coefficient. The DC-link voltage of ASD under
(3.19)𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 voltage sag and unbalanced condition is as given in (16).
𝐵𝐵𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇] (9)
(0.85)𝑙𝑙𝑔𝑔
𝑛𝑛
𝑉𝑉ℎ × 108 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙ℎ ) (16)
𝐵𝐵𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(ℎ) = [𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇] (10)
(4.44)𝑓𝑓ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑁𝑁. 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ℎ=2
𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝐵𝐵𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐵𝐵ℎ=100𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝐵𝐵ℎ=300𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 [𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇] (11) Where, Vdc is the average value of DC-link voltage, Vdch is
the amplitude of the voltage harmonic component at
where, Bdc is DC flux density, Bac(h) is AC flux density due harmonic order h, and ωs is the supply frequency from grid.
to voltage harmonics, Bpk is peak core flux density, lg is air- The motor line-to-midpoint voltage (Vum) under
gap length, N is the number of winding turns, Idc is DC-link sag/unbalanced conditions is as given in (17).
current flowing through choke, Vh is the ac harmonic
component in DC-link voltage at fh frequency, AC is core 1
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 (𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡)𝐴𝐴1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) +
cross-sectional area, and SF is the core stacking factor. 𝑛𝑛
2
Equation (11) shows how these harmonics generated due to 1
+ � � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝐴𝐴1 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙ℎ ) − (17)
voltage unbalance can cause a rise in peak operating flux 4
ℎ=2
density (Bpk) in the core of DC-choke.
The ASD DC-link capacitors are commonly electrolytic. − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙ℎ ))�
These capacitors have rather high Equivalent Series

13
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

The ripple in DC-link voltage are dominated by second special form of series resonance between the
order harmonic, therefore (17) can be simplified by magnetizing inductance of transformer and the
considering only the second order harmonic as given in (18). distribution/system capacitor.
1 In ASD, the rectifiers are uncontrolled, therefore DC-link
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡)𝐴𝐴1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡) + voltage follows the changes of the AC line voltage. The DC-
2
1 (18) link filter tries to perform the same function irrespective of
+ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 𝐴𝐴1 [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠((2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 + 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 )𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙2 ) − change in the voltage, but the overvoltage results in higher
4
− 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠((2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 − 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 )𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙2 )] AC ripple at DC bus, which may saturate the DC-link filter
inductor and abolish its effects. Although the ASD drives
Under sag/unbalanced conditions, the motor phase current have several protective functions such as overvoltage and
Iu(t) is given in (19) and instantaneous torque Te is given in overcurrent, sometime the transients result in dangerous rises
(20). Details of derivation of these parameters are provided in voltage level. As this rise can be quicker than protective
in [107]. functions reaction time, it can damage the inverter transistors
𝐼𝐼𝑢𝑢 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑜𝑜 ) and the DC-link capacitor. This impact can be understood
from (13), where the DC-link capacitor lifetime depends on
+ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙1 ) (19) operated voltage (VO). Apart from ASD, other connected
+ 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙2 ) electronic and sensitive equipment in the installation may be
damaged or be prone to malfunction due to overheating
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒0 + 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(2𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙2 ) caused by overvoltage.
(20)
+ 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒4 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(4𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙4 )
C. INPUT COMMUTATION NOTCHES
Equation (20) includes an average DC term (Te0) contributed In mining industry, a number of silicon-controlled rectifiers
by balanced three-phase supply, and pulsating torque (SCRs) or thyristor bridges DC drives are used. Although the
components (Te2 and Te4) at the same ripple frequency as gate firing angle of the SCR can be adjusted to control the
seen in DC-link voltage (i.e. at 100Hz and 200Hz). A level of DC link voltage, it generates voltage notches during
question might be raised that whether ASD configuration commutation period [118, 119]. Nowadays, AC drives are
with AC choke or DC choke can give any difference in ripple replacing DC drives due to their better reliability and
components of DC-link voltage and then pulsating torque. It efficiency. However, still there are numerous customer sites,
has been shown in [116] that the placement of inductor on where many DC drives are in operation and connected with
any specified location gives almost identical performance as diode rectifier-based AC drives to the same distribution
long as DC choke inductor is twice the value of each AC line network. Recently, a number of AC drive trips and
inductor. The resulted pulsating torque created due to voltage components failures have been reported on such customer
sag/unbalance can give undesirable effects to motor load in sites and it has been confirmed that they are due to input
term of vibration and audible noise [116, 117]. However, an voltage notches generated by DC drives [120, 121].
advanced motor control algorithm like Rotor-field Oriented Operation of ASD under commutation notches can result in
(RFO) or Direct-Torque Control (DTC) can be used to higher frequency harmonic contents and voltage surges,
mitigate the pulsating torque [117]. which can lead to control and instability problems in ASD.
These high frequency harmonics generated by commutation
B. INPUT VOLTAGE SWELL, OVERVOLTAGE AND notches could be a major concern where multiple drives are
TRANSIENT connected to the PCC.
The main causes of voltage swell, overvoltage, and transient
in distribution systems are as follows. VII. POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF MINING
• In case of isolated or high resistance grounding systems DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: A CASE STUDY
used in mining industry, a single line-to-ground fault on For this study, a mining distribution system has been
the system results in a temporary voltage rise on the considered where Bulk Miner, Auxillary Miner, and
healthy phases. Collecting Machine consist of a large number of power
• Voltage swell or overvoltage can also be generated by converters loads (motor drives) in the form of Pump (P),
sudden load variation in the system. The quick Wheel (W), and Cutter Head (CH), which are connected via
disruption of current can generate a large voltage a step down transformer as shown in Fig. 17 (a). In actual
(V = 𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑). mining system, other auxillary loads are also connected to
• Switching on a large distribution capacitor bank can also the system, but in this study, the main focus is only power
cause a swell, however swell mainly has an oscillatory electronic loads. Three-phase diode or SCR rectifiers with
transient nature. either a large electrolytic DC-link capacitor and a DC or an
• Ferroresonance is another reason of voltage swell or AC choke, or a Small DC-Link Capacitor (SLDC) shown in
transient in the system and mainly occurs due to a Fig. 17 (b) are commonly used in mining application.

