Module 1

CHAPTER 1: Introduction of Humanities

TOPIC: Functions of Art
Introduction

Figure I Figure II

Figure III
Look at the figures above. In which of the three figures do you think has an art? Is it Figure I which has
a plain characteristic of common jeepney? Or Figure II which has a touched of color green? Or it might
be the last Figure which has a lot of decorative style all over its parts?
Have you already decided in which of these three pictures has an rt? If yes, let’s find out the answer on this
module.
After successfully completing this module, you should be able to:

1. Familiarized with the nature of arts

2. Classified the different functions of art
3. Appreciate the importance of art in human life.
4. Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios

PRE-TEST:
Before reading the discussion, make sure to answer your pretest for you to familiarized with the topic.
Classification. Identify which of the items given per number does not belong to the group and write its
corresponding letter on the blank before the number.
______ 1. A. Aesthetic B. Art Appreciation C. Art Dealership D. Art Production E. Art Criticism
______ 2. A. Personal Function B. Love Function C. Social Function D. Traditional Function
 E. Historical Function
______ 3. A. Music B. Drama C. Cinematography D. Film E. Dance
______ 4. A. Comedy B. Elegy C. Tragedy D. Tragicomedy E. Farce
______ 5. A. Poem B. Short Story C. Novel D. Essay E. Play
______ 6. A. Lipstick B. Chair C. Paint D. Curtain E. Dress
______ 7. A. Couch B. Spoon C. Bag D. Christmas Light E. Slipper
______ 8. A. Paintings B. Hair Dye C. Stilettos D. Chiffonier E. Chandelier
______ 9. A. “Lupang Hinirang” B. Mc Arthur’s Statue in Leyte C. Statue of Saints D. Noli Me
Tangere E. Heritage Houses
______ 10. A. Bilble B. La jota dance C. Psalm D. Statue of Saints E. Sutana

DISCUSSION:
As a discipline, humanities is a broad field. It includes not only the fine arts such painting, sculpture,
and architecture, but also the performing arts such as music, dance, drama, and opera, and the literary arts
such as prose and poetry. Moreover, it compasses all studies which aim to make students “human” inasmuch
as it was derived from the latin word “humanus”, meaning human, cultured, or refined.
How do we consider ourselves as human? Being human means:

 To have the ability to communicate systematically using words, symbols, gestures/ postures, and facial
expression
 To make our own decisions and bear the consequences of them.
 To make and wear clothings, accessories, and other necessities for human life.
How does a person can be called “Cultured”? What is cultured man?

 He is a man who is open to new experiences and has a weatlh of knowledge.

 The cultured man creates opportunities for himself and those around him, and most of all he makes an
impact influence
 A man who has a refined appreciation for art
What is the meaning of refined?
Refined means WELL-EDUCATED or CULTIVATED. Refined man/ men are those who have influenced other
men so completely that they are able to avoid the hardships of nature and only pursue rugged activities out of
desire, not necessity.
Why do we need to study humanities?

 The humanities help us understand others through their language, histories, and cultures.
 They foster social justice and equality
 It reveals how people have tried to make moral, spiritual and intellectual sense of the world.
 The humanities teach empathy
 It teaches us to deal critically and logically with subjective, complex, imperfect information.
 It teaches us to weigh evidence skeptically and consider more than one side of every questions
 It encourages us to think creatively.
What is the importance of art history? Why we create art?

 It is because of human desire for eternity. We will die someday. Our bodies will rot and become earth.
What can we have and prove that have existed? Thought can, or can we call the spirit.
What is Art Appreciation?

 Refers to the exploration and analysis of the art forms that we are exposed to.
 It also involves a deeper look into the setting and historical implication and background.
  It speaks to the viewer on a personal level and can be interpreted in a variety of ways.
Art plays a large part in making our lives infinitely rich. Imagine, just for a minute, a world without art! (You may
think "So what?", but please consider the impact that lack of graphics would have on your favorite video game.)
Art stimulates different parts of our brains to make us laugh. Art gives us a way to be creative and express
ourselves. For some people, art is the entire reason they get out of bed in the morning. You could say "Art is
something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans." On the other hand, art is such a large
part of our everyday lives, we hardly even stop to think about it. Look at the desk or table where you are right
this minute. Someone designed that. It is art. Your shoes are art. Your coffee cup is art. All functional design
is…. Art. So, you could say "Art is something that is both functional and (hopefully) aesthetically pleasing to our
eyes." This leads us to question “What is Art”?

Art is a human ingenuity in adapting natural things to man’s use. Art came from the word “ars” which means
SKILLS. It is considered the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the
senses or emotions.
The purpose of art is to produce thinking. The secret is not the mechanics or technical skill that create art- but
the process of introspection and different levels of contemplation that generate it. Art is a process not a product.
Art is a human act. Art also causes people to look a little closer at social issues, at other people and their
emotions, at the environment that surrounds them, and the everyday objects and life forms around them see
what is there but not easily perceived. The artist brings out that which cannot be see or felt easily.

9 FUNCTIONS OF ART
1. Personal or individual function- Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in art.
A. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPRESSION- Visual images preceded written language as a means of
communication.

B. LOVE, SEX AND MARRIAGE- From marital bliss to the extremes of erotica, artist have dealt with
themes of love and sex since the dawn of time.

C. DEATH, MORBIDITY AND ILLNESS- Artist have turned to their work to address feelings of anger,
confusion, fear, sadness, hope and love.
 D. SPIRITUAL CONCERN - Usually expresses collective ideas about human life in relation to our
religion or spiritual beliefs.

E. INTELLECTUAL INQUIRY - It is to question for determining thought and reason for better
understanding

F. AESTHETIC EXPRESSION - It is concerned with what is beautiful or pleasing.

2. SOCIAL FUNCTION – Man is a social being and as he associates with their fellow beings.
- Social functions of ART are those that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art’s social benefits.
- Individuals and their society are dynamically related
- Art communicates
- Most often it is constructed with the intention of sharing responses to and opinions about life with
others.

A. RECORD AND COMMUNICATE EXPERIENCES - Art documents and conveys a vast array of
Human experiences. The message of art can be communicated interpersonally between cultures
and across time.
 B. ART AS COMMODITY AND CULTURAL CAPITAL - The value of an art in general or any
particular art object can change from place to place and time-to-time.

