Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and

Problem 2:
Ions Write the molecular formula of chloroform, which is
used as a solvent and a cleaning agent. The ball-and-
Example 2.1
stick model of chloroform is shown below.
Problem 1:
Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
in each of the following species:
(a) 2011Na, (b) 2211Na, (c) 17O, and (d) carbon-14.
ANS:
(a) The atomic number is 11, so there are 11
protons. The mass number is 20, so the number of
neutrons is 20 - 11 = 9. The number of electrons is
the same as the number of protons; that is, 11.
(b) The atomic number is the same as that in (a), or
11. The mass number is 22, so the number of
neutrons is 22 - 11 = 11. The number of electrons is
11.
(c) The atomic number of O (oxygen) is 8, so there
ANS:
are 8 protons. The mass number is 17, so there are
17 - 8 = 9 neutrons. There are 8 electrons.
Example 2.3
(d) Carbon-14 can also be represented as 14C. The
Problem 1:
atomic number of carbon is 6, so there are 14 - 6 = 8
Write the empirical formulas for the following
neutrons. The number of electrons is 6.
molecules: (a) diborane (B2H6), used in rocket
propellants; (b) dimethyl fumarate (C8H12O4), a
Problem 2:
substance used to treat psoriasis, a skin disease; and
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
(c) vanillin (C8H8O3), a flavoring agent used in foods
the following isotope of copper: 63Cu?
and beverages.
ANS:
ANS:
(a) There are two boron atoms and six hydrogen
Example 2.2
atoms in diborane. Dividing the subscripts by 2, we
Problem 1:
obtain the empirical formula BH3.
Write the molecular formula of methylamine, a
(b) In dimethyl fumarate there are 8 carbon atoms,
colorless gas used in the production of
12 hydrogen atoms, and 4 oxygen atoms. Dividing
pharmaceuticals and pesticides, from its ball-and-
the subscripts by 4, we obtain the empirical formula
stick model.
C2H3O. Note that if we had divided the subscripts by
2, we would have obtained the formula C 4H6O2.
Although the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
atoms in C4H6O2 is the same as that in C2H3O (2:3:1),
C4H6O2 is not the simplest formula because its
subscripts are not in the smallest whole-number
ratio.
(c) Because the subscripts in C8H8O3 are already the
smallest possible whole numbers, the empirical
formula for vanillin is the same as its molecular
ANS:
formula.
Refer to the labels (also see back end papers). There
are five H atoms, one C atom, and one N atom.
Problem 2:
Therefore, the molecular formula is CH 5N. However,
Write the empirical formula for caffeine (C 8H10N4O2),
the standard way of writing the molecular formula
a stimulant found in tea and coffee.
for methylamine is CH3NH2 because it shows how
ANS:
the atoms are joined in the molecule.
Example 2.4 ANS:
Problem 1:
Magnesium nitride is used to prepare Borazon, a Example 2.7
very hard compound employed in cutting tools and Problem 1:
machine parts. Write the formula of magnesium Write chemical formulas for the following
nitride, containing the Mg2+ and N3- ions. compounds: (a) mercury(I) nitrate, (b) cesium oxide,
and (c) strontium nitride.
ANS:
To satisfy electrical neutrality, the following ANS:
relationship must hold: (a) The Roman numeral shows that the mercury ion
(+2)x + (-3)y = 0 bears a 11 charge. According to Table 2.3, however,
Solving, we obtain x/y = 3/2. Setting x = 3 and y = 2, the mercury(I) ion is diatomic (that is, Hg 221) and the
we write: nitrate ion is NO32. Therefore, the formula is
Hg2(NO3)2.
(b) Each oxide ion bears two negative charges, and
each cesium ion bears one positive charge (cesium is
in Group 1A, as is sodium). Therefore, the formula is
Cs2O.
(c) Each strontium ion (Sr21) bears two positive
charges, and each nitride ion (N32) bears three
negative charges. To make the sum of the charges
Problem 2: equal zero, we must adjust the numbers of cations
Write the formulas of the following ionic and anions:
compounds: (a) chromium sulfate (containing the 3(12) 1 2(23) 5 0
Cr3+ and SO42- ions) and (b) titanium oxide Thus, the formula is Sr3N2.
(containing the Ti4+ and O2- ions).
Problem 2:
ANS: Write formulas for the following ionic compounds:
(a) rubidium sulfate and (b) barium hydride.