14
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

Grid 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗�2𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿𝑔𝑔 � +

(21)
2 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐿𝐿
1 1−2𝜔𝜔2 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1−2𝜔𝜔2 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
� 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
� 𝑘𝑘
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
�
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )+𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 )+𝑅𝑅 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 )+𝑅𝑅
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

T
To analyze the impact of different combinations of power
converter topologis, six different combinations as given in
PCC
Table IV have been considered to study the mining
distribution system of Fig. 18. Different combinations of
power converter topologies will create different resonant
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ frequencies in the distribution system as shown in Fig. 19.
~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M ~M Aux. ~M ~M Aux.

P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh. C.H. P. Wh. TABLE IV

Bulk Miner Auxiliary Miner Collecting Machine
DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF THE POWER CONVERTERS
Power Converter Groups
(a)
Case DC Choke (m) AC Choke (k) SLDC (n)
Ldc

Lg Lac Lg Lg 1 9 0 0
Cdc Cdc Csmall 2 0 9 0
3 0 0 9
4 3 3 3
Ldc
5 4 3 2
6 7 1 1
(b)

FIGURE 17. (a) Mining distribution network, (b) three-phase power

electronic converters with AC choke, DC choke and SLDC rectifier

A mining distribution system with n, m, and k numbers of

parallel-connected SLDC, DC choke, and AC choke is
modelled as shown in Fig. 18.

PCC

Lg
Grid

(a)

Rectifier

FIGURE 18. Mining distribution system with different groups of power

converters topologies connected at the PCC (b)
FIGURE 19. Mining distribution network impedance (a) magnitude, (b)
phase angle
In this study, interconnection impedances between the power
converters are assumed to be negligible and the distribution
In this analysis, conventional power converters used same
tarsnformer (T) is defined as the major inductive impedance
size of DC-link capacitor and filter inductor (either on AC or
(Lg) of the system at the grid side as shown in Fig. 18. The
DC side), therfore impedance curve is exectly the same for
total impedance of the system is calculated based on three
cases 1 and 2. However, the resonant frequency shifts above
paralleled group of power converters topologies in series
100Hz in case 3, where all 9 converters are SLDC. Another
with the line inductance as given in (21) [122].

15
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

interesting observed fac is that the second resonant phenomenon due to different topologies of power
frequency varies with change in number of SLDC converters.
converters. This is due to the fact that SLDC converters have • Multi-resonance phenomenon not only affect power
around one-fifteenth of DC-link capacitance compared to quality at PCC but also, at the same time, can create
conventional converters (with AC choke or DC choke). severe reliability and life-time issues for the power
Therfore, at the system level, the second resonant frequency converters, distribution transformer, and other
occurred in higher frequency area due to combination of connected equipment at the PCC.
SLDC converters as can be seen in cases 4, 5, and 6.
This analysis shows that if a nonlinear load generates higher VIII. CONCLUSIONS
frequency current harmonics due to system resonance (such This work reviews the current state of distribution networks
as SLDC conveters in this study), they may circulate through in mining industry with focus on challenges in the areas of
other loads, and hence affect the voltage quality at the PCC. system robustness, energy efficiency, and power quality.
For example, in cases 4 and 6, second resonant frequencies After describing general characteristics of different types of
occured around 1kHz and 2kHz respectively due to different mining power systems, the most common topologies of
combination of converter topologies. In both cases, harmonic power electronics in the industry along with their benefits
performance at PCC will be different due to resonance and limitations are presented. Next, recent efforts to improve
frequency as shown in Fig. 20, where the impact of the energy efficiency of mining networks have been
resonance frequency can be clearly seen at 19th harmonic mentioned. Major challenges in the areas of power quality in
(950Hz) and 37th harmonic (1850Hz). the mining industry are undervoltage, overvoltage,
harmonics, interharmonics, and recently supraharmonics.
20 Several research and industry cases covering these issues
18
1,4 along with proposed solutions are presented in this paper.
16 1,2
Finally, reliability and robustness of mining systems have
1
14
0,8 been explained and evaluated.
12 0,6
Ih/I1(%)