C. SOCIAL COMMENTARY - Art can provide both serious and humorous reflection about criticism of
society. Through their art, artist seeking social changes bring public awareness to a variety of
social, political, and environmental issues.

D. COLLABORATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING - Art can bring people together

E. ENRICHMENT OF HUMANKIND - People can be greatly enriched by art through learning to feel
the wonder of and to inquire about life, looking at humankind’s many beautiful and thought-
provoking creations or being transformed through the benefits of satisfying art production.

3. ECONOMIC FUNCTION – art can be a source of income.

- Arts are quite conducive in attracting tourism, that’s why it is a tool for economic development not
only in our country but in the whole world.
- Through creativity, some people invented new product that would benefit the society and
economic growth.
- Artist can help activate other elements of the so-called creative economy, which might include
entrepreneurs such as chefs, game designer, fashion designer, publisher and entertainer.
4. POLITICAL FUNCTION – arts can be used as a tool for government to disseminate information to
public.
- Arts also help people to express their feedback about the rule and governance for some politician
in the country.
- Art helps politicians to promote their political program by means of art.

5. HISTORICAL FUNCTION - Paintings, sculptures, architectural works, and other art forms serve to
record historical figures and events.

6. CULTURAL FUNCTION - Paintings, sculptures, architectural works, songs, dances, dramas, and
literary pieces are embodiments of a nation’s culture.

7. RELIGIOUS FUNCTION - Art forms evolved from religion. People in the olden times worshipped their
Gods in the form of songs and dances.
8. PHYSICAL FUNCTION - The physical function of art can be realized through the objects and
environment we create which fill a utilitarian need.

9. AESTHETIC FUNCTION – artworks serve to beautify

2 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTWORKS

 Functional - This is the classification of the art according to its usefulness. This classification focuses
more on physical function rather than aesthetic function.
Ex.1 A chair which is designed for us to relax.
Ex.2 An air-conditioner that is used in refreshing the temperature of the entire room.
 Non-functional- this is the other classification of art which is “art for art” sake and functions to give
pleasure in contemplation of the beautiful and further leads to contemplation where artwork comes
before meaning and its usefulness. In opposite with functional, this classification focuses on beauty or
aesthetic value rather than physical value.
Ex.1 A lipstick which is used to emphasize the beauty of the lips
Now, think again. Which of the three figures has as an art? Is it figure I, figure II, or may be
figure III?
If your answer was figure I, you are not mistaken. If you answered figure II you are correct. And if you
answered the last figure you are probably not wrong. Well, all of them have an art. Though the first
jeep has no design, it will consider as art form because it was made by man out of his creativeness
and imagination. It also helps human to make things easier and so we can call this one as physical
function of art. Figure 2 and 3 have both designs. Figure 2 has color green design and figure 3 has
different designs that make them more attractive to eye of the audience. Those designs serve as
aesthetic function, and so we can conclude that they possess art. Art is subjective. If you look at your
surrounding you can see a lot of things, and that things are form of art created by God. Look at
yourself, you are a great masterpiece by your parent and should be proud of it. Everything in this world
is considered as art no matter what it looks like. You may not know that you do art in every day of your
life. By simply reaching out other person, you actually perform the art of helping. Art is not about
 making painting and other sculpture; art is a process of everything. So, if you are telling yourself that
you are not an artist you are definitely wrong, we can be an artist in our own way. The only thing we
have to do is to spread the art of kindness to everyone and by that this World could possibly be a place
where all people are artist with no hatred and art is the only term for love.

Art is a human activity, consisting in this, that one person consciously, by certain
external signs, conveys to others feelings he has experienced, and other people are affected
by these feelings and live them over in themselves.” – Tolstoy

ACTIVITY NO.1

Name: _____________________________ Score: __________

Year/ Section: __________________ Date: ___________
Aesthetics. Using your knowledge of art, describe the illustration below using at least 100 words.

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Art Production. Based on the illustration below, create a sketch showing things of nature. Use separate sheet
such as Oslo paper or vellum board. Please attached it here.
Criteria.
Quality ( neatness and craft) – 20
Aesthetic quality ( design, composition, color/ tones) - 40
Overall impression of the art - 40
100

TOPIC: Art Style and Factors Affecting Style

INTRODUCTION:

Art styles describe the way the artwork looks. Style is basically the manner in which the artist portrays
his or her subject matter and how the artist expresses his or her vision. Style is determined by the
characteristics that describe the artwork, such as the way the artist employs form, color, and composition, to
name just a few. Another important factor in determining the style of an artwork is to examine the way the artist
handles the medium, taking into account the method or technique that the artist uses. An additional aspect of
art styles is the philosophy or driving force behind the artwork. All of these stylistic elements are defined by the
choices artists make as they compose their artwork.

Artworks that have certain features in common are considered to have the same style. Sometimes this
means that they are part of the same movement, but not always. The concept of "movements" in art is usually
linked to a specific time (and sometimes place) in history. For instance, there are painters today who still paint
in an Impressionistic manner, embracing the concepts that first defined Impressionism in the 19th century.
However, because they are contemporary artists who are inspired by the Impressionists, they are not really part
of the original "Impressionist movement" as it exists in historical terms. Although art styles can be resurrected
from the past, the movement itself is still anchored in its original position on the art history timeline.

Within all this, each artist has his or her own personal art style, which is developed throughout his or
her lifetime. An artist's style can change and adapt as the artist grows as both an artist and as a person.
Beginning artists often emulate (copy) the styles of artists that they admire. At first this can be beneficial in order
to get one's feet wet and will help develop an understanding of how to create different types of art. However, it
is very important that beginning artists focus on developing their own style, and find their own unique way of
expression. An artist's personal style usually progresses as the artist gains more confidence through
experience, expands their database of knowledge, and acquires more skill with the materials.

Artists can work in many different styles. In the past, artists were usually expected to create art in
whatever predominant fashion was popular at the time. Now, artists have much more freedom to work as they
choose. While it is perfectly okay to work in a variety of styles, it is generally best to focus on the ones(s) you
like best, in order to fully develop your artistic potential within that style. Dabbling with different styles is a great
way to experiment, but to really flourish as an artist, you need to focus on a style or two that you feel really
allows you to express your inner vision.