Example 2.5
Problem 1: ANS:
Name the following compounds: (a) Fe(NO3)2, (b)
Na2HPO4, and (c) (NH4)2SO3. Example 2.8
Problem 1:
ANS: Write chemical formulas for the following molecular
(a) The nitrate ion (NO32) bears one negative charge, compounds: (a) bromine trifluoride and (b) diboron
so the iron ion must have two positive charges. trioxide.
Because iron forms both Fe21 and Fe31 ions, we
need to use the Stock system and call the compound ANS:
iron(II) nitrate. (a) Because there are three fluorine atoms and one
(b) The cation is Na1 and the anion is HPO 4 22 bromine atom present, the formula is BrF3.
(hydrogen phosphate). Because sodium only forms (b) There are two boron atoms and three oxygen
one type of ion (Na1), there is no need to use atoms present, so the formula is B2O3.
sodium(I) in the name. The compound is sodium
hydrogen phosphate. Problem 2:
(c) The cation is NH41 (ammonium ion) and the anion Write chemical formulas for the following molecular
is SO3 22 (sulfite ion). The compound is ammonium compounds: (a) sulfur tetrafluoride and (b)
sulfite. dinitrogen pentoxide.

Problem 2: ANS:
Name the following compounds: (a) PbO and (b) Example 2.9
LiClO3. Problem 1:
Name the following oxoacid and oxoanions: (a) atom was magnified so that the radius of its nucleus
H2SO3, a very unstable acid formed when SO2(g) became 2.0 cm, about the size of a marble, what
reacts with water, (b) H2AsO24, once used to control would be the radius of the atom in miles? (1 mi =
ticks and lice on livestock, and (c) SeO232, used to 1609 m.)
manufacture colorless glass. H3AsO4 is arsenic acid,
and H2SeO4 is selenic acid. Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
(Review Questions)
ANS: 2.9 Use the helium-4 isotope to define atomic
(a) We start with our reference acid, sulfuric acid number and mass number. Why does a knowledge
(H2SO4). Because H2SO3 has one fewer O atom, it is of atomic number enable us to deduce the number
called sulfurous acid. of electrons present in an atom?
(b) Because H3AsO4 is arsenic acid, the AsO342 ion is 2.10 Why do all atoms of an element have the same
named arsenate. The H2AsO24 anion is formed by atomic number, although they may have different
adding two H1 ions to AsO342, so H 2AsO24 is called mass numbers?
dihydrogen arsenate. 2.11 What do we call atoms of the same elements
(c) The parent acid is H2SeO3. Because the acid has with different mass numbers?
one fewer O atom than selenic acid (H 2SeO4), it is 2.12 Explain the meaning of each term in the symbol
A
called selenous acid. Therefore, the SeO232 anion Z X.
derived from H2SeO3 is called selenite.
(Problems)
Problem 2: 2.13 What is the mass number of an iron atom that
Name the following oxoacid and oxoanion: (a) HBrO has 28 neutrons?
and (b) HSO4 2 . 2.14 Calculate the number of neutrons in 239Pu.
2.15 For each of the following species, determine the
ANS: number of protons and the number of neutrons in
the nucleus:
3 4 24 25 48 79 195
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 2 He, 2 He, 12 Mg, 12 Mg, 22 Ti, 35 Br, 78 Pt
Structure of the Atom 2.16 Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and
(Review Questions) electrons in each of the following species:
15 33 63 84 130
2.1 Define the following terms: (a) α particle, (b) β 7 N, 16 S, 29 Cu, 38 Sr, 56 Ba, 74186W, 80202Hg
particle, (c) γ ray, (d) X ray. 2.17 Write the appropriate symbol for each of the
2.2 Name the types of radiation known to be emitted following isotopes: (a) Z=11, A=23; (b) Z=28, A=64.
by radioactive elements. 2.18 Write the appropriate symbol for each of the
2.3 Compare the properties of the following: α following isotopes: (a) Z=74, A=186; (b) Z=80, A=201.
particles, cathode rays, protons, neutrons, electrons.
2.4 What is meant by the term “fundamental The Periodic Table
particle”? (Review Questions)
2.5 Describe the contributions of the following 2.19 What is the periodic table, and what is its
scientists to our knowledge of atomic structure: J. J. significance in the study of chemistry?