10 0,4

8
0,2 REFERENCES
0
850 950 1150 1250 1450 1550 1750 1850 [1] G. Agricola, DE RE METALLICA. New York: Dover
6
Case-4 Publications, Inc., 1950.
4 Case-6 [2] Technology in Australia, 1788-1988 [electronic resource] : a
2 condensed history of Australian technological innovation and
0 adaptation during the first two hundred years / compiled by
250 350 550 650 850 950 1150 1250 1450 1550 1750 1850 Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences
Frequency(Hz) and Engineering (no. Accessed from https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-
vn3084879). Parkville, Vic: Australian Science and Technology
FIGURE 20. Harmonic emission of power converter for Case-4 and
Case-6
Heritage Centre, 2000.
[3] Department of Industry Innovation and Science, "Annual Report
2016-2017," 24 October 2017, Available:
Thus, in mining application, where system configuration is https://industry.gov.au/AboutUs/CorporatePublications/Annual
very complex, it is important to highlight that: Reports/AnnualReport201617/Annual-Report-2016-17.pdf.
[4] Department of Industry Innovation and Science, "Industry
Insights: Flexibility and growth 1/2018," March 2018,
• The harmonic emission and performance of any Available: https://industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-Chief-
nonlinear load connected to a low distribution network Economist/Publications/IndustryInsights/documents/Industry-
are influenced by grid impedance. If grid impedance Insights-Flexibilty-and-growth.pdf.
[5] T. Novak, J. Sottile, and B. Brusso, "Mine Electrical Systems,
has resonant frequencies in higher frequency range the Part 1 [History]," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 21,
overall quality of the system cannot be estimated based no. 5, pp. 7-13, 2015.
on the harmonic performance at the product/unit level. [6] J. Sottile and T. Novak, "Mine Electrical Systems, Part 2-
Alternating Current Systems [History]," IEEE Industry
• Performance of some converter topologies such as Applications Magazine, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 8-13, 2015.
SLDC is highly influenced by grid impedance. The [7] Electrical equipment for mines and quarries AS/NZS
distortion in higher frequency range may be significant, 4871.1:2012 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1), 2012.
especially in 2kHz onward. Even though, there is no [8] P. Darling, M. Society for Mining, and Exploration, SME mining
engineering handbook, 3rd ed. Englewood, Colo., USA: Society
general regulation and compatibility levels for higher for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2011.
frequency harmonics (2kHz onward) at this moment, [9] Database: Solar & wind systems in the mining industry.
but different standard organizations have already Available: https://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-
started working on the definition of compatibility levels renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-
plants/
for the frequency range of 2-150kHz. [10] M. G. Jahromi, G. Mirzaeva, S. D. Mitchell, and D. Gay,
• In order to select harmonic mitigation techniques at "Powering Mobile Mining Machines: DC Versus AC Power,"
PCC, it is important to have detail information about IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 63-72,
connected loads, their configuration, transformer, and 2016.
[11] G. F. Silva, T. L. Morán, T. M. Torres, and V. C. Weishaupt, "A
cable size. There is a possibility of multi-resonance