In art also, there would be many factors that would affect the style of the artists. Though these factors
may affect their style but the willingness of one’s artist to express himself through art would not be stopped.
That’s why, in this topic you will be familiriazing to some of the art style and factors that may affect the syle of
the artist.

After successfully completing this module, you should be able to:

1. Differentiated the art style and factors affecting style from each other
2. Appreciated all masterpieces which made by our local artist which were product of factors affecting
style.
3. Produced a craft or art that signifies your locality
Discussion
Style is basically the manner in which the artist portrays his or her subject matter and how
the artist expresses his or her vision. Style is determined by the characteristics that describe the artwork, such
as the way the artist employs form, color, and composition, to name just a few. Every artist has his way of
presenting his work. Such is called ART STYLE. Such style is affected by the following factors:

1. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR –
The place where the artist stays influence his works. Marble sculptures are plenty Romblon because
marble abounds in that province in the same way a wooden sculptures abound in Paete, Laguna (named
after paet meaning chisel) where woodcarving is the primary occupation of the male population.
Moreover, Eskimos live in igloos because their place is cold, but in Hawaii, Tahiti, and other Pacific
islands, the natives reside in grass shacks because theirs are tropical places.

Romblon is known for a place with plenty of marbles, that’s why most of the artist here use marble as
their medium for masterpiece.
 Paete, Laguna is known for its generations of skilled artisans and their woodcarvings—from life-size
statues of saints, to miniature sculptures and wall hangings. The town is also famous for its craft of
colorful taka or paper-mache horses.

2. HISTORICAL FACTOR –
Historical events exert a great influence on artists, particularly the writers. Jose Rizal’s novels, Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, graphically highlights the events that took place in the country during the
last century of Hispanic rule. Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables realistically depicts the French Revolution.
The song “Magkaisa” is a product of the 1986 EDSA Revolution, while Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” is a
painting of the Filipino oppression by the Spaniards.

Jose wrote two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo to show people how the Philippines were
being bondaged by Spain.

Victor Hugo wrote Les Misérables with a goal to address the causes and outcomes of social injustice
in nineteenth century France. He states, “… while ignorance and poverty persist on earth, books such
as this cannot fail to be of value”
 Basically, Spoliarium is emphasized the violation of human rights towards the colonizers of Spain and
Juan Luna expressed his patriotism through it. Moreover, he created such a harmonious relationships
between different colors such as between the red color in the center with the shade of green in the dark
sides

3. SOCIAL FACTOR –
Social relationships affect artists, too. The English writer Ben Jonson composed his “Song to Celia”;
similarly, the Italian sonneteer Francesco Petrarch wrote poems for his lady love namec Laura. Society
at most times dictate the types of paintings, sculptures, songs, dances, literary pieces, and movies to be
produced. Independently films such as “Kubrador” and “Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo” show present-day
realities in Philippine society.

The Bet Collector (Filipino: Kubrador, stylized KUBRADOЯ) is a 2006 Filipino drama film that centers on
an aging bet collector finds her mundane existence suddenly transformed by an unforeseen series of
events and jueteng, the game of numbers dating back to the Philippines' Spanish colonial period from
(1521 to 1898).

The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros (Filipino: Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros) is a 2005 Filipino
coming-of-age film about a gay teen who is torn between his love for a young cop and his loyalty to his
family. The film competed under 1st Cinemalaya Film Festival in 2005. The film was the official entry of
the Philippines to the 79th Academy Awards. It is one of the few digital films released in 2005 to do well
at the tills. It also made the rounds of international film festivals.

4. IDEATIONAL FACTOR –
The ideas coming from various people also influence artists. The Father of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund
Freud, proposed ideas that have influenced surrealist painters. The idea that the human body is the most
 beautiful figure to present as an art subject gave rise to the school of thought called nudism. Painters
opted to produce paintings of nude males and females. In sculpture, nudism became fad with the
creation of nude figures of male gods known Apollo statues. Furthermore, different ideologies were
propagated around the world with the proliferation of essays and other writings from renowned writers.

(Example of Surealism) Influenced by the writings of psychologist Sigmund Freud, the literary,
intellectual, and artistic movement called Surrealism sought a revolution against the constraints of the
rational mind; and by extension, the rules of a society they saw as oppressive.

5. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR –
At times, the works produced by the artists are affected by their psychological make-up or frame of mind.
For instance, the first painting of Edward Munch, “The Sick Child,” is an effect of his unfortunate
childhood experience of contracting a long illness after losing his loved one at an early age. Vincent Van
Gogh’s painting “The Starry Night” was believed to be completed during his stay in an asylum in St.
Remy, during the most tormented period in his life. The manuscript of “The Filipino is Worth Dying for”
assailing Marcos administration was written by the late Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr when he was deportee
in the US waiting for his return to the Philippines.

The Sick Child is the title given to a group of six paintings and a number of lithographs, drypoints and
etchings completed by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch between 1885 and 1926. All record a moment
before the death of his older sister Johanne Sophie from tuberculosis at 15.
 In Starry Night contoured forms are a means of expression and they are used to convey emotion. Many
feel that van Gogh´s turbulent quest to overcome his illness is reflected in the dimness of the night sky.
The village is painted with dark colors but the brightly lit windows create a sense of comfort

6. TECHNICAL FACTOR –
Techniques matter as far as artistic styles are concerned. In fact, painters employ a variety of techniques
to make their works unique. Different brushes produce different strokes. If there are no brushes, painters
use their hands. Those without hands make use of their mouths or feet. Moreover, those with airbrushes
or similar equipment produce paintings with the use of such equipment. Additionally, paintings can be
rendered realistically, surrealistically, impression, and so on.

