ANRS TVED Bureau

Education and Training Core Process

BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
OPERATIONS
NTQF Level I

Unit of Competence: Perform Chiselling Works

Module Title: Performing Chiselling Works

LG Code: CON BIO1M12LO1-01

TTLM Code: CON BIO1TTLM 0816v1
 Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #12

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following learning out come and content coverage;
MODULE CONTENTS
LO1: Identify the raw material
1.1 Safety for equipment , OHS regulation requirements and application
1.2 Types and function of raw material
1.3 Basic principles and procedures of material selection
1.4 Communication skill
1.5 Work ethics
1.6 Basic concept of civil construction terminology
1.7 Organizations codes and regulations

LO2: Prepare chiseling tools and materials

2.1 Types, use and function of tools
2.2 Handling of tools and equipment
2.3 Quality of materials

LO3: Select proper place for chiseling

3.1 Working site organization

LO4: Carry-out chisel works

4.1 Measurement of length, width and height
4.2 Calculation of Area and volume
4.3 Basic principles, procedures and methods of chiselling activities
4.4 Procedure of storing techniques

LO5: Complete work process

5.1 Principle and procedure of cleaning and disposing waste materials

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome and contents stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
1. Identified raw material is made ready for the work according to the size of the cobble
stone to be produced
2. Chiselling materials are selected based on the type of stone to be chiselled
3. Safety cloths are identified based on the proposed work procedure

4. Tools and materials are cleaned and kept/stored in accordance with standard procedures

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 Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 21.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page _13_.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #12.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
9. Accomplish the “Self-check 2” in page _20_.
10. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 2).
11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3 and 4”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
12. Accomplish the “Self-check 3” in page _26_.

13. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check
14. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 4”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
15. Accomplish the “Self-check 4” in page _32_.

16. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 5”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
17. Accomplish the “Self-check 4” in page _36_.
18. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page _38. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #12.
19. Read the “Operation Sheet 1” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
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 20. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated. Go to your teacher if you need clarification or
you want answers to your questions or you need assistance in understanding a particular step
or procedure.
21. Do the “LAP test” in page _39_ (if you are ready). Request your teacher to evaluate your
performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you feedback and the evaluation will be
either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on
additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to Learning Guide #13.

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 Information Sheet-1
Identify the raw material

1.1 Safety for equipment , OHS regulation requirements and application

Introduction
General Safety on construction site A neat and tidy site safes time, eases the work, avoids accidents. If
things like not used tools, battens, boards, stones, cables, steel bars etc. are laying around, somebody may
trip up and fall down.

 Personal safety, working clothes and shoes

Personal safety
It is dangerous to work with sharp edge tools and talk at the same time. Be agreeable with your
neighbor workman. Respect his right and privileges. Remembering accidents prevented today
will help make a living tomorrow. Some safety procedures should be followed at all times. Pay
close attention to what is being done.
The primary important to protect the workman from accidents is to identify possible
hazards and take the necessary safety measures to eliminate the hazardous. Before you go to
work on any job, make sure your entire body is properly protected and
provided other personal protective equipment.
Safety elements or hard hats should be wear by workers in all
construction site where they might be exposed to head injury from falling
objects.

Safety equipment
 Helmet Protects the carrier from down falling items. It should be
a must for everybody who works or moves on a building site.

 Glove- protect our bodies from chemicals, heavy falling materials, dusts etc.

 Ear protection- Protects the carrier from damages of the ears continuously
working in very noisy environment harms the eardrums forever Once the eardrums are
damaged there is no way of restoring the sense of hearing again.

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  Safety boots
Safety boots are equipped with three safety measures.
It must have:
Toes protection hood
A steel hood to protect the toes from down falling heavy thing
A steel layer inside the soles protects the carrier from
Stepping into a turned up nail
Benzene and oil resistant soles

Safety goggles
Necessary during chiseling and grinding work, protects
Against chips sparking around from the work piece

 Safety belts:
Nylon webbing with locking device and drop D-ring, adjustable length, to be used also with
tool pockets, to meet recognized safety standard, (has width of 45mm
Wearing clothes
These are generally worn as a means of protecting. Such protective clothing should be
changed and washed quickly and is best kept in a locker or store at the place of work.