16
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

Method to Evaluate Cycloconverters Commutation Robustness of Energy Conference, 2013, pp. 1-8.
Under Voltage and Frequency Variations in Mining Distribution [29] B. Parkhideh, H. Mirzaee, and S. Bhattacharya, "Supplementary
Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, Energy Storage and Hybrid Front-End Converters for High-
no. 1, pp. 858-865, 2018. Power Mobile Mining Equipment," IEEE Transactions on
[12] P. A. Aravena, L. A. Morán, R. Burgos, P. Astudillo, C. Olivares, Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1863-1872, 2013.
and D. A. Melo, "High-Power Cycloconverter for Mining [30] O. J. Abdel-Baqi, M. G. Onsager, and P. J. Miller, "The Effect
Applications: Practical Recommendations for Operation, of Available Short-Circuit Capacity and Trail Cable Length on
Protection, and Compensation," IEEE Transactions on Industry Substation Voltage Amplification in Surface Excavation
Applications, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 82-91, 2015. Industry," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52,
[13] P. Stepien and R. Griffiths, "History of earthing and the impact no. 4, pp. 3518-3526, 2016.
on coal mining," in 2016 Down to Earth Conference (DTEC), [31] L. Morán, C. A. Albistur, and R. Burgos, "Multimega VAR
2016, pp. 1-6. Passive Filters for Mining Applications: Practical Limitations
[14] "IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and and Technical Considerations," IEEE Transactions on Industry
Commercial Power Systems - Redline," IEEE Std 142-2007 Applications, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 5310-5317, 2016.
(Revision of IEEE Std 142-1991) - Redline, pp. 1-215, 2007. [32] D. B. Durocher and R. Putnam, "Mining industry process
[15] J. Sottile, T. Novak, and A. K. Tripathi, "Best Practices for upgrades to reduce energy intensity while improving end product
Implementing High-Resistance Grounding in Mine Power quality," in 2013 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, Meeting, 2013, pp. 1-7.
no. 6, pp. 5254-5260, 2015. [33] A. G. Castro, A. Moreno-Munoz, J. Garrido, S. K. Rönnberg, E.
[16] T. Novak, "The effects of very-high-resistance grounding on the J. Palacios-Garcia, and T. Morales, "Supraharmonics reduction
selectivity of ground-fault relaying in high-voltage longwall in NPC inverter with random PWM," in 2017 IEEE 26th
power systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2017,
vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 398-406, 2001. pp. 1792-1797.
[17] T. Novak, "Analysis of very-high-resistance grounding in high- [34] F. Zare, "A novel harmonic elimination method for a three-phase
voltage longwall power systems," IEEE Transactions on diode rectifier with controlled DC link current," in 2014 16th
Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 104-111, 2001. International Power Electronics and Motion Control
[18] T. Novak, J. Basar, J. Sottile, and J. L. Kohler, "The effects of Conference and Exposition, 2014, pp. 985-989.
cable capacitance on longwall power systems," IEEE [35] O. Abdel-baqi, A. Nasiri, and P. Miller, "Dynamic Performance
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1406- Improvement and Peak Power Limiting Using Ultracapacitor
1412, 2004. Storage System for Hydraulic Mining Shovels," IEEE
[19] J. Sottile, S. J. Gnapragasam, T. Novak, and J. L. Kohler, Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 3173-
"Detrimental Effects of Capacitance on High-Resistance- 3181, 2015.
Grounded Mine Distribution Systems," IEEE Transactions on [36] H. Mirzaee, R. Beddingfield, S. Bhattacharya, and B. Parkhideh,
Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1333-1339, 2006. "Performance investigation of hybrid converter systems for
[20] P. Aqueveque, E. P. Wiechmann, J. A. Henríquez, and L. G. mobile mining applications," in 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion
Muñoz, "Energy Quality and Efficiency of an Open Pit Mine Congress and Exposition, 2013, pp. 825-831.
Distribution System: Evaluation and Solution," IEEE [37] Y. Wang et al., "Research and implementation of key technology
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 580- of braking energy recovery system for off-highway dump truck,"
588, 2016. in IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial
[21] R. N. Fard and E. Tedeschi, "Investigation of AC and DC power Electronics Society, 2017, pp. 3912-3917.
distributions to seafloor mining equipment," in OCEANS 2017 - [38] Y. Feng, Z. Dong, J. Yang, and R. Cheng, "Performance
Aberdeen, 2017, pp. 1-7. modeling and cost-benefit analysis of hybrid electric mining
[22] V. N. Ferreira, G. A. Mendonça, A. V. Rocha, R. S. Resende, trucks," in 2016 12th IEEE/ASME International Conference on
and B. J. C. Filho, "Medium voltage IGBT-based converters in Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications (MESA),
mine hoist systems," in 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society 2016, pp. 1-6.
Annual Meeting, 2016, pp. 1-8. [39] J. Mazumdar, "All electric operation of ultraclass mining haul
[23] V. C. d. Paula and H. d. Paula, "Employing DC Transmission in trucks," in 2013 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual
Long Distance AC Motor Drives: Analysis of the Copper Meeting, 2013, pp. 1-5.
Economy and Power Losses Reduction in Mining Facilities," [40] J. V. Cruzat and M. A. Valenzuela, "Modeling and Evaluation of
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. Benefits of Trolley Assist System for Mining Trucks," IEEE
841-847, 2018. Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 3971-
[24] P. Mar, x00E, C. J. R. Kriel, and J. H. Marais, "Energy efficiency 3981, 2018.
improvements through the integration of underground mine [41] A. A. Luiz and B. d. J. C. Filho, "A new design of selective
water reticulation and cooling systems," in 2016 International harmonic elimination for adjustable speed operation of AC
Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy motors in mining industry," in 2017 IEEE Applied Power
(ICUE), 2016, pp. 112-117. Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2017, pp. 607-
[25] A. J. Schutte, M. Kleingeld, and L. V. d. Zee, "An integrated 614.
energy efficiency strategy for deep mine ventilation and [42] T. M. Parreiras, J. C. G. Justino, A. V. Rocha, and B. d. J. C.
refrigeration," in 2014 International Conference on the Eleventh Filho, "True Unit Power Factor Active Front End for High-
industrial and Commercial Use of Energy, 2014, pp. 1-9. Capacity Belt-Conveyor Systems," IEEE Transactions on
[26] D. v. Greunen, A. J. Schutte, and M. Kleingeld, "Energy Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 2737-2746, 2016.
efficiency through variable speed drive control on a cascading [43] A. A. Luiz and B. d. J. C. Filho, "Improving power quality in
mine cooling system," in 2014 International Conference on the mining industries with a three-level active front end," in 2015
Eleventh industrial and Commercial Use of Energy, 2014, pp. 1- IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2015, pp.
6. 1-9.
[27] H. G. Brand, J. C. Vosloo, and E. H. Mathews, "Automated [44] M. G. Jahromi, G. Mirzaeva, and S. D. Mitchell, "Design and
energy efficiency project identification in the gold mining Control of a High-Power Low-Loss DC–DC Converter for
industry," in 2015 International Conference on the Industrial Mining Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry
and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE), 2015, pp. 17-22. Applications, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 5105-5114, 2017.
[28] G. E. d. Plessis, E. H. Mathews, and J. C. Vosloo, "A variable [45] C. Tryggestad, N. Sharma, J. v. d. Staijj, and A. Keizer, "New
water flow energy efficiency strategy for mine cooling systems," reality: electric trucks and their implications on energy demand,"
in 2013 Proceedings of the 10th Industrial and Commercial Use McKinsey Energy Insights2017, Available:

17
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

https://greendealzes.connekt.nl/wp- [63] D. I. Ivanchenko and E. V. Iakovleva, "Simulation of switching

content/uploads/2017/09/MEI_eTruck_New_Reality_vP.pdf. overvoltage in mine production unit," in 2017 IEEE Conference
[46] "Battery Electric Truck and Bus Energy Efficiency Compared to of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic
Conventional Diesel Vehicles," The California Air Resources Engineering (EIConRus), 2017, pp. 873-876.
Board2018, Available: [64] "IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic
https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/actruck/docs/HDBEVefficienc Control in Electric Power Systems," IEEE Std 519-2014
y.pdf/msprog/actruck/docs/HDBEVefficiency.pdf. (Revision of IEEE Std 519-1992), pp. 1-29, 2014.
[47] M. Moultak, N. Lutsey, and D. Hall, "Transitioning to zero- [65] A. Symonds and M. Laylabadi, "Cycloconverter Drives in
emission heavy-duty freight vehicles," The International Council Mining Applications: A Typical Industrial System Is Analyzed
of Clean Transportation2017, Available: and the Impact of Harmonic Filtering Considered," IEEE
https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Zero- Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 36-46, 2015.
emission-freight-trucks_ICCT-white-paper_26092017_vF.pdf. [66] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 2–4: Environment—
[48] D. Kumar, F. Zare, and A. Ghosh, "DC Microgrid Technology: Compatibility Levels in Industrial Plants for Low-Frequency
System Architectures, AC Grid Interfaces, Grounding Schemes, Conducted Disturbances, IEC Standard 61000-2-4, 2002.
Power Quality, Communication Networks, Applications, and [67] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3–6: Limits—
Standardizations Aspects," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 12230- Assessment of Emission Limits for the Connection of Distorting
12256, 2017. Installations to MV, HV and EHV Power Systems, IEC Standard
[49] D. O. Koval, R. A. Bocancea, Y. Kai, and M. B. Hughes, 61000-3-6, 2008.
"Canadian national power quality survey: frequency and [68] "IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
duration of voltage sags and surges at industrial sites," IEEE Control in Electrical Power Systems," IEEE Std 519-1992, pp.
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 904- 1-112, 1993.
910, 1998. [69] T. S. d. Souza, A. A. Luiz, and M. M. Stopa, "An assessment of
[50] H. M. S. C. Herath, V. J. Gosbell, and S. Perera, "Power quality harmonic filter for indirect field oriented induction motor drives
(PQ) survey reporting: discrete disturbance limits," IEEE in mining industry," in 2016 12th IEEE International
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 851-858, Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), 2016, pp. 1-
2005. 8.
[51] S. Elphick, P. Ciufo, V. Smith, and S. Perera, "Summary of the [70] A. A. Luiz and M. M. Stopa, "An alternative five level NPC
economic impacts of power quality on consumers," in 2015 converter for medium voltage AC drives and technical issues,"
Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference in 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and
(AUPEC), 2015, pp. 1-6. 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC),
[52] S. Elphick, P. Ciufo, G. Drury, V. Smith, S. Perera, and V. 2015, pp. 1-6.
Gosbell, "Large Scale Proactive Power-Quality Monitoring: An [71] S. Hansen, P. Nielsen, and F. Blaabjerg, "Harmonic cancellation
Example From Australia," IEEE Transactions on Power by mixing nonlinear single-phase and three-phase loads," IEEE
Delivery, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 881-889, 2017. Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 152-
[53] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 3.100: Limits- 159, 2000.
Steady State Voltage Limits in Public Electricity Systems., AS [72] D. Kumar and F. Zare, "Harmonic analysis of grid connected
61000.3.100:2011, 2011. power electronic systems in low voltage distribution networks,"
[54] J. L. Duran-Gomez, P. N. Enjeti, and W. Byeong Ok, "Effect of IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
voltage sags on adjustable-speed drives: a critical evaluation and Electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 70-79, 2016.
an approach to improve performance," IEEE Transactions on [73] "Interharmonics: theory and modeling, IEEE Interharmonic
Industry Applications, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1440-1449, 1999. Task Force," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2335-
[55] H. B. Math, "Overview of Power Quality and Power Quality 2348, Oct. 2007.
Standards," in Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage [74] T. H. O. M. Rifai, and W. J. McQuillan, "Evaluation of current
Sags and Interruptions: IEEE, 2000, p. 1. interharmonics from AC drives," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
[56] M. H. J. Bollen, "Characterisation of voltage sags experienced 15, no. 3, pp. 1094–1098, Jul. 2000.
by three-phase adjustable-speed drives," IEEE Transactions on [75] F. D. Rosa, R. Langella, A. Sollazzo, and A. Testa, "On the
Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1666-1671, 1997. interharmonic components generated by adjustable speed
[57] S. Z. Djokic, K. Stockman, J. V. Milanovic, J. J. M. Desmet, and drives," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2535–2543,
R. Belmans, "Sensitivity of AC adjustable speed drives to Oct. 2005.
voltage sags and short interruptions," IEEE Transactions on [76] H. Soltani, F. Blaabjerg, F. Zare, and P. C. Loh, "Effects of
Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 494-505, 2005. passive components on the input current interharmonics of
[58] J. V. Milanovic, M. T. Aung, and S. C. Vegunta, "The Influence adjustable-speed drives," IEEE Journal of Emerging and
of Induction Motors on Voltage Sag Propagation—Part I: Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 152-161,
Accounting for the Change in Sag Characteristics," IEEE 2016.
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1063-1071, [77] E. W. Gunther, "Interharmonics in power systems," in IEEE
2008. Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, 2001, pp. 813–817.
[59] J. V. Milanovic, S. C. Vegunta, and M. T. Aung, "The Influence [78] J. Arrillaga, N. R. Watson, and S. Chen, Power system quality
of Induction Motors on Voltage Sag Propagation—Part II: assessment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2000.
Accounting for the Change in Sag Performance at LV Buses," [79] Z. Hanzelka and A. Bien, "Power quality application guide,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1072- Copper Development Association IEE Endorsed Provider2004.
1078, 2008. [80] D. Gallo, R. Langella, and A. Testa, "Light flicker prediction
[60] A. v. Jouanne and B. Banerjee, "Assessment of voltage based on voltage spectral analysis," in IEEE Power Tech. Conf.,
unbalance," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 2001, p. 6.
4, pp. 782-790, 2001. [81] D. Gallo, C. Landi, R. Langella, and A. Testa, "IEC flickermeter
[61] L. Morán, J. Espinoza, and R. Burgos, "Voltage regulation in response to interharmonic pollution," presented at the 11th Int.
mine power distribution systems: Problems and solutions," in Conf. Harmonics and Quality of Power,, Lake Placid, NY, 2004.
2014 IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, 2014, [82] M. Hernes and B. Gustavsen, "Simulation of shaft vibrations due
pp. 1-7. to interaction between turbine-generator train and power
[62] T. Sukanth, S. Jayanthu, and A. Jayalaxmi, "Mitigation of power electronic converters at the visund oil platform," in IEEE Power
quality problem in underground mine using different control Convers. Conf. (PCC), 2002, pp. 1381–1386.
strategies," in 2016 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology [83] F. Wang and M. Bollen, "Measurement of 182 Hz
Conference (R10-HTC), 2016, pp. 1-4. interharmonics and their impact on relay operation," in IEEE-

