EDO UNIVERSITY IYAMHO
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GEE 214 Engineering Drawing
Instructor: Engr. F. Oamen Isaac, email: [email protected]
Lectures: Wednesdays, 10am – 12pm, LT1, phone: (+234) 8037758993
Office hours: Wednesday, 8am to 9.30am (just before class), Office: Engineering Block, Floor 2,
Rm 2
Description: This course is intended to give the students a thorough knowledge of how to draw
ellipse, parabola and hyperbola curves, carry out projections of points, straight lines, planes and
solids. Carry out Development and Intersection of surfaces. Draw Orthographic and Isometric
projections of objects. Understand screw threads and fastenings and the use of AutoCAD in
Engineering Drawing.
Prerequisites: Students should be familiar with the use of drawing instruments, printing of letters
and figures, dimensioning of objects, drawing of geometrical shapes and figures and tangency of
objects.
Assignments: Homework assignments will be given throughout the course in addition to a Mid-
Term Test and a Final Exam. Home works are due at the beginning of the class on the due date.
Home works are organized and structured as preparation for the mid-term and final exam, and are
meant to be a studying material for both exams.
Grading: 10% is assigned to home works, 5% for attendance, 15% for the mid-term test and 70%
for the final exam. The Final exam is comprehensive.
Textbook: The recommended textbooks for this class are as stated:
Title: Engineering Drawing with Worked Examples
Authors: M. A. Packer & E. Pickup
Publisher: Nelson Thornes Ltd, 3rd Edition
ISBN: 0091264510.
Year: 1984.
Title: Engineering Graphics Fundamentals
Authors: Arvid R. Eide, Roland D. Jenison, Lane H. Mashaw, Larry L. Northup & C. Gordon
Sanders
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3rd Edition
ISBN: 0-07-019126-3.
Year: 1976.
Title: Engineering Drawing, Planes and Solid Geometry
Author: N.D. Bhatt and V.M. Panchal
Publisher: Charotar Publishing House PVT. Ltd.
ISBN: 81-85594-9
Year: 2008
Lectures: Below is a description of the contents.
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
Engineering Drawing is a means of communication used by engineers to represent to scale the
features of an object and ideas on paper. It’s studied by all technical men and women. These
technical personnel may be involved in the production or manufacturing, construction of
buildings, bridges, roads, dams, etc. Students should not have the idea that Engineering Drawing
is the same as Fine Art or Photography. Engineering involves the production of drawings to scale
with all dimensions and labeling of objects. No shading or colouring allowed in Engineering
Drawing like in the Fine Art.
CONIC SECTIONS
The sections obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone by a plane in different positions
relative to the axis of the cone are called conics. Refer to Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Fig. 1(i) Fig. 1(ii) Fig. 1(iii)
i). When the section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all the generators on one side of
the apex, the section is an ellipse. Fig. 1(i).
i). When the section plane is inclined to the axis and is parallel to one of the generators, the
section is a parabola. Fig. 1(ii).
ii). When the section plane is cuts both parts of the double cone on one side of the axis, the
section is a hyperbola. Fig. 1(iii).
The conic may be defined as the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that the ratio of
its distance from a fixed point and a fixed straight line is always constant. The fixed point is
called the focus and the fixed line, the directrix.
The ratio distance of the point from the focus is called eccentricity
distance of the point from the directrix
and is denoted by e. It is always less than 1 for ellipse, equal to 1 for parabola and greater than 1
for hyperbola i.e. e < 1 for ellipse, e = 1 for parabola and e > 1 for hyperbola.
The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis. The point
at which the conic cuts its axis is called the vertex.
ELLIPSE
An ellipse is defined as a curve traced out by a point moving in a plane such that its distance
from a fixed point called focus is always less than its distance fixed line called directrix. An
ellipse can also be defined as a curve traced out by a point moving in a plane such that the sum
of its distances from two fixed points is a constant. An ellipse has two foci and two directrices.
i). Each of the two points is called the focus, F1 and F2
ii). The line passing through the two foci and terminated by the curve, is called the major
axis, AB
iii). The line bisecting the major axis at right angles and terminated by the curve, is called the
minor axis, CD. See Fig. 2.