Thomson, R. A. Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, James 2.20 State two differences between a metal and a
Chadwick. nonmetal.
2.6 Describe the experimental basis for believing 2.21 Write the names and symbols for four elements
that the nucleus occupies a very small fraction of the in each of the following categories: (a) nonmetal, (b)
volume of the atom. metal, (c) metalloid.
2.22 Define, with two examples, the following terms:
(Problems) (a) alkali metals, (b) alkaline earth metals, (c)
2.7 The diameter of a helium atom is about 1 3 102 halogens, (d) noble gases.
pm. Suppose that we could line up helium atoms
side by side in contact with one another. Problems
Approximately how many atoms would it take to 2.23 Elements whose names end with -ium are
make the distance from end to end 1 cm? usually metals; sodium is one example. Identify a
2.8 Roughly speaking, the radius of an atom is about nonmetal whose name also ends with -ium.
10,000 times greater than that of its nucleus. If an
2.24 Describe the changes in properties (from metals
to nonmetals or from nonmetals to metals) as we
move (a) down a periodic group and (b) across the
periodic table from left to right.
2.25 Consult a handbook of chemical and physical
data (ask your instructor where you can locate a
copy of the handbook) to find (a) two metals less
dense than water, (b) two metals denser than
mercury, (c) the densest known solid metallic
element, (d) the densest known solid nonmetallic 2.33 Identify the following as elements or
element. compounds: NH3, N2, S8, NO, CO, CO2, H2, SO2.
2.26 Group the following elements in pairs that you 2.34 Give two examples of each of the following: (a)
would expect to show similar chemical properties: K, a diatomic molecule containing atoms of the same
F, P, Na, Cl, and N. element, (b) a diatomic molecule containing atoms
of different elements, (c) a polyatomic molecule
Molecules and Ions containing atoms of the same element, (d) a
(Review Questions) polyatomic molecule containing atoms of different
2.27 What is the difference between an atom and a elements.
molecule? 2.35 Give the number of protons and electrons in
2.28 What are allotropes? Give an example. How are each of the following common ions: Na +, Ca2+, Al3+,
allotropes different from isotopes? Fe2+, I-, F-, S2-, O2-, and N3-.
2.29 Describe the two commonly used molecular 2.36 Give the number of protons and electrons in
models. each of the following common ions: K+, Mg2+, Fe3+,
2.30 Give an example of each of the following: (a) a Br-, Mn2-, C4-, Cu2+.
monatomic cation, (b) a monatomic anion, (c) a
polyatomic cation, (d) a polyatomic anion. Chemical Formulas
(Review Questions)
(Problems) 2.37 What does a chemical formula represent? What
2.31 Which of the following diagrams represent is the ratio of the atoms in the following molecular
diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules, formulas? (a) NO, (b) NCl3, (c) N2O4, (d) P4O6
molecules that are not compounds, molecules that 2.38 Define molecular formula and empirical
are compounds, or an elemental form of the formula. What are the similarities and differences
substance? between the empirical formula and molecular
formula of a compound?
2.39 Give an example of a case in which two
molecules have different molecular formulas but the
same empirical formula.
2.40 What does P4 signify? How does it differ from
4P?
2.41 What is an ionic compound? How is electrical
neutrality maintained in an ionic compound?
2.42 Explain why the chemical formulas of ionic
2.32 Which of the following diagrams represent compounds are usually the same as their empirical
diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules, formulas.
molecules that are not compounds, molecules that
are compounds, or an elemental form of the (Problems)
substance? 2.43 Write the formulas for the following ionic
compounds: (a) sodium oxide, (b) iron sulfide
(containing the Fe2+ ion), (c) cobalt sulfate
(containing the Co3+ and SO42- ions), and (d) barium
fluoride.
(Hint: See Figure 2.11.)
2.44 Write the formulas for the following ionic (Review Questions)
compounds: (a) copper bromide (containing the Cu + 2.51 What is the difference between inorganic
ion), (b) manganese oxide (containing the Mn 3+ ion), compounds and organic compounds?
(c) mercury iodide (containing the Hg 22+ ion), and (d) 2.52 What are the four major categories of inorganic
magnesium phosphate (containing the PO 43- ion). compounds?