18
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

ICHQP Conf., 2000, pp. 55–60. voltage networks," in 2015 IEEE International Symposium on
[84] D. Basic, "Input current interharmonics of variable-speed drives Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), 2015, pp. 108-113.
due to motor current imbalance," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. [102] T. Rehman, J. Yaghoobi, and F. Zare, "Harmonic Issues in
25, no. 4, pp. 2797–2806, Oct. 2010. Future Grids with Grid Connected Solar Inverters: 0-9 kHz,"
[85] H. Soltani, P. Davari, F. Zare, P. C. Loh, and F. Blaabjerg, presented at the Australasian Universities Power Engineering
"Characterization of input current interharmonics in adjustable Conference, AUPEC 1, Auckland, New Zealand, 27
speed drives," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, - 30 November, 2018, 2018.
no. 11, pp. 8632-8643, 2017. [103] J. Yaghoobi, F. Zare, T. Rehman, and H. Rathnayake, "Analysis
[86] Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-7: Testing and of high frequency harmonics in distribution networks: 9 – 150
Measurement Techniques–General Guide on Harmonics and kHz," in ICIT, Melbourne, Australia, 2019, p. 6.
Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power [104] D. Semenov, B. Tian, S. Li, and G. Mirzaeva, "Advanced fault-
Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC Std. tolerant current control of five-phase PMSM for mining
61000-4-7. applications," in 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society
[87] C. I. Chen and Y. C. Chen, "Comparative study of harmonic and Annual Meeting, 2016, pp. 1-7.
interharmonic estimation methods for stationary and time- [105] M. H. J. Bollen and L. D. Zhang, "Analysis of voltage tolerance
varying signals," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. of AC adjustable-speed drives for three-phase balanced and
397–404, Jan. 2014. unbalanced sags," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
[88] C. I. Chen and G. W. Chang, "An efficient Prony-based solution vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 904-910, 2000.
procedure for tracking of power system voltage variations," [106] J. Pedra, F. Corcoles, and F. J. Suelves, "Effects of balanced and
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2681–2688, Jul. unbalanced voltage sags on VSI-fed adjustable-speed drives,"
2013. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 224-
[89] I. Y.-H. Gu and M. H. Bollen, "Estimating interharmonics by 233, 2005.
using sliding window ESPRIT," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. [107] M. H. J. Bollen and R. A. A. d. Graaff, "Behavior of AC and DC
23, no. 1, pp. 13–23, Jan. 2008. drives during voltage sags with phase-angle jump and three-
[90] M. Karimi-Ghartemani and M. R. Iravani, "Measurement of phase unbalance," in IEEE Power Engineering Society. 1999
harmonics/interharmonics of time-varying frequencies," IEEE Winter Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36233), 1999, vol. 2, pp. 1225-
Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23–31, Jan. 2005. 1230 vol.2.
[91] I. Sadinezhad and V. G. Agelidis, "Frequency adaptive least- [108] K. Lee, T. M. Jahns, T. A. Lipo, G. Venkataramanan, and W. E.
squares-Kalman technique for real-time voltage envelope and Berkopec, "Impact of Input Voltage Sag and Unbalance on DC-
flicker estimation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 8, Link Inductor and Capacitor Stress in Adjustable-Speed Drives,"
pp. 3330–3341, Aug. 2012. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 44, no. 6, pp.
[92] H. Soltani, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and F. Zare, "Interharmonic 1825-1833, 2008.
analysis and mitigation in adjustable speed drives," in IECON [109] K. Lee, G. Venkataramanan, and T. M. Jahns, "Modeling Effects
2014 - 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial of Voltage Unbalances in Industrial Distribution Systems With
Electronics Society, 2014, pp. 1556-1561. Adjustable-Speed Drives," IEEE Transactions on Industry
[93] E. Delaney and R. Morrison, "Minimisation of interharmonic Applications, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1322-1332, 2008.