Conjugate axes: These axes are called conjugate axes when they are parallel to the tangents
drawn at their extremities.
Fig. 2
In Fig. 2, AB is the major axis, CD the minor axis and F1 and F2 are the foci. The foci are
equidistant from the centre O.
The points A, P, C etc. are on the curve and hence, according to the definition,
(AF1 + AF2) = (PF1 + PF2) = (CF1 + CF2) etc.
But (AF1 + AF2) = AB.
(PF1 + PF2) = AB, the major axis.
Therefore, the sum of the distances of any point on the curve from the two foci is equal to the
major axis.
Again, (CF1 + CF2) = AB.
But CF1 = CF2
CF1 = CF2 = 1 AB.
2
Hence, the distance of the ends of the minor axis from the foci is equal to half the major axis.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF ELLIPSE
Ellipse is the most commonly used mathematical curve. Elliptical shapes are used for the arches
of buildings, in architecture, flanges of machine parts, gears, drawing pipe end when joining to a
plane, etc. The methods of construction of ellipse are as follows:
i). Eccentricity method
ii). Concentric or Auxiliary circle method
iii). Rectangular or Oblong method
iv). Parallelogram method
v). Arc of circles or Intersecting arc method
vi). Loop of the Thread method
vii). Trammel method.
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Example 1
To construct an ellipse when the distance of the focus from the directrix is equal to 50 mm and
eccentricity is 2/3. See Fig. 3.
Steps:
i) Draw any vertical line AB as directrix;
ii). At any point C on it, draw the axis;
iii). Mark a focus F on the axis such that CF = 50 mm;
iv). Divide CF into 5 equal divisions;
v). Mark the vertex V on the third division point from C;
Thus, eccentricity, e = VF = 2 .
VC 3
vi). A scale may now be constructed on the axis which will directly give the distances in the
required ratio;
vii). At V, draw a perpendicular VE equal to VF. Draw a line joining C and E.
Thus, in triangle CVE, VE = VF = 2 .
VC VC 3
viii). Mark any point 1 on the axis and through it, draw a perpendicular to meet CE produced at
1’;
ix). With centre F and radius equal to 1-1’, draw arcs to intersect the perpendicular through 1
at points P1 and P1’.
These are the points on the ellipse, because the distance of P1 from AB is equal to C1,
P1F = 1-1’ and 1-1’ = VF = 2 .
C1 VC 3
Similarly, mark points 2, 3 etc. on the axis and obtain points P2 and P2’, P3 and P3’ etc.
x). Draw the ellipse through these points. It is a closed curve having two foci and two
directrices.
Fig. 3. Ellipse Constructed by Eccentricity Method
CONCENTRIC OR AUXILIARY CIRCLE METHOD
Example 2
Given the major and minor axes as 120 mm and 80 mm respectively. Draw an ellipse.
Steps:
i). Draw the major axis AB = 120 mm and the minor axis CD = 80 mm intersecting each
other at O;
ii). With centre O and diameters AB and CD respectively, draw two concentric circles;
iii). Divide the major axis circle into 12 number of equal divisions and mark points 1, 2, 3,
etc.
iv). Draw lines joining these points with the centre O and cutting the minor axis circle at
points 1’, 2’, 3’, etc.
v). Through point 1 on the major axis circle, draw a line parallel to CD, the minor axis;
vi). Through point 1’ on the minor axis circle, draw a line parallel to AB, the major axis. The
point P1, where these two lines intersect is on the required ellipse;
v). Repeat the construction through all the points. Draw the ellipse through A, P1, P2……
etc. See Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Construction by Concentric Circle Method
RECTANGULAR OR OBLONG METHOD
Example 3
Draw an ellipse by rectangular method, given the major and minor axes as 150 mm and 90 mm
respectively.