(Hint: See Figure 2.11.) 2.53 Give an example each for a binary compound
2.45 What are the empirical formulas of the and a ternary compound.
following compounds? (a) C2N2, (b) C6H6, (c) C9H20, (d) 2.54 What is the Stock system? What are its
P4O10, (e) B2H6 advantages over the older system of naming cations?
2.46 What are the empirical formulas of the 2.55 Explain why the formula HCl can represent two
following compounds? (a) Al2Br6, (b) Na2S2O4, (c) different chemical systems.
N2O5, (d) K2Cr2O7 2.56 Define the following terms: acids, bases,
2.47 Write the molecular formula of glycine, an oxoacids, oxoanions, and hydrates.
amino acid present in proteins. The color codes are:
black (carbon), blue (nitrogen), red (oxygen), and (Problems)
gray (hydrogen). 2.57 Name these compounds: (a) Na 2CrO4, (b)
K2HPO4, (c) HBr (gas), (d) HBr (in water), (e) Li 2CO3, (f)
K2Cr2O7, (g) NH4NO2, (h) PF3, (i) PF5, (j) P4O6, (k) CdI2,
(l) SrSO4, (m) Al(OH)3, (n) Na2CO3 . 10H2O.
2.58 Name these compounds: (a) KClO, (b) Ag2CO3,
(c) FeCl2, (d) KMnO4, (e) CsClO3, (f) HIO, (g) FeO, (h)
Fe2O3, (i) TiCl4, (j) NaH, (k) Li3N, (l) Na2O, (m) Na2O2,
(n) FeCl3.6H2O.
2.59 Write the formulas for the following
compounds: (a) rubidium nitrite, (b) potassium
sulfide, (c) sodium hydrogen sulfide, (d) magnesium
phosphate, (e) calcium hydrogen phosphate, (f)
potassium dihydrogen phosphate, (g) iodine
heptafluoride, (h) ammonium sulfate, (i) silver
perchlorate, (j) boron trichloride.
2.60 Write the formulas for the following
2.48 Write the molecular formula of ethanol. The compounds: (a) copper(I) cyanide, (b) strontium
color codes are: black (carbon), red (oxygen), and chlorite, (c) perbromic acid, (d) hydroiodic acid, (e)
gray (hydrogen). disodium ammonium phosphate, (f) lead(II)
carbonate, (g) tin(II) fluoride, (h) tetraphosphorus
decasulfide, (i) mercury(II) oxide, (j) mercury(I)
iodide, (k) selenium hexafluoride.
2.61 Sulfur (S) and fluorine (F) form several different
compounds. One of them, SF6, contains 3.55 g of F
for every gram of S. Use the law of multiple
proportions to determine n, which represents the
number of F atoms in SFn, given that it contains 2.37
g of F for every gram of S.
2.62 Name the following compounds.

2.49 Which of the following compounds are likely to

be ionic? Which are likely to be molecular? SiCl 4, LiF,
BaCl2, B2H6, KCl, C2H4
2.50 Which of the following compounds are likely to
be ionic? Which are likely to be molecular? CH 4,
NaBr, BaF2, CCl4, ICl, CsCl, NF3 2.63 Pair the following species that contain the same
number of electrons: Ar, Sn4+, F-, Fe3+, P3-, V, Ag-, N3-.
Naming Inorganic Compounds
2.64 Write the correct symbols for the atoms that
contain: (a) 25 protons, 25 electrons, and 27
neutrons; (b) 10 protons, 10 electrons, and 12
neutrons; (c) 47 protons, 47 electrons, and 60
neutrons; (d) 53 protons, 53 electrons, and 74
neutrons; (e) 94 protons, 94 electrons, and 145
neutrons.
2.74 Identify the elements represented by the
Additional Problems following symbols and give the number of protons
2.65 A sample of a uranium compound is found to be and neutrons in each case: (a) 2010X, (b) 6329X, (c)
losing mass gradually. Explain what is happening to 10747X, (d) 18274X, (e) 20384X, (f) 23494X.
the sample. 2.75 Each of the following pairs of elements will
2.66 In which one of the following pairs do the two react to form an ionic compound. Write the formulas
species resemble each other most closely in and name these compounds: (a) barium and oxygen,
chemical properties? Explain. (a) 11H and 11H1, (b) (b) calcium and phosphorus, (c) aluminum and
147N and 147N32, (c) 126C and 136C. sulfur, (d) lithium and nitrogen.