currents from a current source AC drive by means of a selective [110] J. Seung-Gi and C. Ju-Yeop, "Line current characteristics of
DC side active filter," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 3, three-phase uncontrolled rectifiers under line voltage unbalance
pp. 1584–1590, Jul. 1995. condition," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 17,
[94] H. Soltani, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and F. Zare, "Interharmonic no. 6, pp. 935-945, 2002.
mitigation of adjustable speed drives using an active DC-link [111] K. Lee, G. Venkataramanan, and T. M. Jahns, "Source current
capacitor," in 2015 9th International Conference on Power harmonic analysis of adjustable speed drives under input voltage
Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia), 2015, pp. 2018- unbalance and sag conditions," IEEE Transactions on Power
2024. Delivery, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 567-576, 2006.
[95] H. Soltani, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and F. Zare, "Sources and [112] K. Lee, T. M. Jahns, G. Venkataramanan, and W. E. Berkopec,
mitigation of interharmonics in back-to-back controllable "DC-Bus Electrolytic Capacitor Stress in Adjustable-Speed
drives," in 2014 16th European Conference on Power Drives Under Input Voltage Unbalance and Sag Conditions,"
Electronics and Applications, 2014, pp. 1-9. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 2, pp.
[96] H. Soltani, P. Davari, F. Blaabjerg, and F. Zare, "Performance 495-504, 2007.
evaluation of electronic inductor based adjustable speed drives [113] H. Wang, P. Davari, D. Kumar, F. Zare, and F. Blaabjerg, "The
with respect to line current interharmonics," in 2017 IEEE impact of grid unbalances on the reliability of DC-link capacitors
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), in a motor drive," in 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress
2017, pp. 3171-3178. and Exposition (ECCE), 2017, pp. 4345-4350.
[97] H. Soltani, P. Davari, F. Zare, and F. Blaabjerg, "Effects of [114] "Electrolytic capacitor catalog 2003, North America," E. Rifa,
modulation techniques on the input current interharmonics of Ed., ed, 2003.
adjustable speed drives," IEEE Transactions on Industrial [115] K. Lee, T. M. Jahns, W. E. Berkopec, and T. A. Lipo, "Closed-
Electronics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 167-178, 2018. form analysis of adjustable-speed drive performance under
[98] M. Bollen et al., "Future work on harmonics - some expert input-voltage unbalance and sag conditions," IEEE Transactions
opinions Part I - wind and solar power," in 2014 16th on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 733-741, 2006.
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power [116] K. Lee, T. Jahns, D. W. Novotny, T. A. Lipo, W. E. Berkopec,
(ICHQP), 2014, pp. 904-908. and V. Blasko, "Impact of Inductor Placement on the
[99] J. Meyer et al., "Future Work on harmonics - Some Expert Performance of Adjustable-Speed Drives Under Input Voltage
Opinions Part II - Supraharmonics, Standards and Unbalance and Sag Conditions," IEEE Transactions on Industry
Measurements," (in English), 2014 Ieee 16th International Applications, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1230-1240, 2006.
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (Ichqp), pp. [117] M. Petronijevic, B. Veselic, N. Mitrovic, V. Kostic, and B.
909-913, 2014. Jeftenic, "Comparative study of unsymmetrical voltage sag
[100] A. Gil-de-Castro, S. K. Rönnberg, and M. H. J. Bollen, "A study effects on adjustable speed induction motor drives," IET Electric
about harmonic interaction between devices," in 2014 16th Power Applications, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 432-442, 2011.
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power [118] D. D. Shipp and W. S. Vilcheck, "Power quality and line
(ICHQP), 2014, pp. 728-732. considerations for variable speed AC drives," IEEE
[101] M. Klatt, J. Meyer, P. Schegner, R. Wolf, and B. Wittenberg, Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 403-
"Filter for the measurement of supraharmonics in public low 410, 1996.