Steps:
i). Draw two axes AB = 150 mm and CD = 90 mm bisecting or intersecting each other at O;
ii). Construct the oblong EFGH having its sides equal to the two axes;
iii). Divide the semi-major axis AO into a number equal parts, say 4, and AE into the same
number of equal parts, numbering them from A as shown;
iv). Draw lines joining 1’. 2’ and 3’ with C;
v). From D, draw lines through 1, 2, and 3 intersecting C1’, C2’ and C3’ at points P1, P2 and
P3 respectively;
vi). Draw the curve through A, P1……C. It will be one quarter of the ellipse;
vii). Complete the curve by the same construction in each of the three remaining quadrants.
See Fig. 5.
As the curve is symmetrical about the two axes, points in the remaining quadrants may be
located by drawing perpendiculars and horizontals from P1, P2 etc. and
making each of them of equal length on both the sides of the two axes.
For example, P2x = x P11 and P2y = y P5.
Fig. 5. Construction by Oblong Method
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
Example 4
Draw an ellipse by parallelogram method if the conjugate diameters are 150 mm and 108 mm
respectively with an included angle of 700. Also mark the minor axis of the curve.
Steps:
i). Draw the given conjugate diameters AB = 150 mm and CD = 108 mm with an inclined
angle of 700. The conjugate diameters bisect at O as shown in Fig. 6. Draw the
circumscribing parallelogram EFGH;
ii). Construct the ellipse by rectangular method as shown;
iii). Draw a semicircle with O as centre and OD as radius to intersect the ellipse at K. Join
CK. The line LM passing through the centre O and parallel to CK is the minor axis;
iv). Draw a line NS perpendicular to LM. Here, NS is the major axis.
Fig. 6. Construction by Parallelogram Method
ARC OF CIRCLE OR INTERSECTING ARC METHOD
Example 5
The foci of an ellipse are 100 mm apart and the minor axis is 80 mm long. Measure the length of
the major axis. Draw the ellipse by using the arc of circle method.
Steps:
i). Draw a horizontal line and mark the foci F1 and F2 on this line such that F1 F2 = 100 mm.
Draw a perpendicular bisector and mark points C and D such that CO = DO = 40 mm;
ii). Mark A on the horizontal line such that AO = CF. Similarly, obtain the point B. Now AB
is the major axis;
iii). Mark some points on AO equal to the number of points desired to be plotted in each
quadrant of the ellipse;
iv). With centres F1 and F2 and radii equal to 1A and 1B respectively draw arcs to intersect at
P1 on the right hand side of the minor axis;
v). Repeat the procedure explained above and get the corresponding points P2, P3, etc;
vi). Draw a smooth curve passing through all these points using French curves and the curve
obtained is the required ellipse. See Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Arc of Circle Method
NORMAL AND TANGENT TO AN ELLIPSE
The normal to an ellipse at any point on it bisects the angle made by lines joining that point with
the foci.
The tangent to an ellipse at any point is perpendicular to the normal at that point.
Example 6
To draw a normal and a tangent to the ellipse at point Q on it.
Join Q with the foci F1 and F2.
Steps:
i). Draw a line NM bisecting F1Q F2. NM is the normal to the ellipse;
ii). Draw a line ST through Q and perpendicular to NM. ST is the tangent to the ellipse at the
point Q. See Fig. 2.
PARABOLA
A parabola is the locus of a point that moves so that its distance from a fixed point (called the
focus) bears a constant ratio of 1 to its perpendicular distance from a straight line (called the
directrix). A parabola has only one focus and one directrix. The terminology of parabola is shown
in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Terminology of Parabola
Some of the important properties mentioned below will be useful in the construction of a parabola.
i). Area of the parabola is two-third the area of the circumscribing parallelogram;
ii). Tangents PT and QT drawn from the extremities of any focal chord PQ intersect at T on
the directrix at right angles;
iii). Tangents drawn from the extremities of any chord intersect on the diameter which bisects
that chord;
iv). Sub-tangent OM is bisected by the vertex of the parabola, V;
v). Sub-normal MN has a constant length and it is equal to twice the distance between the
vertex and the focus.