2.67 One isotope of a metallic element has mass 2.76 Match the descriptions [(a)–(h)] with each of
number 65 and 35 neutrons in the nucleus. The the following elements: P, Cu, Kr, Sb, Cs, Al, Sr, Cl. (a)
cation derived from the isotope has 28 electrons. A transition metal, (b) a nonmetal that forms a 23
Write the symbol for this cation. ion, (c) a noble gas, (d) an alkali metal, (e) a metal
2.68 One isotope of a nonmetallic element has mass that forms a 13 ion, (f) a metalloid, (g) an element
number 127 and 74 neutrons in the nucleus. The that exists as a diatomic gas molecule, (h) an alkaline
anion derived from the isotope has 54 electrons. earth metal.
Write the symbol for this anion. 2.77 Explain why anions are always larger than the
2.69 Determine the molecular and empirical atoms from which they are derived, whereas cations
formulas of the compounds shown here. (Black are always smaller than the atoms from which they
spheres are carbon and gray spheres are hydrogen.) are derived. (Hint: Consider the electrostatic
attraction between protons and electrons.)
2.78 (a) Describe Rutherford’s experiment and how
it led to the structure of the atom. How was he able
to estimate the number of protons in a nucleus from
the scattering of the α particles? (b) Consider the
23Na atom. Given that the radius and mass of the
nucleus are 3.04 x 10-15 m and 3.82 x 10-23 g,
2.70 What is wrong with or ambiguous about the respectively, calculate the density of the nucleus in
phrase “four molecules of NaCl”? g/cm3. The radius of a 23Na atom is 186 pm.
2.71 The following phosphorus sulfides are known: Calculate the density of the space occupied by the
P4S3, P4S7, and P4S10. Do these compounds obey the electrons in the sodium atom. Do your results
law of multiple proportions? support Rutherford’s model of an atom? [The
2.72 Which of the following are elements, which are volume of a sphere of radius r is (4/3)πr3.]
molecules but not compounds, which are 2.79 Caffeine, shown here, is a psychoactive
compounds but not molecules, and which are both stimulant drug. Write the molecular formula and
compounds and molecules? (a) SO2, (b) S8, (c) Cs, (d) empirical formula of the compound.
N2O5, (e) O, (f) O2, (g) O3, (h) CH4, (i) KBr, (j) S, (k) P 4,
(l) LiF
2.73 The following table gives numbers of electrons,
protons, and neutrons in atoms or ions of a number
of elements. Answer the following: (a) Which of the
species are neutral? (b) Which are negatively
charged? (c) Which are positively charged? (d) What
are the conventional symbols for all the species?
 2.88 Of the 118 elements known, only two are
liquids at room temperature (25°C). What are they?
(Hint: One element is a familiar metal and the other
element is in Group 7A.)
2.89 For the noble gases (the Group 8A elements),
4 20
2He, 10Ne, 4018Ar, 8436Kr, and 13254Xe, (a)
determine the number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of each atom, and (b) determine the
ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus of each
atom. Describe any general trend you discover in the
way this ratio changes with increasing atomic
number.
2.80 Acetaminophen, shown here, is the active
2.90 List the elements that exist as gases at room
ingredient in Tylenol. Write the molecular formula
temperature. (Hint: Most of these elements can be
and empirical formula of the compound.
found in Groups 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A.)
2.91 The Group 1B metals, Cu, Ag, and Au, are called
coinage metals. What chemical properties make
them especially suitable for making coins and
jewelry?
2.92 The elements in Group 8A of the periodic table
are called noble gases. Can you suggest what “noble”
means in this context?
2.93 The formula for calcium oxide is CaO. What are
the formulas for magnesium oxide and strontium
2.81 What is wrong with the chemical formula for oxide?
each of the following compounds: (a) magnesium 2.94 A common mineral of barium is barytes, or
iodate [Mg(IO4)2], (b) phosphoric acid (H3PO3), (c) barium sulfate (BaSO4). Because elements in the
barium sulfite (BaS), (d) ammonium bicarbonate same periodic group have similar chemical
(NH3HCO3)? properties, we might expect to find some radium
2.82 What is wrong with the names (in parentheses) sulfate (RaSO4) mixed with barytes since radium is
for each of the following compounds: SnCl 4 (tin the last member of Group 2A. However, the only
chloride), (b) Cu2O [copper(II) oxide], (c) Co(NO 3)2 source of radium compounds in nature is in uranium
(cobalt nitrate), (d) Na2Cr2O7 (sodium chromate)? minerals. Why?