Safety of hand tools and equipment

Hammerheads should firmly secure to the handle.
Trowel, saws, chisels, and other tools should not be left lying on
scaffolds, when not used.
All ropes and chains for lifting should be inspected before use they should not be loaded beyond
the limit recommended by the manufacturer.
Nails or bolts used in construction scaffold should be of adequate size of sufficient number at
each connection to develop the designed strength of structure.
Always get permission to use the machine
Inspect wood before planning, cutting, etc and remove any nails, dirt, or other things that will
injure the cutting blade.
Keep loose clothing, such as ties and sleeves, tucked in or rolled up.
Never allow your fingers to pass over the revolving blades.
Keep the safety guard in place and properly adjusted.
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 1.2 Types and function of raw material
Raw material is set into place to obtain maximum efficiency in chiseling. It is wedged or fixed
into place to ensure stable and aligned correctly to chiseling blade. Adjustments made to the Raw
material as required by maximum depth of chisel and size of stone.

ROCK
It is usually a mixture of two or more minerals and is not homogeneous.
Geological classification of rock:- Rock classified into three main categories.
1. Metamorphic Rocks
2. Sedimentary Rocks
3. Igneous Rocks

1. Metamorphic Rock:
Types of metamorphic rocks.
- Granite or Igneous - changes to - Gneiss
- Sandston or Sedimentary - changes to - Quartzite
- Limestone or Sedimentary - changes to - Marble
- Shale or Sedimentary - changes to - Slate.

2. Sedimentary Rocks
Surface of earth is subjected to the destructive action of rain frost, winds and chemical actions.
3. Igneous Rocks
Rock is obtained from quarries :-Stone, Gravel, cobbles and sand produced from Rock.

Use of Stone:
 For road, building, railways construction for preparing concrete required for foundations flooring,
hollow and solid blocks, artificial stones and reinforced concrete.
 For blocks and slabs, face work of buildings requiring architectural treatment.
 As limestone, it is used in the manufacture of lime, cement and in various other chemical processes.
 Characteristics of stones (Rock)
 Hardness,
 Ease of working:-
 Porosity and absorption:-
 Weathering
 Heaviness:-
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  Strength:-
 Appearance:-
 Quarry:- Quarry is open part (Area) of the natural rock form which useful material is obtained.
 Quarrying:-is the art of taking stones of various sites from natural rocks.
Purpose of quarrying:- is to obtain different stones for masonry, Aggregate for concrete, Asphalt, base
course surfacing etc… of Road, for part and other construction and any other purpose.
Four methods in common quarrying is done.
1. Excavating:- The method is employed when stones to be quarried are lying buried in earth or under losses
over burden. Shovels, Pickaxes, Hammers and Chisels etc… are made use of for the purpose.
2. Wedging:- this method is suitable for quarrying soft stratified rocks. The operation is started near a
vertical face in the absence of which one is created by cutting a channel in it. Then 10cm to 15cm deep
holes about 10cm apart are bored or drilled along the boundary of the slab to be quarried. Steel plug are
then struck with heavy steel hammers called sledge hammers.
3. Heating:- this method is suitable where only smaller blocks of more or less regular shape are required and
suitable rocks bedded in horizontal layers of not much thickness are to be quarried.
4. Blasting:- it is quarrying stones wit explosives. Blasting may sometimes have to be done to excavate
foundations for roads, buildings and dams structures in rockwork.
Basaltic stone
Basaltic stone from surrounding quarries are taken as a raw material for cobble stone works
When selecting a quarry site, a number of aspects need to be considered. These include:
The quality of the gravel material,
The depth of soil (or overburden) over the gravel,
How to excavate the gravel,
Hauling distance from the quarry to the road site, and
Land ownership of the quarry site.
Preferably, the gravel pit should be located close to your road to limit hauling distances.

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 1.3Basic principles and procedures of material selection

Adequate investigation is an essential preliminary to the execution of any civil engineering

project. Sufficient information must be obtained to ensure that the structures to be designed
would remain safe.
Tests are needed as part of the control measures which are applied during construction of
earthworks /excavations, pavement materials, concrete and bituminous mixtures, for ensuring
that the design criteria are met. The satisfactory completion and performance of any civil
engineering project is dependent on Quality Control Tests being undertaken prior and during
construction. By carrying out the required tests, the risk of costly failure of major structures can
be avoided and worthwhile savings in cost of construction are possible.

Another issue critical to testing materials is obtaining a good sample of the material to be
tested. Knowing how to get a good representative sample from a borrow source /crushing
operation, a stockpile, a windrow, or a paving operation is absolutely critical to get good test
results from a lab. Poor sampling techniques have led to more controversy in material testing
than any other factor. Every effort must be made to make sure that the sample brought to a lab is
truly representative of the material in the field. Internationally accepted methods of sampling and
testing should be followed.
Samples are taken for either of the following two purposes:
To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or to
ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.
 The sample must be of sufficient mass, based on the nominal stone size of the material
being sampled,
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  It is a must to ensure that all relevant information is recorded relating to the sample such
as:
 date and location of sampling
 type of sampling
 name of sampler and
 The information needs to be provided with the sample to the testing laboratory.
 During sampling standards i.e. ERA, AASHTO, IS, ASTM, BS, etc will instruct you on:
how to sample, where to sample when to sample, what to sample and method and tools to
be used. Care and order support the construction process and avoid accidents.

