STEC - SHS LECTURE NOTES
DATE: STRAND:HUMSS
TIME: SECTION: LAW
TOPIC:
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
Individual Counseling - this is the process of a client interacting
one-on-one with a trained therapist in a safe, caring and confidential
environment to explore their feelings, beliefs and behaviors
Groups/Organizations Counseling - this type of clientele is especially
helpful for people who have concerns about their relationships whereby
members share their experiences about relationships (life and work)
Community Counseling - this takes a wide variety of forms with a large
number of community services offered on location or on existing health
centers where people in the community needs counseling
Methods in Counseling
Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
*it encompasses therapeutic models that utilize dreams, fantasies,
associations & the expression of thoughts both verbally & physically
Behaviorism (Burrhus Frederic Skinner)
* psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive learning that all
behavior is learnt from our environment & symptoms are acquired through:
**classical conditioning (learning by association )
**operant conditioning (rewards & punishment)
Humanistic Perspective (Carl Rogers)
*attempts to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity & the
capacity for self-reflection and growth through self-empowerment by
recognizing strengths, reactivity & choice in the given circumstances
COUNSELING TOOLS
Psychoanalytic Therapy - developed by Sigmund Freud
* unconscious energy and experiences drive people's behavior in the form
of unconscious motives and conflicts
Goal: to help a client become conscious of this energy and early
experiences & thereby become empowered and harness both positively
Adlerian Therapy - developed by Alfred Adler
* the first six years of life influence an individual thus humans are
motivated
primarily by social urges
Goal: to help a client interprets his/her past and its continuing
influence on him/her
Existential Therapy - developed by Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow & Rollo
May
* focuses on the human capacity to define & shape his/her own life, give
meaning to personal circumstance through reflection, self-awareness &
decision-making
Goal: to help a client realize that we have a responsibility to live & to
see in life what we chose to
Person-centered Therapy - developed by Carl Rogers
* people get, share or surrender power & control over themselves and
others
and so empowerment depended on the SELF
Goal: to help a client undergo self-discovery
Gestalt Therapy - developed by Frederick S. Perls
* people must find their own way in life and accept personal
responsibility
for maturity; develop an awareness of the unfinished past , traumatic
experiences
and their road to recovery
Goal: to help a client undergo the process of “letting go “
Transactional Analysis - developed by Eric Berne
* it gives emphasis on decisions and contracts that must be made by the
client
Goal: to help a client view the potentials for CHOICE, DIRECTIONS & GOALS
Behavior Therapy - developed by Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, B.F.
Skinner
* it focuses on the overt behavior, precision in specifying the goals of
treatment & the development of specific treatment plans
Goal: to help a client improve his/her behavior
Rational-emotive Therapy - developed by Albert Ellis
* based on the assumption that human beings are born with a potential for
both rational or straight thinking; irrational or crooked thinking
Goal: to help a client accept themselves as people who would continue to
make
mistakes yet at the same time learn to live with themselves & be at peace
with
Themselves
Reality Therapy - developed by William Glasser
* it focuses on the client's strength in choosing their behavior & that
they become responsible for what they do and how they think & feel
Goal: to encourage a client to assess the current style of living then
leave
them to employ a process of honest self-examination, leading to
improvement of one's quality of life
What career paths can I take in Counseling?
Counselors may work as individual professional or as member of a team in
agencies and departments that deals with people and interactions of
people.Listed below are career opportunities for Counselors:
Educational and School Counselors
Vocational or Career Counselors
Marriage and Family Counselors
Addiction and Behavioral Counselors
Mental health Counselors
Rehabilitation Counselors
Genetics Counselors