ACTIVITY NO. 2

Name: _____________________________ Score: __________

Year/ Section: __________________ Date: ___________
Aesthetics. Using your knowledge of art, describe the illustration below using at least 100 words.

https://previews.123rf.com/images/croisy/croisy1608/croisy160800124/61784377-hand-drawn-line-art-human-
brain-and-heart-halfs-grunge-sketch-tattoo-design-isolated-on-white-backgr.jpg
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Art Production. Students will make an art piece that shows the area where they live. This activity aims to
showcase the art and crafts of your native towns. Students are free to choose among all the art forms (e.g.
Bamboo flute – Because Municipality of Gloria is a town known for Kawayanan Festival “Bamboo Festival”).
Attach the picture of your craft showing the process of making and think at least 2-3 sentences description
about it.
Criteria:
Quality ( neatness and craft) – 20
Aesthetic quality ( design, composition, color/ tones) - 40
Overall impression of the art - 40
100

TOPIC: Elements and Principle of Arts

INTRODUCTION:
HOW TO MAKE AN ART?

Imagine that you wanted to bake a cake. Cakes are delicious, so why wouldn't you? To create a good
cake, however, takes practice and effort. You can't just throw things together randomly and expect the finished
product to turn out well. You have to have the right ingredients, combined in the right way.
The art of making a cake is like making any work of art. To make good art, you need to have good ingredients
and you need to mix them appropriately. In terms of aesthetics, we call the ingredients that define great art
the elements of art. These are the basic building blocks of art, but they have to be combined correctly.
Techniques in which the elements of art are combined or arranged are called the principles of art. By knowing
our elements of art and our principles of art, we've got a recipe for something that will meet any critic's aesthetic
tastes.
Is a work of art any good? How do you know? In this lesson, we'll examine the elements and principles of art
and see how they help us understand the aesthetic traits of a composition.

After successfully completing this module, you should be able to:

1. Classified how do elements and principles of art work together as one composition.
2. Differentiated elements and principle of art and know how does one element work alone in one
composition.
3. Produced an artwork that portrays element and principle of art.

DISCUSSION:
To produce an awe-inspiring artwork, an artist must know first the different principles of art and the
elements of the specific art he is engaged in. Knowledge of the art principles and the elements of the visual art
is helpful in art production. The following are the elements of art that we used to observe in different artworks
and let us explore what will be the things that we might don’t know about it.

LINE – A line is a series of connected dots or prolongation of a point to show the shape or form of any piece of
art. It is an important element of visual arts because all painters, sculptors, and architects use lines as
springboard of their finished products.
• VERTICAL LINE - It show height or stature, poise, balance, force, strength, dignity, and dynamism. A
tall tree, a standing man, a bird poised for flight, and a flag pole are presented with vertical lines.
• HORIZONTAL LINE - It indicate width, rest, repose, quietness, calmness, serenity, infinity,
contemplation, and inaction. A dead or reclining man, a serene sea, a resting animal and a cemetery
are presented with horizontal lines.
• DIAGONAL LINES - It manifest movement, action, and direction. A running man, a flying bird, a
galloping horse, a flowing river, and fireworks display diagonal lines.
• BROKEN OR JAGGED LINES - It connote chaos, confusion, tension, disturbance, violence, or war.
• STRAIGHT LINES - Exhibit steadiness, stiffness, stillness, inactivity, and force. Inanimate objects like
buildings and bridges are shown with straight lines.
• CURVED LINES - Compared to diagonal lines, curved lines whether concave (inward) or convex
(outward) indicate movements that are smooth. A wild smile, a graceful belly dancer, and a flowing hair
are shown with curved lines.
• REPEATING LINES - Repeating lines are succession of vertical, horizontal, diagonal or curved lines.
They are used to show rhythm.
• CONTRASTING LINES - Combination of vertical and horizontal lines or a combination of diagonal
lines in opposite directions.
• Combination of straight and curved lines or a combination of lines of varying shapes.

HUE - Hue is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically, as "the degree to which a stimulus can
be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow".
COLOR- It is the most important and most noticeable of all the elements of visual arts. Dependent on the
presence of light, it is that property of an object that makes it appealing to the visual sense.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COLOR
PRIMARY COLOR - First to be produced and the rest of the colors are produced as a result of their
combination.

SECONDARY COLORS - They are produced by combining two primary colors.

INTERMEDIATE COLORS - They are produced by combining one primary color and one secondary color.
ADJACENT COLORS - Adjacent colors are those colors situated next to each other in the color wheel.
ANALOGOUS COLORS - Analogous colors are three or four neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures.

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS - Complementary colors are those colors situated opposite each other in the
color wheel.

MONOCHROMATIC COLORS - Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and
extended using its shades, tones and tints.

MONOCHROMATIC SCHEME
TINT- a mixture of a color with white, which reduces darkness.
SHADE- a mixture with black, which increases darkness.
SATURATION- refers to the intensity of color in an image.
SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY COLORS - Split complementary colors are any three colors forming a Y in the color
wheel.

TRIADIC COLOR - Triadic colors are a set of three colors forming a triangle in the color wheel.

COOL COLORS - Cool Colors are those colors that are inconspicuous and not striking to the eyes. Also called
receding colors, they suggest distance, tranquility, sobriety, and restfulness, Examples are violet, green, and
blue, the coolest and calmest of all colors.

WARM COLORS - Warm colors are those colors that are conspicuous and striking to the eyes. Also called
advancing colors, they suggest warmth, vivacity, cheerfulness, exultation, stimulation, instinctive action, and
excitement. They are usually associated with sources of heat such as the sun, fire, and light.

LIGHT COLORS/ TINTS - Light colors/tints are those colors with values lower than the normal value. For
example, pink or fuchsia is a tint of azure (sky blue) is a tint of blue.

DARK COLORS/ SHADES - Dark colors or shades are those colors with value higher than the normal value.
For example, maroon is a shade of red and navy blue is a shade of blue.

RAINBOW OR PRIMATIC COLORS - Those colors that form a rainbow or a prism.

NEUTRAL COLORS - Neutral colors are those which serve to balance colors. Example are white, gray, black,
brown, peach, cream, gold, silver, and bronze.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND OTHER CONNOTATION

WHITE - is used to connote purity, chastity, holiness, mourning, surrender, meekness, and goodness.
BLACK - is used to signify death, mourning, darkness, and evil.
BLUE – is used to indicate sky, the heaven, the sea, serenity, sadness, peace, and masculinity.
GREEN – is used to connote life, nature, good health, and well-being.
YELLOW - is used to signify jealousy, divinity, deceit, treason, degradation, and lately Ninoy Aquino.
BROWN - is used to mean the Earth, spiritual death, and renunciation of the world.
ORANGE - is used to indicate food.
GRAY - is used to signify old age, gloom, and decay.
PINK - is used to mean love and femininity.