Parabolic shapes are widely used in engineering practice. Some examples are head lamp reflector
of automobiles, reflectors to concentrate solar power, bridge arches, cantilever bodies, shapes of
machine tools, etc. The trajectory of missiles, the path of a jet of water, etc. are parabolic shape.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA
The methods of construction of parabola are as follows:
i). Eccentricity method
iii). Rectangular method
iv). Parallelogram method
v). Tangent method
vi). Offset method
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Example 7
Construct a conic, when the distance between its focus and directrix is equal to 50 mm and its
eccentricity is one. Draw a tangent at any point on the curve.
Steps:
i). Draw the directrix AB and the axis CD;
ii). Mark focus F on CD, 50 mm from C;
iii). Bisect CF in V the vertex (because eccentricity = 1);
iv). Mark a number of points 1, 2, 3 etc. on the axis and through them, draw perpendiculars to
it;
v). With centre F and radius equal to C1, draw arcs cutting the perpendicular through 1 at P1
and P1’;
vi). Similarly, locate points P2 and P2’, P3 and P3’ etc. on both the sides of the axis;
v). Draw a smooth curve through these points. This curve is the required parabola. It is an
open curve.
vi). Join P with F;
vii). From F, draw a line perpendicular to PF to meet AB at T;
viii). Draw a line through T and P. This line is the tangent to the curve;
ix). Through P, draw a line NM perpendicular to TP. NM is the normal to the curve. See Fig.
9.
Fig. 9. A Parabola
RECTANGULAR METHOD
Example 8
Draw a parabolic arc with a span of 1000 mm and a rise of 800 mm. Use the rectangular method.
Step:
i). Draw an enclosing rectangle ABCD with base AB = 1000 mm and height BC = 800 mm
using a suitable scale;
ii). At its mid-point E, draw the axis EF at right angle to AB;
iii). Divide AE and AD into the same of equal parts and label them, say 1, 2, 3 and 1’, 2’, 3’
etc;
iv). Draw lines joining F with points 1, 2 and 3. Through 1’, 2’, and 3’, draw perpendiculars
to AB intersecting F1, F2 and F3 at points P1, P2 and P3 respectively;
v). Draw a curve through A, P1, P2 etc. It will be a half parabola.
Repeat the same construction in the other half of the rectangle to complete the parabola. Or,
locate the points by drawing lines through the points P1, P2 etc. parallel to the base and making
each of them of equal length on both the sides of EF, e.g. P1O = O P1’. AB and EF are called the
base and the axis respectively of the parabola. See Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Rectangular Method
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
Problem: Construct a parabola within a parallelogram of sides 120 mm x 60 mm. One of the
included angle between the sides is 75°.
Solution : (Fig. 11)
1. Construct the parallelogram PQRS (PS = 120 mm PQ = 60 mm and angle QPS = 75°).
Bisect PS at 0 and draw VO parallel to PQ.
2. Divide PO and SR into any four number of equal parts as 1, 2, 3 and 11, 21, 31
respectively starting from P on PQ and from S on SR. Join VI, V2 & V3. Also join V11,
V21, and V31
3. Divide PO and OS into 4 equal parts as 11, 21, 31 and 111 ,211 , 311 respectively starting
from P on PO and from S on SO.
4. From 11 draw a line parallel to PQ to meet the line V1 at P1. Similarly obtain the points
P2 and P3.
5. Also from 111, 211, 311 draw lines parallel to RS to meet the lines V11, V21 and V31 at P11,
P21, and P31 respectively and draw a smooth parabola.