19
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2950911, IEEE Access
J. Yaghoobi et al.: Power Quality Issues of Distorted and Weak Distribution Networks in Mining Industry: A Review

[119] R. Ghandehari and A. Shoulaie, "Evaluating Voltage Notch of International Journal of Power Electronics and the Associate Editor of
Problems Arising from AC/DC Converter Operation," IEEE IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, IEEE Access Journal.
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 2111-
2119, 2009. Prof. Firuz Zare (S’98-M’01-SM’06) received
[120] L. Tang, M. McGranaghan, R. Ferraro, S. Morganson, and B. his PhD in Power Electronics from Queensland
Hunt, "Voltage notching interaction caused by large adjustable University of Technology in Australia in 2002. He
speed drives on distribution systems with low short circuit has spent several years in industry as a team
capacities," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. leader working on power electronics and power
3, pp. 1444-1453, 1996. quality projects. Prof. Zare has received several
[121] A. H. Hoevenaars, I. C. Evans, and B. Desai, "Preventing AC awards such as an Australian Future Fellowship,
Drive Failures Due to Commutation Notches on a Drilling Rig," Symposium Fellowship by the Australian
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. Academy of Technological Science, early career
1215-1220, 2013. academic excellence research award and John
[122] F. Zare and D. Kumar, "Harmonics analysis of industrial and Madsen Medal from Engineers Australia. He has
commercial distribution networks with high penetration of published over 220 journal and conference papers and technical reports in
power electronics converters," in 2016 Australasian Universities the area of Power Electronics. He is an academic staff at the University of
Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2016, pp. 1-6. Queensland in Australia and a Task Force Leader of Active Infeed
Converters within Working Group one at the IEC standardization TC77A.
Prof Zare is a senior member of IEEE, the Editor in Chief of International
Jalil Yaghoobi was born in Zahedan, Iran in Journal of Power Electronics and the associate editor of IEEE Access
1985. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in journal and IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
electrical engineering from Sharif University of Electronics. His main research areas are a) Power Electronics Topology,
Technology (SUT), Tehran, Iran, in 2008 and Control and Applications, b) Power Quality and Regulations and c) Pulsed
2011 respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in power Power Applications.
engineering from the University of Queensland
(UQ), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, in 2016. Dr Hamid Soltani (S’14–M’16) received the B.Sc.
Yaghoobi became a Member (M) of IEEE in and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from
2011. He has also been an active member of IEEE the University of Mazandaran (Noushirvani),
Power and Energy society since 2012. Babol, Iran, in 2005 and 2008, respectively, and
Since 2016, he has been a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the School the Ph.D. degree in power electronics from
of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), the Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, in 2016.
University of Queensland (UQ), St. Lucia. He is the author of more than 15 From 2009 to 2013, he was with the Department
articles. His research interests include power quality and high-frequency of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Golestan
harmonics, power electronics, renewable energy integration in power University, Gorgan, Iran, as a lecturer. He was
systems, and energy efficiency. also a Postdoctoral researcher at the Department
of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, from
Ahmad Abdullah was born in Rawalpindi, May 2016 to June 2017. Dr Soltani is currently with the Department of
Punjab, Pakistan in 1991. He received the B.Sc. Converter Control, Vestas Wind Systems A/S, Aarhus, Denmark. His
degree in electrical engineering from the current research interests include wind energies, power quality, power
University of Engineering and Technology, electronics topologies and control.
Lahore in 2013.
From 2013 to 2017, he was working as an
Electrical Engineer with Fatima Fertilizer
Company Limited, Sadiqabad, Pakistan. He
studied for his MPhil degree under the
supervision of Dr. Firuz Zare at the University of
Queensland for 6 months. He is currently working
as a Testing and Assessment Officer at Simtars (Safety in mining, testing
and research station) for the Department of Natural Resources, Mines and
Energy, Queensland. His research interests include power electronics,
power system distribution, power system analysis and hazardous area
electrical equipment. Mr. Abdullah is a member of the Institution of
Engineers Australia.

Dinesh Kumar (S’08-M’12) received Master

of Technology (M. Tech) in power system
engineering from Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT), Roorkee, India, in 2004, and Ph.D. degree
in power electronics from the University of
Nottingham, U.K., in 2010. From 2004-2005, he
served as a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering
Department at National Institute of Technology,
Kurukshetra, India. In 2006, he joined Technical
University Chemnitz, Germany as a Research
Fellow. From 2006 to 2010, he investigated and developed matrix converter
based multidrive system for aerospace applications. Since 2011, he has been
with the Danfoss Drives A/S, Denmark, where he is involved in many
research and industrial projects. His current research interests include motor
drive, harmonic analysis and mitigation techniques, power quality and
electromagnetic interference in power electronics. He is the Editor in Chief

20
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.