TEXTURE - Element of visual arts associated with the sense of touch. It is the surface characteristic of an area.
An artwork may be smooth or rough, fine or coarse, glossy or dull, regular or irregular. The tactile effect that an
artist wants to produce out of his artwork is dependent on the medium or material he uses. In sculpture, marble
and ivory have a smooth, glossy finish. On the other hand, wood and stone have a rough, dull finish if they are
not painted.

SHAPE - Shape is the external appearance of clearly defined area. It contributes to the final form of the artwork.

SPACE - Space is the area or surface occupied by the artwork. A painting covers a flat surface such as wall.
Because a sculpture has volume, it occupies not only the area on which it stands, but also the area from the top
to the bottom and from the left to the right side. Of the object. Even if the object is hollow, its inside is part of the
space it occupies.

VOLUME - Allied to space, volume is the amount of space occupied by an object in three dimensions.
Pertaining to solidity or thickness.

PERSPECTIVE – Perspective is synonymous with point of view, angle of vision, or frame of reference. It is the
point where the artist stands to view his subject as he creates his artworks. It refers to the location and distance
upon appearance of an object by which eyes judge spatial relationships. He may show the front view, side view
(left or right), or top view of the object he uses as subject for his painting or sculpture. Perspective is manifested
in these two situations: that nearer objects appear bigger and taller than farther objects and that parallel lines
seem to meet at the farthest end.

FORM - Refers to the overall composition of the artwork. It describes the entire shape or organization of the
thing or object created. For example, a pyramid is presented as one triangle if the front view is used as the
perspective, whereas two triangles are shown if the left or right side view is used as the perspective. When top
view is used as perspective, the pyramid is presented as composed of four triangles.

PRINCIPLE OF ARTS
To come up with attractive artworks, artists must be governed by the five conventions of artistic compositions.
The five principles of art are harmony, balance, rhythm, proportion, and emphasis.

1. HARMONY – harmony is the most essential factor in composition. Also called unity, harmony is achieved
when all elements of a thing are put together to come up with a coherent whole. Every part of a work of
art is necessary to the composition to the extent that all the parts exhibit a sense of belonging together
and a pleasing relationship with one another. If one of the parts does not complement the others, then
lack of harmony results.
Ex. This picture shows harmony because all colors were put exactly on what they really are. There are
many techniques applied to achieve the harmony in this drawing.
 2. BALANCE – known a physical equilibrium, balance is stability produced by even distribution of weight on
each side of the things. It is classified into formal and informal.
Examples of balance in drawing

FORMAL BALANCE – formal balance exists if the weights at equal distance from the center are equal. It
is also called symmetrical balance because the things display symmetry (same measure). Bilateral
symmetry is present when the left and the right sides appear the same; the right side mirrors the left, said
of the human body. Radial symmetry exists when the same measure occurs from the central point to the
end of every radius; this kind of symmetry applies to round objects or those with radii like stars and
starfishes.
Ex.

Ex of RADIAL SYMMETRY:

INFORMAL BALANCE – informal balance is present when the left and the right sides of the thing, though
not identical in appearance, still display an even distribution of weights. It is also known as asymmetrical
balance or occult balance.
Ex.

3. RHYTHM – rhythm is the continuous use of a motif or repetitive pattern of a succession of similar or
identical items. It can be achieved by alternation (use of two patterns alternately), radiation (repetition of
the motif from the center or toward it), progression (use of motifs of varying sizes, that is, from the
smallest to the largest, or vice versa), or parallelism (use of a pattern with an equal distance from each
other). Rhythm is exemplified by concentric circles, by an alternation of black and white stripes, by
checkered blue and orange squares. It is characterized as repetitive, continuous, or flowing as shown in
Edward Munch’s line drawing of his painting. “The Scream”.
Example of Alternation:

Example of Radiation:

Example of Progression:

Example of Parallelism:
 4. PROPORTION – proportion is the comparative relationship of the different parts in relation to the whole. It
is the proper and pleasing relation to the whole. It is the proper and pleasing relationship of one object
with the others in a design. According to Polyclitus, a well- proportioned human body is eight head parts,
that is, the head is one-eighth of the entire human body. Da Vinci came up with his own measurement of
the human body by means of his work, “The Vitruvian Man”. When showing a picture of a nuclear family
with a father, a mother, and one child, the father is shown as the biggest and the tallest and the lone child
as the smallest and the shortest.

Image of the Vitruvian Man by Da Vinci:

5. EMPHASIS – emphasis is giving proper importance on one or more parts of the thing or the whole thing
itself. It is achieved by means of size or proportion, shape, line, position, and variety. More often than not,
the artist emphasizes the one with the bigger size or proportion, the one with a different shape or color,
the one with striking lines, the one positioned at the center, and the one that is unique.

Examples:

Since that you are already familiarized with different elements and principle of art, try to answer / perform the
given task / exercise below.
ACTIVITY NO.3

Name: _____________________________ Score: __________

Year/ Section: __________________ Date: ___________
Aesthetics. Using your knowledge of art, describe the illustration below using at least 100 words.
https://www.happyfamilyart.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Seascape8v2.jpg
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.

Art Production. Students will make an artwork that portrays any of the elements and principle of art. Medium to
be used will depends on the availability of materials at home. This activity will be done on Oslo Paper or Vellum
board and will be graded base on the given criteria below.
Criteria:
Quality ( neatness and craft) – 20%
Aesthetic quality ( design, composition, color/ tones) - 40%
Overall impression of the art - 40%
100%

TOPIC: Methods of Presenting the Subject

INTRODUCTION:
What can you say about these drawings? Did you draw the same way when you were a kid? What do
you think is missing in the given drawing above?
We start out drawing stick figures, and we view these early pieces of art with a condescending smile, thinking
they are cute or maybe a little confusing. But we realize the children are just experimenting with crayons or
pencils and just having fun. They really aren’t trying to show us anything in particular. Or are they? And we
really can’t tell what they are thinking or feeling. We don’t know if they are just passing the time or trying to
make a statement of some kind. In this topic you will be able to recognize the different methods of presenting
the subject.