1.4 Communication skill

What makes a good communicator? A good communicator has the following indicators:
– An Active Listener,
– An Effective Presenter,
– A Quick Thinker.
– A Win-Win Negotiator.
The sender needs to communicate the context to the receiver for better clarity in the
communication process
During communication we should have to know the following:
 Why to communicate?
 What to communicate? Usefulness of the communication.
 Accuracy of the Information to be communicated
Encoding:
– The process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that
can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end.
– Ability to convey the information.
Decoder:
– The audience or individuals to whom we are sending the information
Feedback:
– Verbal Reactions and Non-Verbal Reactions.
– Positive feedback and Negative feedback.
Channel of communication:
1. Verbal Communication Channels
– Face-To-Face meetings,
– Telephones,
– Video Conferencing
2. Written Communication Channels
– Letters,
– e-Mails,
– Memos,
– Reports
1.5 Work ethics

Ethics is the theory of conduct, so far as conduct may be judged as right and wrong. Ethics, then, means
little more than morals. But the study of ethics may include that part of the theory of life which is
involved in the explanation of the causes and effects of moral acts and the moral judgment.
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 It is sets of formal and informal standards of conduct that people use to guide their behavior at work.
These standards are partly based on core values such as honesty, respect, and trust, but they also can be
learned directly from the actions of others. For example, what people see their organizational leaders,
managers, and co-workers do on the job can influence their own views of what is acceptable or
unacceptable behavior.
Honesty, loyalty, commitment and rights go in building a conducive work culture in a workplace.
Although personal ethics differ, they matter in making of the ethical standards of the organization.
Because of the difference, every employees needs to be put on one single ethical platform.
The work ethic is a cultural norm that advocates being personally accountable and responsible for the
work that one does and is based on a belief that work has intrinsic value. The term is often applied to
characteristics of people, both at work and at play. In sports, for example, work ethic is frequently
mentioned as a characteristic of good players. Regardless of the context, work ethic is usually associated
with people who work hard and do a good job.
Research has shown that the many characteristics of work ethic can be summarized using three terms:
interpersonal skills, initiative, and being dependable. These terms serve to organize the instructional
materials presented by this web site. They also can provide a concise way to remember what work ethic is
all about.
An instrument that has been developed to measure work ethic is the Occupational Work Ethic Inventory
(OWEI). This instrument has been used extensively in research and the electronic version is available to
provide a basis for comparing your work ethic to that of others. The inventory provides scores for
interpersonal skills, initiative, and being dependable will allow you to determine how you rate on these
important areas.
A core ethical value includes:
 Honesty: truthfulness, fairness, sincerity
 Integrity: good judgment, adherence to principles
 Fidelity: to clients, to the public trust, to employer, to the profession
 Charity: kindness, caring, good will, tolerance, compassion/mercy, adherence to the Golden
Rule
 Responsibility: reliability/dependability, accountability, trustworthiness
 Self-Discipline: acting with restraint, not indulging in excessive behavior

1.6 Basic concept of civil construction terminology

Chippings: are single sized particles of crushed rock, crushed boulders, and crushed cobbles or crushed
gravel used for surface dressing.
Coarse Aggregate: is crushed or naturally occurring stone material retained on the 4.75mm sieve.
Cobble: A fragment of rock, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with a minimum dimension of
60mm and a maximum dimension of 200mm.
Equipment: All machinery, together with the necessary supplies for upkeep and maintenance, and also
all tools and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work.
Quarry: An area within designated boundaries, approved for the purpose of obtaining rock.
Stone Pitching: A single course of stones placed on edge with spalls rammed into the spaces between
the stones
Rock Excavation: Classification of excavation for payment purposes. It Denotes excavation required
from the road prism, drains, etc. according to the Drawings and the Specifications that requires drilling
and blasting or the use of pneumatic or hydraulic jackhammers in order to be loosened sufficiently for
loading and transportation.
Spoil (Material): Material originating from construction operations and which is not utilized for
construction purposes
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 Road works: means repairs, maintenance, alterations, improvements or installations or any other works
to, above or under a public road.