2.83 Fill in the blanks in the following table. 2.95 List five elements each that are (a) named after
54 2+
Symbol 26Fe places, (b) named after people, (c) named after a
Protons 5 79 86 color. (Hint: See Appendix 1.)
Neutrons 6 16 117 136 2.96 One isotope of a nonmetallic element has mass
Electrons 5 18 79 number 77 and 43 neutrons in the nucleus. The
Net Charge -3 0 anion derived from the isotope has 36 electrons.
Write the symbol for this anion.
2.84 (a) Which elements are most likely to form ionic 2.97 Fluorine reacts with hydrogen (H) and
compounds? (b) Which metallic elements are most deuterium (D) to form hydrogen fluoride (HF) and
likely to form cations with different charges? deuterium fluoride (DF), where deuterium (21H) is
2.85 Write the formula of the common ion derived an isotope of hydrogen. Would a given amount of
from each of the following: (a) Li, (b) S, (c) I, (d) N, (e) fluorine react with different masses of the two
Al, (f) Cs, (g) Mg hydrogen isotopes? Does this violate the law of
2.86 Which of the following symbols provides more definite proportion? Explain.
information about the atom: 23Na or 11Na? Explain. 2.98 Predict the formula and name of a binary
2.87 Write the chemical formulas and names of compound formed from the following elements: (a)
binary acids and oxoacids that contain Group 7A Na and H, (b) B and O, (c) Na and S, (d) Al and F, (e) F
elements. Do the same for elements in Groups 3A, and O, (f) Sr and Cl.
4A, 5A, and 6A. 2.99 Identify each of the following elements: (a) a
halogen whose anion contains 36 electrons, (b) a
radioactive noble gas with 86 protons, (c) a Group 6A mc2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed
element whose anion contains 36 electrons, (d) an of light. In a combustion experiment, it was found
alkali metal cation that contains 36 electrons, (e) a that 12.096 g of hydrogen molecules combined with
Group 4A cation that contains 80 electrons. 96.000 g of oxygen molecules to form water and
2.100 Write the molecular formulas for and names released 1.715 x 103 kJ of heat. Calculate the
of the following compounds. corresponding mass change in this process and
comment on whether the law of conservation of
mass holds for ordinary chemical processes. (Hint:
The Einstein equation can be used to calculate the
change in mass as a result of the change in energy.
1 J = 1 kg m2/s2 and c = 3.00 x 108 m/s.)
2.105 Draw all possible structural formulas of the
following hydrocarbons: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, and
C5H12.
2.106 (a) Assuming nuclei are spherical in shape,
2.101 Show the locations of (a) alkali metals, (b)
show that its radius r is proportional to the cube root
alkaline earth metals, (c) the halogens, and (d) the
of mass number (A). (b) In general, the radius of a
noble gases in the following outline of a periodic
nucleus is given by r = r 0A1/3, where r0 is a
table. Also draw dividing lines between metals and
proportionality constant given by 1.2 x 10 -15 m.
metalloids and between metalloids and nonmetals.
Calculate the volume of the 73Li nucleus. (c) Given
that the radius of a Li atom is 152 pm, calculate the
fraction of the atom’s volume occupied by the
nucleus. Does your result support Rutherford’s
model of an atom?
2.107 Draw two different structural formulas based
on the molecular formula C2H6O. Is the fact that you
can have more than one compound with the same
molecular formula consistent with Dalton’s atomic
2.102 Fill the blanks in the following table. theory?
Cation Anion Formula Name 2.108 Ethane and acetylene are two gaseous
Magnesium bicarboate hydrocarbons. Chemical analyses show that in one
SrCl2 sample of ethane, 2.65 g of carbon are combined
with 0.665 g of hydrogen, and in one sample of
Fe3+ NO2
acetylene, 4.56 g of carbon are combined with 0.383
Manganes (II) chlorate
g of hydrogen. (a) Are these results consistent with
SnBr4
the law of multiple proportions? (b) Write
Co2+ PO43-
2+
reasonable molecular formulas for these
Hg2 I-
compounds.
Cu=CO3 2.109 A cube made of platinum (Pt) has an edge
Lithium Nitride length of 1.0 cm. (a) Calculate the number of Pt
A3+ S2 atoms in the cube. (b) Atoms are spherical in shape.