After successfully completing this module, you should be able to:

5. Familiarized with different methods of presenting the subject

6. Appreciated the importance of different methods of presenting the subject in creating their own
masterpiece
7. Performed any of the methods by making their own artwork.

DISCUSSION:
Methods of presenting the subject tell us how things were done and where the medium came from. It
comes as formal and informal. This could also mean the skill by which the artist manipulates a given medium to
advantage in order to achieve the best results, thus giving the impression whether the effect is done in good
taste by virtuoso (expert), or whether it is a combined aesthetic and formational aspects.
Presenting art subjects also varies according to the context of the national significance like it may
come as an expression of a social issue, political significance, economic need, and aesthetic value. It is also
influenced by the (fine arts) background of the artist like the indigenous if the work was done by a specific
cultural community or a minority group which has preserved its pre-colonial artistic tradition. There were also
those art works that were practically produced under patronage of the church and state. These were
commissioned for status symbol as material manifestations of the beliefs of the people.
The technique or method of presenting an art subject is assessed according to the skill or expertness
of the artist. It is studied or viewed based on the degree of creativity and craftsmanship employed by the artists.
In presenting anything, certain methods are employed in order to be effective. Likewise, in presenting the art
subjects, the artist uses different methods to express the idea he wants to make clear, these methods are:
Realism, Abstractionism, Distortion, Mangling, Elongation, Cubism, Abstract Expressionism, Surrealism,
Symbolism, Fauvism, Dadaism, Expressionism, Impressionism and Futurism.

1. Realism
In art, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses a subject
from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to make clear.
Realist try to be as objective as possible. Here, the artist’s main function is to describe as accurately
and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. However, in the process of selecting
and presenting his material, he cannot help being influenced by what he feels or thinks.
We can say that an artwork is realistic when the presentation and organization of details in
the work seem so natural. Realism is a common way of presenting the art subject. An example of this
is Fernando Amorsolo’s paintings.

Figure 1.1. “Ligawan”

 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4
In literature, realism has for its goal, the faithful rendering of the objective reality of human life.
Poetry and drama were influenced by realism, but it was in the novel that realism achieved greatness.
Worthy of mention are Edgardo Reyes’ Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag and Efren Abueg’s Dilim
sa Umaga. These are novels of social commentaries which are realistically vivid and clearly
presented.

2. Abstractionism
This is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or situation that
he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about it.
Abstract means “to move away or separate”. Abstract art moves away from showing things as
they really are. The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really looks like. The picture is not just
like life. It is “not realistic.”
In the field of sculpture, artists began doing abstract sculpture. They ignored the exact form of
a real-life object. They feel that the texture and shape of a sculpture were more important to them than the
exact form.
Abstract subjects can also be presented in many ways like:
A. Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or the regular shape
is twisted out.

Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6

B. Elongation. It refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or an extension.

Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9

C. Mangling. This may not be commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but there are few
artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows.
 Figure 2.0 Figure 2.1

D. Cubism. It stresses abstract form through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the expense of
other pictorial elements. The cubists want to show forms in their basic geometrical shapes.

Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4

E. Abstract Expressionism. It is a style of abstract painting that originated in New York City after World
War II and gained an international vogue. Abstract Expressionism is presenting the subject with the
use of strong color, uneven brush strokes, and rough texture and with the deliberate lack of refinement
in the application of the paint

Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6

3. Symbolism. This method is presenting the subject symbolically, that is, the artist shows his subject as
it appears in real life, but he intends to let it represent something. A symbol, in general, is a visible sign
of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It can be simply an emblem or sign like: lion to
represent courage, a lamb to represent meekness. These well-known symbols arise from conventional
usage, association and general relationship. The conventional type of symbol is not absent from works
of art. But in poetry and painting, the symbol has freer development.
A number of indispensable paintings of noted Filipino painters are found in the National
Museum. An example is the giant-sized painting of Juan Luna, entitled “Spoliarium”.
 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8

4. Fauvism
It is optimistic realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the use of bright colors
suggesting comfort, joy, and pleasure. The fauves did not attempt to express ethical, philosophical, or
psychological themes.

Figure 3.0 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

5. Dadaism
This method is shocking realism. It is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to
shock the audience through the exposition of the evils in society.
A protest movement in the arts was formed in 1916 by a group of artist and poets in Zurich,
Switzerland. The Dadaists reacted to what they believed were outgrown traditions in art. They tried to
shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions.

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4
 6. Futurism
Futurism is realism in the future. It is presenting a subject that relates not to the present, but
to the future.
It developed in Italy about the same time cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their
works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society. Their paintings glorified the mechanical
energy of modern life. Subjects included automobiles, motorcycles, and railroad trains subject that expresses
the explosive vitality of modern city.

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6
7. Surrealism
Surrealism is “beyond realism”. It is presenting the subject as if the subject does not form part
of the world, but belongs to the world of dreams and fantasy. Like Dadaism, from which it arose,
surrealism uses art as a weapon against the evils and restrictions that surrealists see in society. This
movement was influenced by the Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the
subconscious state of the mind.
Subject if this kind attempt to show what is inside a person’s mind as a well as the
appearance of his outside world. The surrealist claim to create forms and images not primarily by
reason, but by unthinking impulse and blind feeling or even by accident. Using these methods, the
surrealists declare that a magical world – more beautiful than the real one – can be created in art and
literature.

Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8

8. Expressionism
Expressionism is emotional realism. It is presenting the real- life subject with the intention to
express emotions, pathos, chaos, fear, violence, defeat, morbidity, and tragedy.
 Figure 3.9
9. Impressionism
Impressionism is realism based on the artist’s impression. It is presenting the real-life subject
with emphasis on the impression left in the artist’s mind or perception, particularly the effect of light on
the object used as subject.

Figure 4.0

Figure 4.1

Since that you are already familiarized with different methods of presenting the subject, try to answer / perform
the given task / exercise below.

ACTIVITY NO.4

Name: _____________________________ Score: __________

Year/ Section: __________________ Date: ___________
Aesthetics. Using your knowledge of art, describe the illustration below using at least 100 words.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/41/7d/44417d9ad39188bab09747f9fd479a4f.png
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.

