Database System
Database definitions
• Def 1: A shared collection of logically related
data, designed to meet the information needs
of multiple users in an organization.
• Def 2: A collection of information organized and
presented to serve a specific purpose. (A
telephone book is a common database.) A
computerized database is an updated, organized
file of machine readable information that is
rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.
Database definitions
• Def 3: A data structure that stores metadata, i.e.
data about data. More generally we can say an
organized collection of information.
• Def 4: An organized collection of information in
computerized format.
Each of the above given definition is correct, and
describe database from slightly variant
perspectives
Thing Data (Facts or figures)
• Cricket Player Country, name, date of
birth, specialty, matches played,
runs etc.
• Scholars Name, data of birth, age,
country, field, books published
etc.
• Food Name, ingredients, taste,
preferred time, origin, etc.
• Vehicle Registration number, make,
owner, type, price, etc.
Databases and Traditional File
Processing Systems
Traditional file processing system or simple
file processing system refers to the first
computer-based approach of handling the
commercial or business applications
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration
Application Application Application
Library Examination Registration
data files data files data files
File Processing Systems
Database
Management
System
Data & Information
Company: Super Soft Dept: Sales
Emp Name Age Salary
Malik Sharif 23 55
Sh. M. Akmal 24 55
M. A. Butt 20 40
Malik Junaid 19 20
Schema
Database Applications
Database Management System (DBMS)
▪ Management of Data in the Database
▪ Management of Users associated with the
database.
Other Advantages
Data consistency
Better data security
Faster development of new
applications
They also provide
Better concurrency control
Better backup and recovery procedures
Disadvantages
Higher costs
SW, HW, and Technical staff
Conversion cost
From old system to DB system
More difficult recovery
Needs more technical staff
Data As Resource
Resource
Any asset that is of value to
an organization and that
incurs cost
Is data a resource ?
YES
Levels of Data,
Real World Data
Entity, Attribute Record type, Data
e.g. A student, item type e.g.
A class name Student record
Metadata type
Data Occurrences
Student record, Data
item occurrence e.g.
‘s001’, ’Amir’, ‘CS101’
Employee
name, age, sal
Emp
Name text
Age number
Sal number
Malik Sharif 23 55
Sh. M. Akmal 24 55
M. A. Butt 20 40
Malik Junaid 19 20
Levels of Data
Real-world data
Student (Name, DOB, Class)
Metadata
Name , Character Type, 25 character size field,
DOB, Date type, 8 bytes size
Class, Alpha Numeric, 8 byte size field
Data Occurrence
Name DOB Class
Ali 20/8/1994 BS-I
Amir 22/3/1993 BS-II etc…
Database Users
Application Programmers
End Users
– Naïve
– Sophisticated
Database Administrator (DBA)
A person who has central control over data and
programs that access this data
Functions of DBA
Schema definition
Granting data access
Routine Maintenance
▪ Backups
▪ Monitoring disk space
▪ Monitoring jobs running
Typical Components
End users
Software interact
Application Programs Application
Programmers
develop
“What” to get
DBMS Database
maintain Administrators
“How” to get
Data
Database
design Designers
Database
Users
