INHERITANCE OF
TRAITS
C
How is GENETICS explained in the
pictures below?
People are different because they inherit different
characteristics (or traits) from their parents.
Like all babies, this child carries a unique set of genes;
half from his mother and half from his father.
A person’s unique characteristics are caused by:
l the set of genes they inherited from their parents (nature)
l the environment in which they developed (nurture).
• Some characteristics, such as eye
colour and earlobe shape, are
only determined by genes. These
are called inherited
characteristics.
• Other types of characteristics,
such as scars and hair length,
are not inherited but depend on
environmental factors. These are
called acquired characteristics.
Genetic Terminologies
Chromosomes carry the Gene – a unit of heredity; Genome – the entire set
hereditary information a section of DNA of genes in an organism.
(genes). sequence encoding a
single protein. Human Genome Project
Homologous Chromosomes
Genetic Terminologies
Alleles – two genes that occupy the same position on
homologous chromosomes and that cover the same
trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).
Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each
parent) for a particular characteristic.
Heterozygous – having two different genes for a
particular characteristic.
Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or
suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the
trait appears in the heterozygous condition.
Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant
allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition,
only in homozygous.
allele for allele for allele for allele for
brown eyes brown eyes blue eyes blue eyes
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an
organisms
• Phenotype– the physical appearance
of an organism (Genotype + environment)
• Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a
single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ
by a single trait.
• P = Parental generation
• F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a
genetic cross.
• F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic
cross
MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
C
INHERITANCE
Gregor Johann Mendel
• Augustinian Monk, born in Czech Republic in
1822
• Son of peasant farmer, studied Theology and
was ordained priest Order St. Augustine.
• Went to the university of Vienna, where he
studied botany and learned the Scientific
Method
• Worked with pure lines of peas for eight years
on 24,034 Pisum sativum or pea plants.
• Plants pass traits through “elementen”.
What did Mendel do?
• He crossed a pea plant with wrinkled seed to plant that has
smooth seed. The result was that all offspring have smooth seeds.
This means smooth seeds are dominant over wrinkly.
• He crossed a pea plant with yellow pods to a pea plant with
green pods. The result was that all offspring has yellow pods. This
means that green pods are dominant over yellow.
Mendel`s Law of Inheritance
l Alternate versions of genes (alleles) cause variation in inherited
characteristics.
l An organism inherits two alleles for each characteristic – one
from each parent.
l Dominant alleles will always mask recessive alleles.
l The two alleles for each characteristic separate during gamete
production.
Punnett Square
• Developed by Reginald Punnett
• Punnett square to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring.
STEPS ON USING PUNNETT SQUARE
1. Determine the genotypes of the
parent organisms.
2. Write down your "cross" (mating).
3. Draw a Punnett square.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWt1RFnWNzk
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
C
Problem Set
Case No. 1
In a certain population, the wild
type gene for hair type is curly (CC).
Supposed that a heterozygous man
married a homozygous straight-
haired woman, what are the
phenotypic and genotypic ratio?
In
a
certain
population,
the
wild
type
gene
for
hair
type
is
curly
(CC).
Supposed
that
a
heterozygous
man
married
a
homozygous
straight-‐haired
woman,
what
are
the
phenotypic
and
genotypic
ratio?
Case No. 2
Dimples are dominant trait in
humans. A man who is homozygous
for dimples and a woman without
dimples have children. What are the
chances of having a child with
dimples?
Dimples
are
dominant
trait
in
humans.
A
man
who
is
homozygous
for
dimples
and
a
woman
without
dimples
have
children.
What
are
the
chances
of
having
a
child
with
dimples?
Case No. 3
In pea plants, spherical seeds are
dominant to dented seeds. In a
genetic cross of two plants that are
heterozygous for the seed shape
trait, what fraction of the offspring
should have spherical seeds?
In
pea
plants,
spherical
seeds
are
dominant
to
dented
seeds.
In
a
genetic
cross
of
two
plants
that
are
heterozygous
for
the
seed
shape
trait,
what
fraction
of
the
offspring
should
have
spherical
seeds?