Fig. 11
TANGENT METHOD
To draw a parabola using the tangent method with 70 mm as base and 30 mm as the length of the
axis. See Fig. 12.
Step:
1. Draw the base AB and locate its mid-point C.
2. Through C, draw CD perpendicular to AB forming the axis
3. Produce CD to E such that DE = CD
4. Join E-A and E-B. These are the tangents to the parabola at A and B.
5. Divide AE and BE into the same number of equal parts and number the points as shown.
6. Join 1-1', 2-2' ,3-3' , etc., forming the tangents to the required parabola.
7. A smooth curve passing through A, D and B and tangential to the above lines is the
required parabola.
Fig. 12
Problem:
A stone is thrown from a building of 7 m high and at its highest flight it just crosses
a palm tree 14 m high. Trace the path of the stone, if the distance between the
building and the tree measured along the ground is 3.5 m.
Solution (Fig. 13)
1. Draw lines AB and OT, representing the building and palm tree respectively, 3.5 m apart
and above the ground level.
2. Locate C and D on the horizontal line through B such that CD=BC=3.5 and complete the
rectangle BDEF.
3. Inscribe the parabola in the rectangle BDEF, by rectangular method.
4. Draw the path of the stone till it reaches the ground (H) extending the principle of
rectangle method.
Fig. 13
Problem:
Draw a parabolic arc with a span of 1000 nun and a rise of 800 mm. U.se rectangular method.
Draw a tangent and normal at any point P on the curve.
Solution: (Fig. 14)
1. Draw an enclosing rectangle ABCD with base AB = 1000 mm and height BC = 800 mm
using a suitable scale.
2. Mark the axis VH of the parabola, where V is the vertex and mid-point of line CD.
Divide DV and AD into the same number of equal parts (say 4).
3. Draw a vertical line through the point 11 lying on the line DV. Join V with 1 lying on the
line AD. These two lines intersect at point P1 as shown in Fig. 14.
4. Similarly obtain other points P2, P3, etc.
5. Draw a smooth curve passing through these points to obtain the required parabola.
Fig. 14.
Problem:
A fountain jet discharges water from ground level at an inclination of 55° to the ground. The jet
travels a horizontal distance of 10 m from the point of discharge and falls on the ground. Trace
the path of the jet.
Solution (Fig. 15)
1. Taking the scale as 1: 100 draw PQ = 10 cm . Jet discharges water at 55° to the ground.
So, at P and Q draw 55° lines to intersect at R. PQR is an isosceles triangle.
2. Bisect PQ at O. At 0, erect vertical to pass through R. Bisect OR at V, the vertex.
3. Divide PR into any number of (say 8) equal parts as 1, 2, ... 7 starting from P on PR.
Divide RQ into same number of (8) equal parts as 11, 21 .... 71 starting from R on RQ.
4. Join 1, 11 and also 7, 71. Both will meet the vertical OR at a point. Join 2, 21, and also 6,
61. Both will meet the vertical OR at another point. Join 3, 31 and also 5, 51. Both will
meet the vertical OR at a third point. Join 4, 41 and it will meet the vertical OR at V.
5. Draw a smooth parabola through P, V, Q such that the curve is tangential to the lines 111,
221,....771.
Fig. 15.
HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is a curve generated by a point moving such that the difference of its distances from
two fixed points called foci is always constant and equal to the distance between the vertices of
the two branches of hyperbola. This distance is also known as the major axis of the hyperbola.
Fig. 16.
Referring to Fig. 16, the difference between P1F1~ P1F2 = P2F2~ P2F1 = V1V2 (major axis).
The axes AB and CD are known as transverse and conjugate axes of the hyperbola. The curve
has two branches which are symmetric about the conjugate axis.
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
i). Eccentricity method
ii). Foci and the difference of the distances method
iii). Ordinate, abscissa and transverse axis method
iv). Asymptotes and a point on the curve method
ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Problem:
Construct a conic when the distance of any point P between the focus and the directrix is
constant and is equal to 50 mm and its eccentricity is 3/2. Name the curve. Draw a tangent and a
normal at any point on the curve.