1.7 Organizations codes and regulations

The following are the most common of ethical values considered in organizations.
Respect of personal rights and interests of Employees, clients' demands and terms of cooperation, set by
our business partners and by the society.
Impartiality, meaning labor compensation in proportion to the results achieved and equal rights for
professional growth.
Honesty in relations and in provision of all information required for our work.
Efficiency as sustainable achievement of maximum possible results in everything we do.
Courage for resisting the unacceptable and taking on responsibility for the consequences of own
decisions.
Care to protect people from any harm or threat to their lives and health and to safeguard the environment.
Trust in employees that allow us to delegate powers and responsibility for decisions and ways of their
implementation.
Protect and Preserve the organizations assets, prosperity and utilize them to the best advantage of the
organization.
Environmental protection requirements are identified and applied in accordance with environmental plans
and regulatory obligations.
Environmental impacts and risks
Issues list

Air Quality:
 NO2 and fine particulates from Diesel engines
 Dust
 Visibility of stack emissions from off-road equipment
 Cumulative effects of emissions from paint and other solvents

Dewatering Water quality:

- and storm water runoff
- sediment loadings
- erosion of stream banks scouring of stream beds due to excessive flow volume
- habitat degradation
- pollutant and excess nutrient transport

Solid waste:
– Quantity of materials disposed to landfills
– Toxicity of some materials used in construction and related activities, including
• Paints
• cleaning solvents
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 • fuels and lubricants
• concrete (high alkalinity)
• curing compounds
• chlorinating compounds (from well and water supply line chlorination)
• fertilizers and pesticides from landscaping operations
– Potential liability from contaminated soil
– Provisions for recycling unused materials
– Provisions for making use of materials with recycled content

Site impacts:
– Habitat destruction
– Situations involving special regulatory considerations, including:
• Wetlands
• Endangered species
– Potential for contamination from stored materials, spills
– Preservation of vegetation, or re vegetation, as appropriate

A balanced health and safety policy should include the following:

a. Safe and healthy working conditions for workers at construction site.

b. Training of employees, workers regularly.
c. To comply with safety codes laws and regulations for the protection of health,
safety and environment.
d. Safety instruments and materials must be used during construction
e. Ill workers should not be employed; children should also be not employed to at
construction site.
f. Unnecessary persons should not be allowed at construction site.
g. Enforcing contractor, management to employ safety precautions, safety codes
before execution of any work is started.
h. Regular medical checkup of workers must be there.
i. Application of systematic safety training programme must be given for workers.

The objectives behind all their safety measures, precautions, safety code are:
- To minimize incidents and accidents
- To identify and eliminate risks before losses occur
- To develop confidence in workers.
- To avoid loss of time, life, machinery and of course work.

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 Self-Check #1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page :( Each 10 points)

1. Write Types of raw materials/rocks?

2. Identify uses of raw materials.

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 Note: Satisfactory rating - 20 points Unsatisfactory - below 20 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #1

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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 Information Sheet-2 Prepare chiseling tools and materials

2.1 Types, use and function of tools

Chiseling materials are selected based on the type of stone to be chiseled (Tracheae,
Granite or Basalt)
1. Masson hammer
- We need this hammer for cobble and kerb stone production.
- We need this hammer to prepare the face and surface of the stone.
- We need this hammer for placing the earth nails.

2. Small sledge hammer

- We need this hammer for cobble and kerb stone production.
- We need this hammer to prepare the face and surface of the stone.
- We need this hammer for placing the earth nails.

Measuring tape
We need measuring tools for measuring length, width and depth of materials.

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 Angle 900
We need this apparatus to create 900 angles for correct squares of paved area.

2.2 Handling of tools and equipment

Tools and equipments used for chiseling are almost sharp edged or flat edged.
During handling those tools and equipments you have to cover their sharpened edge with closes or you
have to hold them in the cardboards.
In all laboratory works it is necessary to take measurements of different kinds and to record them.
However, measurements made with the use of instruments are not the only kind of observations necessary

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 when testing materials, visual observations requiring description in words can be equally important and
therefore, proper handling is so important.
Most of the tests run for the determination of material properties involve measurements of the
fundamental quantities of length, volume, mass, fluid density, time, temperature and force.

2.3 Quality of materials

Quality of material can be started from taking & checking the materials. i.e. by using simple field tests
such as: Simple shrinkage tests, touch and feel, vibrate test, settling test etc. In many cases, the best test
of the suitability of construction materials from source is its previously successful use in structures in the
area which have been subjected to the local climate for a long period of time. Enquiries to local builders
and contractors may gain knowledge regarding the best sources of building stone, and any local
characteristics. This information can be supplemented by additional tests as required.