NON - MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
C
INHERITANCE
Problem Set
Incomplete Dominance?
• Sometimes two different alleles are neither fully dominant or
recessive to each other.
• In heterozygous individuals, this creates a phenotype that is
an intermediate mix of the other two. This is called
incomplete dominance.
For example, when a red Mirabilis jalapa
plant (also called the snapdragon or ‘Four
o'clock flower’) is crossed with a white
Mirabilis jalapa plant, all the offspring flowers
are pink because both the red and white
alleles are expressed.
• Chickens with blue feathers are an example of incomplete
dominance. When a black and a white chicken reproduce
and neither allele is completely dominant, the result is a
blue-feathered bird.
• When a long-furred Angora rabbit and a short-furred Rex
rabbit reproduce, the result can be a rabbit with fur longer
than a Rex, but shorter than an Angora. That's a classic
example of incomplete dominance producing a trait
different from either of the parents.
• Tail length in dogs is often determined by incomplete
dominance. Pups of long-tailed and short-tailed parents
often split the difference and have medium-length tails.
•Pink snapdragons are a result of
incomplete dominance. Cross-pollination
between red snapdragons and white
snapdragons result in pink when neither
the white or the red alleles are dominant.
•The fruit color of eggplants is another
example of incomplete dominance.
Combining deep purple eggplants with
white eggplants results in eggplants of a
light violet color.
•When one parent with straight hair and one
with curly hair have a child with wavy hair,
that's an example of incomplete dominance.
•Eye color is often cited as an example of
incomplete dominance. In fact, it's a little
more complicated than that, but hazel eyes
are partially caused by incomplete
dominance of multiple genes related to
green and brown eye color.
• Case No. 1
•A red carnation is crossed with a white
carnation and the resulting offspring are all
pink (indicating incomplete dominance).
What would be the result of a cross between
two pink carnations? Show genotype and
phenotype.
A
red
carnation
is
crossed
with
a
white
carnation
and
the
resulting
offspring
are
all
pink
(indicating
incomplete
dominance).
What
would
be
the
result
of
a
cross
between
two
pink
carnations?
Show
genotype
and
phenotype.
Codominance – A condition in which both
alleles are expressed in a heterozygous
offspring
• Case 1
In a certain fish, blue scales and red
scales are codominant. When a fish
has the hybrid genotype, it has a
patchwork of blue and red scales.
What is the phenotypic ratio of the
possible offspring if a patchwork fish
and a blue scaled fish is crossed?
In
a
certain
fish,
blue
scales
and
red
scales
are
codominant.
When
a
fish
has
the
hybrid
genotype,
it
has
a
patchwork
of
blue
and
red
scales.
What
is
the
phenotypic
ratio
of
the
possible
offspring
if
a
patchwork
fish
and
a
blue
scaled
fish
is
crossed?
Codominance
The human ABO blood group system is controlled by three
alleles: A, B and o. A and B are dominant while o is
recessive.
In heterozygous individuals who
have both A and B alleles, both
are fully expressed, creating an
extra phenotype.
This is called co-dominance.
Rhesus factor / Rh factor
The function of the Rh-RhAG complex might involve
transporting ammonium or carbon dioxide. The RhD
protein encodes the D antigen. Two genes, RHD and
RHCE, encode the Rh antigens.
CASE 2
•A mother has a blood type AB and the father has a
blood type O. What is the probability that he will
have a child that has A type of blood. Can they
have offspring's that have O type of blood?
A
mother
has
a
blood
type
AB
and
the
father
has
a
blood
type
O.
What
is
the
probability
that
he
will
have
a
child
that
has
A
type
of
blood.
Can
they
have
offspring's
that
have
O
type
of
blood?
CASE 3 (your turn)
•A type A woman whose mother was Type B marries
a Type B man whose mother was Type A. Show
punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of their
offspring (%).
Multiple Alleles
Genes that have more than two alleles.
Any individual can carry only two alleles of
gene, but members of a population can
carry many different alleles of a gene.
Example: Blood
Case. 1
•A wealthy couple is killed when their yacht is sunk by
a hurricane. They leave an estate of 5 million dollars.