Solution: (Fig. 17)
1. As the eccentricity is greater than 1; the curve is a hyperbola. Draw one directirx DD and
mark the focus F such that FA = 50 mm.
2. As the eccentricity is 3/2, divide FA into 3 + 2 = 5 equal parts. By definition VF/VA =
3/2 and hence locate the vertex V.
3. Draw VE perpendicular to the axis such that VE = VF. Join AE and extend it as shown in
Fig. 17.
4. This is the eccentricity scale, which gives the distances in the required ratio. In triangle
AVE, EF/VA = VF/VA = 3/2.
5. Mark any point 1 on the axis and proceed further as explained in earlier to get the points
P1, P2, P3, etc. Draw a smooth curve passing through the points V, P1, P2, P3, etc. which is
the required hyperbola.
6. Tangent and normal at any point P on the hyperbola can be drawn as shown.
Fig. 17.
FOCI AND THE DIFFERENCE OF THE DISTANCES METHOD
Problem:
Construct a hyperbola with its foci 70 mm apart and the major axis (distance
between the vertices) as 40 mm. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point 20 mm from the focus.
Solution (Fig. 18)
1. Draw the transverse and conjugate axes AB and CD of the hyperbola and locate F1 and
F2, the foci and V1 and V2 the vertices.
2. Mark number of points 1, 2, 3, etc., on the transverse axis, which need not be equi-
distant.
3. With centre F1 and radius V11, draw arcs on either side of the transverse axis.
4. With centre F2 and radius V21, draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at P1 and P11.
5. With centre F2 and radius V11, draw arcs on either side of the transverse axis.
6. With centre F1 and radius V21, draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at Q1, Q11.
7. Repeat the steps 3 to 6 and obtain other points P2, P21, etc. and Q2, Q21 etc.
8. Join the points P1, P2, P3, P11, P21, P31 and Q1, Q2, Q3, Q11, Q21, Q31 forming the two
branches of hyperbola.
Note:
To draw a tangent to the hyperbola, locate the point M which is at 20 mm from the focus say F2.
Then, join M to the foci F1 and F2. Draw a line TT, bisecting the <F1MF2 forming the required
tangent at M.
Fig. 18.
To draw the asymptotes to the given hyperbola
Lines passing through the centre and tangential to the curve at infinity are known as asymptotes.
Construction (Fig. 19)
1. Through the vertices V I and V 2 draw perpendiculars to the transverse axis.
2. With centre 0 and radius OF1 = (OF2), draw a circle meeting the above lines at P, Q and
R, S.
3. Join the points P, O, R and S, O, Q and extend, forming the asymptotes to the hyperbola.
Note:
The circle drawn with 0 as centre and V1V2 as diameters is known as auxiliary circle.
Asymptotes intersect the auxiliary circle on the directrix. Thus. D1D1and D2D2 are the two
directrices for the two branches of hyperbola.
Fig. 19.
Problem:
Two points F I and F 2 are located on a plane sheet 100 mm apart. A point P on the curve moves
such that the difference of its distances from FI and F2 always remains 50 mm. Find the locus of
the point and name the curve. Mark asymptotes and directrices.
Solution: (Fig. 20)
1. A curve traced out by a point moving in the same plane in such a way that the difference
of the distances from two fixed points is constant, is called a hyperbola.
2. Draw a horizontal line and mark the fixed points F2 and F1 in such a way that F2F1 = 100
mm. Draw a perpendicular bisector C1OC2 to F2F1 as shown in Fig. 20.
3. Mark the points V2 and V1 on the horizontal line such that V2V1 = 50 mm and V2O =
V1O.
4. With centre 0 and radius equal to F2O draw a circle. Draw tangents at V2 and V1 to
intersect the above circle at J, M, K and L as shown. Draw a line joining JOL and
produce it and this line is one asymptote.