Art Production. Students will make an artwork that portrays any of the methods provided in the discussion.
Medium to be used will depends on the availability of materials at home. This activity will be done on
vellumboard or in oslo paper and will be graded base on the given criteria below.
Criteria:
Quality ( neatness and craft) – 20
Aesthetic quality ( design, composition, color/ tones) - 40
Overall impression of the art - 40
100

CHAPTER TEST
“CHEATING IS EASY… TRY SOMETHING MORE CHALLENGING… LIKE BEING FAITHFUL AND
HONEST.” Good luck!

Any erasure or alteration will render your answer for that item INVALID.

Classification. Identify which of the items given per number does not belong to the group and write its
corresponding letter on the blank before the number. On the space after the number, write the class to which
the items belong. Refer to the given example.
_____a______0. Painters
a. Napoleon b. Michelangelo c. Donatello d. Raphael e. Leonardo
___________ 1.

a. Ideational b. physical c. historical d. technical e. psychological

__________ 2.

a. Geographical b. economic c. social d. personal e. religious

__________ 3.

a. Aesthetic b. art appreciation c. art dealership d. art production e. art criticism

__________ 4.

a. Balance b. rhythm c. harmony d. proportion e. perspective

__________ 5.

a. Form b. volume c. color d. emphasis e. line

_________ 6.

a. Landscape architecture b. costume design c. interior design d. graphic design

e. set design

_________ 7.

a. Printing b. painting c. photography d. drawing e. sculpting. pink

_________ 8.

a. Music b. drama c. cinematography d. film e. dance

_________ 9.

a. Poem b. short story c. novel d. essay e. play

_________ 10.

a. Comedy b. elegy c. tragedy d. tragicomedy e. farce

_________ 11.

a. Expressionism b. distortion c. cubism d. elongation e. mangling

_________ 12.

a. cubism b. nudism c. pointilism d. maniaturismo e. chiaroscuro

_________ 13.

a. realism b. surrealism c. expressionism d. suppressionism e. impressionism

_________ 14.

a. Concrete b. glass c. wood d. stone e. ivory

_________ 15.

a. Cloth b. paper c. green leafy vegetable d. fruit e. clay

_________ 16.

a. Medieval b. greek c. romantic d. reconnaissance e. roman

_________ 17.

a. Navy blue b. tangerine c. maroon d. purple e. pink

_________ 18.

a. Warm b. cool c. complimentary d. adjacent e. prismatic

_________ 19.
 a. Hexagonal b. diagonal c. horizontal d. vertical e. contrasting

_________ 20.

a. Fuchsia b. scarlet c. peach d. lavender e. sky blue

Error Analysis. Encircle the word or phrase that makes the statement erroneous and write on the
blank its correction.

_________________________ 1. Make-up artists and tattooists of actors and actresses are

classified under performing arts.
_________________________ 2. The audience of purely audial music is the viewers.
_________________________ 3. An opera or a musical play belongs to music, not drama.
_________________________ 4. The materials used in paintings, sculpture, and architecture are
called tools.
_________________________ 5. The making of posters, tarpaulins, signs, book cover designs, and
the like is a plastic art.
_________________________ 6. The word landscape applies to painting and architecture; the
word seascape applies to both, too.
_________________________ 7. The front-view picture of a bird shows radial symmetry.
_________________________ 8. A symmetrical balance is produced when a four-footed animal is
photographed using the left-side viewpoint.
_________________________ 9. When all the parts of the sculpture contribute to the whole,
balance is achieved.
_________________________ 10. Realism is attributed to Sigmund Freud.
_________________________ 11. Although ballet is almost always performed by a group, it is a
social dance.
_________________________ 12. That there are many shoemakers in Marikina and woodcarvers
in Paete is explained by ideational factors.
_________________________ 13. Almost all art forms evolved from social functions.
_________________________ 14. Some art forms serve as lucrative professions; as such, they have
aesthetic functions.
_________________________ 15. El Greco used to employ the style of abstraction called
distortion.

Matching Type. Match the items under Column A (Specific genres) with the items under Column B
(general classification) by writing the appropriate letters on the blanks before the numbers.
Use the letters only once.

Column A Column B

________ 1. Biography a. architecture

________ 2. Package designing b. commercial art
________ 3. Haberdashery c. costume design
________ 4. Wood engraving d. crafts
________ 5. Bas relief e. drama
________ 6. Cinematography f. drawing
________ 7. Tragicomedy g. ethnologic dance
________ 8. Epic h. fiction
________ 9. Portraiture i. industrial design
________ 10. Designing of a backdrop j. instrumental music
________ 11. Designing of a bridge k. intaglio printing
________ 12. Designing of a bridge l. interior design
________ 13. Designing of a pad m. landscape architecture
________ 14. Mosquito dance n. mechanical processes
________ 15. Coin minting o. modern dance
________ 16. Basketry p. non-fiction
________ 17. Silkscreen printing q. painting
________ 18. Designing of a music hall r. photography
________ 19. A Cappella s. poetry
________ 20. Cotillion t. relief printing
________ 21. Making of signage u. sculpture
________ 22. Cartooning v. set design
________ 23. Singkil w. social printing
________ 24. Chamber orchestra x. surface printing
________ 25. Novel y. theater design
z. vocal music
Identification. Identify the following statements.
_____________ 1. It was derived from the Latin word “Humanus”.
_____________ 2. Art came from the word “ars” which means ________.
_____________ 3. It is to question for determining thought and reason for better understanding.
_____________ 4. Visual images preceded written language as a means of communication.
_____________ 5. It includes music, dance, drama and opera.
_____________ 6. Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in art.
_____________ 7. Human ingenuity in adapting new things to man’s use.
_____________ 8. It includes painting, sculpture, photography and architecture.
_____________ 9. Artworks serve to beautify.
_____________ 10. Art can provide both serious and humorous reflection about criticisms of society.
_____________ 11. A man who is well- educated or cultivated
_____________ 12. A man who is open for the new experiences and has a wealth of knowledge.
_____________ 13. The importance of art history is the human desires for __________.
_____________ 14. Art is a _______ not a product.
_____________ 15. Refers to the exploration and analysis of the art forms that we are exposed to.