Six months after their death a man claims he is their
long lost son. The man claiming to be their sun has
blood type A. The wealthy man is type A and his wife
is type O. You are the judge. What do you do with
the $5,000,000?
Sex-linked Inheritance
• The inheritance of genes located in the sex chromosomes.
• Sex-linked are the genes found on the X or Y chromosome.
• Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked genes.
• Genes located on the Y chromosomes are called Y-linked genes.
XX XY
Female Male
Sex-Linked Genes
• X-linked traits are more common to males than females.
• X-linked traits are less common to females since they have
an extra X-chromosome that will mask the trait. WHY
?!
• Both males and females can pass X-linked genes.
• Only males can pass Y-linked genes.
• Y-linked genes are ALWAYS manifested.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
X-Linked Trait
• HEMOPHILIA (X-linked recessive disorder)
-is a rare disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally
because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors).
Genotype Phenotype
XHXH normal female
XHXh normal female, carrier of the gene
XhXh female with Hemophilia
XHY normal male
XhY Male with hemophilia
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Hemophilia
Punnett Square
1. Identify the genotypes.
2. Draw Punnett square.
3. Cross the genotypes.
Carrier XH Xh
XH XH XH XH Xh
XHY XHXh
Y XH Y Xh Y
No Hemophilia PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
X-Linked Trait
COLOR BLINDNESS
(X-linked recessive disorder)
-According to MedicineNet.com, color-blindness is
the inability to perceive colors in a normal fashion.
-Females are MOSTLY carriers and males are
affected. As a result, approximately 1 in 8 males is
colorblind as compared to less than 1 in 100 females.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Color-blindness
Genotype Phenotype
XX normal female XC Y
XCX normal female, carrier of the gene
XCXC
XY
color blind female
normal male
XC XC XC XC Y
XCY Color blind male
X XC X XY
• What is the percentage of producing color blind
male child?
• What is the percentage of producing color blind Phenotypic Ratio:
female child? 2 colorblind:2 Normal Vision
• What is the percentage of having normal vision Genotypic Ratio:
child? 1:1:1:1
• What is the percentage of having colorblind child?
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
X-Linked Trait
CONGENITAL GENERALIZED
HYPERTRICHOSIS
(X-linked dominant condition)
It is a disorder wherein the skin
produces extra hair follicles, and hence
more denser and more abundant upper
body hair.
Hair growth is milder and patchier in
females because of the presence of a
second X chromosome.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Y-Linked Trait
• HYPERTRICHOSIS PINNAE AURIS
-is a genetic disorder in
humans that causes hairy ears.
Since the trait is found in the Y
chromosome, then only males can
have the trait.
A father who has the condition
will pass it to ALL of his sons, in
turn, will pass it on to their own
sons.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Case 1
•A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries
a man with hemophilia. Could any of their
children have hemophilia? If so, would the child
be male or female?
A
woman
who
is
a
carrier
for
hemophilia
marries
a
man
with
hemophilia.
Could
any
of
their
children
have
hemophilia?
If
so,
would
the
child
be
male
or
female?
Case. 2
•In fruit flies, the gene for white eyes is X-linked
recessive. (R) is red and (r) is white. Cross a white
eyed female with a normal red-eyed male.
•a. What percent of the males will have red eyes?
White eyes?
•b. What percent of the females will have red eyes?
White eyes?
•c. What total percent of the offspring will be white-
eyed?
In
fruit
flies,
the
gene
for
white
eyes
is
X-‐linked
recessive.
Cross
a
white
eyed
female
with
a
normal
red-‐eyed
male.
a.
What
percent
of
the
males
will
have
red
eyes?
White
eyes?
b.
What
percent
of
the
females
will
have
red
eyes?
White
eyes?
c.
What
total
percent
of
the
offspring
will
be
white-‐eyed?
Sex-influenced Inheritance
Refers to autosomal traits whose expression of
dominance is affected by the sex of the
individual.
Example: Baldness and the expression of
testosterone, cleft lip, spinna bifida.
