Name Ghaznooq Ahmad Ghulam Shabbir
Reg. No 2017-EE-352 2017-EE-362
Marks / Grade
EXPERIMENT # 4
Amplitude Modulation (AM) (Part 2)
Objective:
➢ Understanding the principle of the usual amplitude modulation on the basis of the available
test circuit.
➢ The terms carrier oscillation, signal oscillation and degree of modulation will be described.
➢ Demodulation of AM signal
Theory and Procedure:
The term amplitude modulation is used to define a form of signal modulation where the amplitude
of a high frequency carrier signal is varied by a low frequency modulating signal. Mathematically,
this process can be considered as a multiplication of the two frequencies. From the two direct
frequencies the amplitude modulation generates a frequency mixture with an upper and lower
sideband which is situated above and below the carrier frequency to the extent of the modulation
frequency.
The main effective variables in amplitude modulation are the parameters carrier frequency and
modulating frequency. Another variable is the degree of modulation, given by the ratio of
modulation amplitude and carrier amplitude.
Software Implementation:
MATLAB Code:
fm = 10; %Message frequency
fc = 100; % Carrier frequency
wm = 2*pi*fm; wc = 2*pi*fc;
t=0:0.001:10;
msg = sin(wm*t); car = cos(wc*t);
u = 5; % Change for different values of u
% Modulation
tx = 1*(1+u*msg).*car;
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,msg,'LineWidth' , 2); legend('Message'); axis([0 1 -3 3])
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,car,'LineWidth' , 2); legend('Carrier'); axis([0 1 -3 3])
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,tx,'LineWidth' , 1.5); legend('Modulated Signal'); axis([0 1 -6 6])
%DeModulation
rx = tx.*car;
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(t,rx, 'LineWidth' , 1.5); legend('Demodulated Signal'); axis([0 1 -6 6])
Results
Figure 1. Waveform for u = 0.2 (Under-modulation)
Figure 2. Waveform for u = 1 (Full-modulation)
Figure 3. Waveform for u = 5 (Over-modulation)
In SIMULINK
Figure 4. SIMULINK model
Result:
Figure 5. For u = 0.2 (Under-Modulation)
Figure 6. For u = 1 (Full-Modulation)
Figure 7. For u =5 (Over-Modulation)
Hardware Implementation
Task 1:
Set the carrier signal at the values f = 20 kHz and VC= 5Vpp and apply this signal to the "Oscill"
input of the test circuit. Set the information signal at the values f = 1 kHz and V= 15% and apply
this signal to the "NF" input of the test circuit.
On the oscilloscope, measure the signal at the "AM out" socket of the test circuit with the input
message and comment on the result.
X =500 µs/DIV
Channel A = 2 V/DIV AC
Channel B =2 V/DIV AC
Task 2 Degree of Modulation:
Retain the settings that were used in the last part of the previous exercise. Slowly reduce the
amplitude of the AF signal and then slowly increase it again.
When the amplitude of the AF is changed, the envelope of the AM signal is changed: A reduction
causes the oscillation of the carrier amplitude to become ____________and when the amplitude
of the AF is increased, these oscillations become ______________.
Waveforms:
Under-Modulation:
Figure 8. Waveform for Under-modulation
Over-Modulation:
Figure 9. Waveform for Over-modulation
Full-Modulation:
Figure 10. Waveform for Full-modulation
Task 3 Demodulation of an AM Signal:
The simplest way to get our information signal from an AM-signal back, should be a diode with
a lowpass filter. The diode is working as rectifier.
The capacitor is charged by the first positive half wave of the AM signal via the rectifying diode.
With suitable values for R and C, the time constant of this RC combination is chosen. The
capacitor can only discharge during the negative half-waves of the AM signal. This results in a
variation of the carrier amplitude in the rhythm with the message wave, and so the output
corresponds with the signal oscillation.
Connect the "AM out" socket of the modulator to the "AM in" of the AM detector. Now use the
oscilloscope to measure the signal at the "NF demod" output of the AM detector and comment on
the measured values.
Demodulation of Under-modulated signal:
Figure 11.
Demodulation of Over-modulated signal:
Figure 12
Demodulation of Full-modulated signal:
Figure 13
Conclusion:
In this lab we studied the effect of degree of modulation on modulated signal. We observed
that as the degree of modulation ( u ) becomes greater than 1 i.e. over-modulation, the amplitude
of final filtered signal amplify. While for u < 1 i.e. under-modulation, it attenuates the filtered
signal. For u =1 i.e. full-modulation, amplitudes almost remain same. We implemented it on
software and hardware as well.