5. The other asymptote is the line passing through KOM.
6. Mark any number of points 1, 2, 3, etc., on the axis of the hyperbola. With F2 as centre
and radius equal to 2V2 draw an arc to cut the arc drawn with F1 as centre and radius
equal to 2V1. The point of intersection is marked as P2. Similarly obtain other points of
intersection P1, P3, P4, etc. It may be noted that P2 F2 - P2 F1 = P3 F2 - P3 F1 = 50 mm. Draw
a smooth curve passing through the points V, P1 P2 P3, etc., which is the required
hyperbola. Also draw another hyperbola on the other side of the axis as shown.
Fig. 20.
ORDINATE, ABSCISSA AND TRANSVERSE AXIS METHOD
Problem:
Draw a hyperbola when its double ordinate is 90 mm, abscissa is 35 mm and half the transverse
axis is 45 mm.
Solution: (Fig. 21)
1. Draw OBQ such that OB = half the transverse axis = 45 mm and BQ = abscissa = 35mm.
Through Q erect vertical such that PP1 = double ordinate = 90mm = 2PQ.
2. Construct the rectangle PP1 RR1. Divide PR and P1R1 into any number of equal parts (say
4) as 1, 2, 3, and 11, 21, 31 starting from P on PR and P1 on P1R1 respectively. Join B1,
B2, B3, B11, B21 and B31.
3. Divide the ordinates PQ and QP1 into the same number of equal parts as 11, 21, 31 and 111,
211, 311 starting from P on PQ and P1 on P1Q respectively.
4. Join 0l to meet B1 at P1. Join 021 and 031 to meet B2 and B3 at P2 and P3 respectively.
Similarly join 0111 0211 and 0311 to meet B 11 B21 B31 at P11 P12 P13 respectively.
5. Join P, P1, P2, P3, B, P13, P12, P11 and P1 by a smooth hyperbola.
Fig. 21
ASYMPTOTES AND A POINT ON THE CURVE METHOD
Problem:
Construct a rectangular hyperbola when a point P on it is at a distance of 30 mm and 40 mm
respectively from the two asymptotes.
Solution: (Fig. 22)
1. For a rectangular hyperbola, angle between the asymptotes is 90°. So, draw OR1 and OR2
such that the angle R1OR2 is 90°.
2. Mark A and B along OR2and OR1 respectively such that OA = 40 mm and OB = 30 mm.
From A draw AX parallel to OR1 and from B draw BY parallel to OR2. Both intersect at
P.
3. Along BP mark 1, 2, and 3 at approximately equal intervals. Join 01, 02, and 03, and
extend them to meet AX at 11, 21 and 31 respectively.
4. From 11 draw a line parallel to OR2 and from 1 draw a line parallel to OR1. From 2 and 3
draw lines parallel to OR1. They intersect at P2 and P3 respectively.
5. Then along PA mark points 41 and 51 at approximately equal intervals. Join 041 and 051
and extend them to meet BY at 4 and 5 respectively.
6. From 41 and 51 draw lines parallel to OR2 and from 4 and 5 draw lines parallel to OR1 to
intersect at P4 and P5 respectively.
7. Join P1, P2, P3, P, P4 and P5 by smooth rectangular hyperbola.
Fig. 22
Problem:
Draw an ellipse with major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm. Determine the
eccentricity and the distance between the directrices.
Solution (Fig. 23)
Eccentricity e = V1 F1 / V1A = V1 F2 / V1B
therefore V1F2 – V1F1 / V1B – V1A = F1F2/ V1V2
From the triangle F1CO
OC = 40 mm (half of minor axis)
F1C = 60 mm (half of major axis)
Thus F1O = (602 - 402) = 44.7mm
Hence F1F2 = 2 F1O = 89.4 mm
on substitution e = 89.4/120 = 0.745. Also,eccentricity e = V1 V2 / AB. Hence, the distance
between the directrices AB = V1 V2 /e = 161mm.