Therefore, the Pt atoms in the cube cannot fill all of
2.103 Some compounds are better known by their the available space. If only 74 percent of the space
common names than by their systematic chemical inside the cube is taken up by Pt atoms, calculate the
names. Give the chemical formulas of the following radius in picometers of a Pt atom. The density of Pt
substances: (a) dry ice, (b) table salt, (c) laughing gas, is 21.45 g/cm3 and the mass of a single Pt atom is
(d) marble (chalk, limestone), (e) quicklime, (f) slaked 3.240 x 10-22 g. [The volume of a sphere of radius r is
lime, (g) baking soda, (h) washing soda, (i) gypsum, (4/3)πr3.]
(j) milk of magnesia. 2.110 A monatomic ion has a charge of 12. The
2.104 On p. 40 it was pointed out that mass and nucleus of the parent atom has a mass number of
energy are alternate aspects of a single entity called 55. If the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 1.2
mass energy. The relationship between these two times that of the number of protons, what is the
physical quantities is Einstein’s famous equation, E 5 name and symbol of the element?
2.111 In the following 2 x 2 crossword, each letter
must be correct four ways: horizontally, vertically,
diagonally, and by itself. When the puzzle is
complete, the four spaces will contain the
overlapping symbols of 10 elements. Use capital
letters for each square. There is only one correct
solution. *
1 2

3 4

Horizontal
1–2: Two-letter symbol for a metal used in ancient
times
3–4: Two-letter symbol for a metal that burns in air
and is found in Group 5A

Vertical
1–3: Two-letter symbol for a metalloid
2–4: Two-letter symbol for a metal used in U.S. coins

Single Squares
1: A colorful nonmetal
2.113 Calculate the density of the nucleus of a 56
2: A colorless gaseous nonmetal
26Fe atom, given that the nuclear mass is 9.229 3
3: An element that makes fireworks green
10223 g. From your result, comment on the fact that
4: An element that has medicinal uses
any nucleus containing more than one proton must
have neutrons present as well. (Hint: See Problem
Diagonal
2.106.)
1–4: Two-letter symbol for an element used in
2.114 Element X reacts with element Y to form an
electronics
ionic compound containing X4+ and Y2- ions. Write a
2–3: Two-letter symbol for a metal used with Zr to
formula for the compound and suggest in which
make wires for superconducting magnets.
periodic groups these elements are likely to be
found. Name a representative compound.
2.112 Name the following acids.
2.115 Methane, ethane, and propane are shown in
Table 2.8. Show that the following data are
consistent with the law of multiple proportions.

2.116 In the Rutherford scattering experiment, an α

particle is heading directly toward a gold nucleus.
The particle will come to a halt when its kinetic
energy is completely converted to electrical
potential energy. When this happens, how close will
the α particle with a kinetic energy of 6.0 x 10+ J be
from the nucleus? [According to Coulomb’s law, the
electrical potential energy between two charged
particles is E = kQ1Q2/r, where Q1 and Q2 are the
charges (in coulombs) of the α particle and the gold
nucleus, r is the distance of separation in meters,
and k is a constant equal to 9.0 x 109 kg • m3/s2 ?
C2. Joule (J) is the unit of energy where 1 J = 1 kg•
m2/s2.]
2.117 Estimate the relative sizes of the following
species: Li, Li1, Li2.
2.118 Compare the atomic size of the following two
magnesium isotopes: 24Mg and 26Mg.
2.119 Using visible light, we humans cannot see any
object smaller than 2 x 10 -5 cm with an unaided eye.
Roughly how many silver atoms must be lined up for
us to see the atoms?
2.120 If the size of the nucleus of an atom were that
of a pea, how far would the electrons be (on
average) from the nucleus in meters?
2.121 Sodium and potassium are roughly equal in
natural abundance in Earth’s crust and most of their
compounds are soluble. However, the composition
of seawater is much higher in sodium than
potassium. Explain.
2.122 One technique proposed for recycling plastic
grocery bags is to heat them at 700°C and high
pressure to form carbon microspheres that can be
used in a number of applications. Electron
microscopy shows some representative carbon
microspheres obtained in this manner, where the
scale is given in the bottom right corner of the figure.
Determine the number of carbon atoms in a typical
carbon microsphere.