Direction: Identify what kind of function of art is fitted to the following situations. Write your answer on the
space provided.
16. ______________Picasso use to paint beautiful sights because he is always amaze by the beauty of
the surroundings.
17. ______________Most of the thrives in the mountainous area of Benguet perform dances and songs
as part of their rituals and traditions.
18. ______________ Yorme Isko Moreno established buildings for the abandoned children in Taguig,
Manila.
19. ______________Cardo is a devotee from Mindoro when he found out that his neighborhood was
miraculously cured by Black Nazarene.
20. ______________ Alex Gonzaga is a vlogger. She uses videos to record and capture unforgettable
moments in her life.
21. ______________ Nena has a flat nose. She wants to make her nose pointed on the camera that’s why
she uses cosmetic product to form a nose line.
22. ______________ During weekends, Ms. Hidalgo perform the Tala Dance craze to reduce her weight.
23. ______________ Magdalena works at entertainment bar to sustain medical needs of her two sick
siblings.
24. ______________In every program, the students of MCC always sing their alma mater song to
reminisce the decades of service of the institution.
25. ______________ Adam uses his artistic skill to beautify his room.

Direction: Classify whether the statement is Functional or Non- Functional Art. Write your answer in the
space provided.
26. _____________ A bed was designed for us to relax while sleeping.
27. _____________ Christmas lights were invented to give us colorful celebration for Christmas.
28. _____________ “I was amazed by the paintings you made on the wall inside my room. It gives so
much pleasures to me.”
29. _____________ Car was invented not to give pleasure but for us to have easy transportation.
30. _____________ “I bought this shoes because the design is ravishing and it looks that it will be fitted to
all of my dresses in my closet.”

Direction: Identify what method of presenting the subject is being used to the following statements. Write the
correct answer after the sentence.
1. Kim made an editorial cartooning for their campus newspaper. He used buildings to show progression
and Juan dela Cruz to represent Filipinos. _______________
2. Carlo is an illustrator. He presents his drawings with a subject with the use of bright colors suggesting
comfort, joy and pleasure. _________________
3. Film producers always want to depict futuristic films. ___________________
4. Candy used to draw an object that is far from its actual shapes. ___________________
5. Biday presented her drawing with real-life subject with the use of bright colors suggesting comfort, joy
and pleasure. ____________________
 6. Caloy painted a human body but he presented the subject with no facial features, no fingers, no toes,
and no hair. __________________________
7. Catherine painted a skull and a dying person. _________________
8. Vincent van Gogh’s painting “The Starry Night” ___________________
9. Anna is a painter. She paints different fruits like orange but she presented it using different shapes.
_________________
10. An artist made a portrait of a nude woman and he presented her body in elongated form.
_________________

Direction: Identify what FACTORS AFFECTING STYLE is being emphasized to the following statements.
1. Events that had happened in the past exert a great influence on artist. ________________
2. Sigmund Freud, father of Psychoanalysis, proposed ideas that have influenced surrealist painters.
____________
3. Albert was born with no arms. As he grows up he used to paint using his feet to make an extraordinary
artwork, what factor is being emphasized in Albert's situation? _______________
4. The place where the artist stays influence his works. _________________
5. Freddie Aguilar's song "Anak" was to awaken those youths who were carried headlong in their lives.
_______________
6. Whenever I feel sad and anxious I always composed songs and it help me to lessen the burden that I
am carrying inside. ____________________
7. Jose Rizal's novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were some of literary works that graphically
highlight the events that took place in the country during last century of Hispanic rule.
______________
8. For me to create more realistic masterpiece i often use soft pastel which is easy to blend and has a
soft quality. _____________________
9. The "Huling El Bimbo" the musical, were performed by award-winning theatre actors and actresses
which highly depict the reality of social justice. ____________________
10. I began to sculpt when i was eight because my father was a sculpture too. ____________________

Criteria for Aesthetics

Criteria Awesome A Good Effort A Work in Just Beginning

Progress
5 4 3 1
Objective Makes a complete Makes a detailed Makes a detailed Descriptions are
and detailed description of description of not detailed or
description of the most of the some of the complete.
subject matter subject matter subject matter
and/or elements and/or elements and/or elements
seen in the seen in the seen in the
photograph. photograph. photograph.
Knowledge Provides a Provides a Provides some Summary is not
complete somewhat summary about detailed or
summary of the complete the situation and complete.
situation and time summary of the time period
period shown, and situation and time shown, and the
the people and period shown, and people and other
other objects that the people and objects that
appear. other objects that appear.
appear.
Interpretation Forms a Forms a somewhat Relates how the Finds it difficult to
reasonable reasonable photograph makes interpret the
hypothesis about hypothesis about him/her feel meaning of the
what is viewed in what is viewed in personally. drawing.
the drawing and is the photograph
able to support and is able to
this with evidence support this with
from the some evidence
picture/drawing. from the picture/
drawing
Further Research Finds concrete Finds some Finds techniques Does not find any
information about information about for the given information about
the technicality technicality and drawing. . the drawing.
used and relates it relates it to the
to the drawing. drawing..
REFERENCES:
Books
 Bascara, L. and Avillanoza, A. (2006.) Humanities and the Digital Arts: with Emphasis on Arts in the
Philippine Setting
 Tabotabo, Claudio (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities
 Marcos, Lucivilla L., et al. (2010). Introduction to Humanities & Visual Performing Arts
 Cañete,Reuben R. (2012). ART AND ITS CONTEXTS: Essays, Reviews, and Interviews on the
Philippine Art, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House
 Clores, Ricardo A.(2012) Sulyap Sining: Humanities Art Appreciation
 Regadio, C. and Mendoza, J. (2013). Art Appreciation: Introductory Reading on Humanities Focus on
Philippine Art Scene
 Tabotabo, Claudio V., et al.(2013). Introduction to the Humanities and the Basic of Arts Appreciation
 Cabasaan, William J. Jr., (2014), Humanities philosophy & History Of Arts
 Constatino, Bienvennido B. Jr., (2014), Arts Across Time and Border
Pasigui, Ronnie E. et al. (2009), Art Appreciation: Looking Beyo

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