Fig. 23.
QUESTIONS
Ellipse
1. Construct a conic when the distance of its focus from the directrix is equal to 50 mm and
its eccentricity is 3/4. Measure its major and minor axes. Draw a tangent at any point on
the curve. What is the distance between the foci?
2. The major and minor axes of an ellipse are 8O mm and 50 mm respectively. Construct
the curve.
3. Draw an ellipse whose major and minor diameters are 150 mm and 100 mm respectively.
Use oblong method. What is the distance between the foci?
4. The foci of an ellipse are 90 mm apart and minor axis is 60 mm. Determine the length of
the major axes and draw the ellipse by (a) Concentric circle method, (b) oblong method,
(c) trammel method. Draw a tangent and normal to the curve at a point on it 20 mm
above the major axis.
5. A plot of ground is in the shape of a rectangle of size 100 m x 60 m. Inscribe an elliptical
lawn in it.
6. Construct an ellipse, when a pair of conjugate diameters are equal to 90 mm and 60 mm
respectively. The angle between the conjugate diameters is 600.
7. Two points AB are 100 mm apart. A point C is 8O mm from A and 60 mm from B. Draw
an ellipse passing through A, B and C.
8. Draw a four centres approximate ellipse having a major axis of 120 mm and a minor axis
of 80 mm.
9. Draw an ellipse having a major axis of 110 mm and minor axis of 70 mm using the
concentric circles method. Draw a tangent at any point on the ellipse.
10. Inscribe an ellipse in a parallelogram of sides 120 mm and 80 mm. The acute angle
between the sides is 60°.
Parabola
1. Draw a parabola whose focus is at a distance of 50 mm from the directrix. Draw a tangent
and normal at any point on it.
2. A highway bridge of parabolic shape is to be constructed with a span of 10 m and a rise
of 5 m. Make out a profile of the bridge by offset method.
3. A ball thrown up in the air reaches a maximum height of 50 m. The horizontal distance
traveled by the ball is 80 m. Trace the path of the ball and name it.
4. Construct a parabola if the distance between its focus and directrix is 60 mm. Also draw a
tangent to the curve.
5. Construct a parabola whose base is 90 mm and axis is 80 mm using the following
methods:
(a) Rectangular method (b) Tangent method and (c) Off-set method.
6. Draw a parabola if the longest ordinate of it is 50 mm and abscissa is 120 mm. Locate its
focus and directrix.
7. A cricket ball thrown reaches a maximum height of 9 m and falls on the ground at a
distance of 25 m from the point of projection. Draw the path of the ball. What is the angle
of projection?
8. Water comes out of an orifice fitted on the vertical side of a tank and it falls on the
ground. The horizontal distance of the point where the water touches the ground, is 75 cm
when measured from the side of the tank. If the vertical distance between the orifice and
the point is 30 cm, draw the path of the jet of water.
Hyperbola
1. A vertex of a hyperbola is 50 mm from its focus. Draw two parts of the hyperbola, if the
eccentricity is 3/2.
2. Two fixed points A and B are 120 mm apart. Trace the locus of a point moving in such a
way that the difference of its distances from the fixed points is 80 mm. Name the curve
after plotting it.
3. Construct a hyperbola if the distance between the foci is 100 mm and the transverse axis
is 70mm.
4. The asymptotes of a hyperbola are making 700 with each other. A point P on the curve is
at a distance of 40 mm from the horizontal asymptote and 50 mm from the inclined
asymptote. Plot the curve. Draw a tangent and normal to the curve at any point M.
5. For a perfect gas the relation between the pressure, P and Volume, V is given by Boyle's
Law PV = constant. Draw a curve satisfying the above law, if 0.5 m3 of air under
atmospheric pressure is compressed. Name the curve.
Lecture note by Engr. F. Oamen Isaac is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