Water absorption
The water absorption of a stone is a measure of its porosity and of its liability to frost damage. The
water absorption of a stone can be assessed by
a. Weighting it when dry
b. Immersing it in water for 24 hours at ambient temperature
c. Weighting it again after removing excess surface moisture.
The difference in weight should not exceed 5-10% of the initial weight.

Soundness test
The soundness (freedom from cracks or weaknesses) of a stone can be tested by means of the hammer
test.
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 Acid test
For weathering potential a small sample is immersed into a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid for seven
days, during which time it is frequently agitated. If the sample has retained the sharpness of its edges and
corners, it will weather well.

Compressive strength
There is no adequate field test for compressive strength. This is not normally an important
consideration except with block made from rather weak stones such as tuff. Where needed, testing should
be entrusted to a competent laboratory.
Hardness The surface hardness can be tested by scratching with a penknife. All types of stone will
be marked by a knife blade under firm pressure; but stone in which a penknife blade can make a groove
exceeding 2 mm is likely to be moderately weak in compression, and compression testing may be needed.

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 Self-Check #2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page :( 6 points)

1. Identify Chiselling materials type and functions.

2. Explain chiselling material are checking for their proper functioning.

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 Note: Satisfactory rating - 12 points Unsatisfactory - below 12 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #2

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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 Information Sheet-3 Select proper place for chiseling

3.1 Working site organization

Work Organizing
Every work site needs to be organized in a structured manner in order to ensure that the
outputs of all staff and workers are properly coordinated.
For chiseling, work site must be
 Sheltered form the sun and rain
 Flat and well ventilated
 Guarded from the public
 Workers should be apart enough each other

The basic building blocks in any work organization includes;

 Defining the specific work duties of each staff member and

 Identifying the person to whom each individual reports.

The project management, as well as the labor force at the work site needs to be organized in a
similar fashion.
When employing a large workforce, it is important to establish an organization in which the
supervision and management of all the workers are secured in an effective manner.
The exact structure of the organization varies depending on the nature of the works, but in
general it would be as shown in the diagram below.
Whether works are carried out using equipment or by manual labor, the essence of effective
work organization is to make good use of the resources available on site.
When carrying out works using labor-based work methods there are three basic elements that
have a major impact on the work performance. These are;
 Good supervision,
 The use of incentive schemes, and
 Establishing an appropriate balance between labor and machines.

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 Daily Work Plan
The Daily Work Plan is the most detailed of the plans. It outlines which activities will be
executed, how many workers and machines allocated to each activity and the quantity of
work resulting from these inputs. The super visors must always plan ahead by at least
one day. At the end of the workday, the supervisor records the outputs achieved on each
of the activities. Based on the production achieved and the plan outputs, a plan for the
following day is prepared, setting new daily production targets for each of the planned
activities.

To prepare these work plans properly, the supervisor needs to know what has happened on the
site before. Without information such as the resources that were needed to produce a given
output, why certain targets were not met, etc., proper planning is impossible. To get the right
information on time, a well functioning reporting system is required.
The basis for the daily work plan is:
(I) .The measured quantities of work for the major construction activities,
(II). Estimated productivity (task) rates,
(III).The resources (labor, equipment and materials) available and allocated to each activity.
The planned and achieved outputs are recorded together with the inputs of labor and equipment
on a daily basis.
Using a standardized form as shown below allows for the comparison of results between several
sites. At the end of each week and month the results are compiled and plotted against the overall
project plan.
Taking Remedial Action

Very often, plans have to be changed, before or during the works implementation, due to such
factors as changes in the number of workers available, equipment breakdown, bad weather or
unforeseen difficulties such as bad soils or hidden rock. This means that the supervisor must be
alert and anticipate such changes to the best of his/her ability and adapt the plans accordingly.
It is important to note why certain changes in the plan had to be made. When, for example, the
work had to be re-planned because of insufficient tools or materials, this means that the stocking
of the site store is inadequate and needs to be improved.

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 Time Management Planning

Preparing a Work Schedule

The preparation of a project work schedule is useful for a number of reasons. A works program
me is necessary in order to estimate the duration of equipment and labour inputs. Also, the work
schedule will determine when the funding of the works needs to be made available. Equally
important, is the wish to carry out the works within a certain time frame. Therefore, a work
schedule is required in order to determine the appropriate start and completion dates of the works.
It is therefore important that the work schedule of each individual implementation or
maintenance project is well established in order to coordinate all program me components.
Work scheduling is equally important for the contractors. In order for the contractor to allocate
resources such as workers, equipment and materials, it is vital that the start and duration of all
work activities have been properly programmed. This will allow the contractor or project
manager to make all necessary preparations in order to provide these inputs on time. Equipment
may need to be serviced before being sent to the site. Some equipment may need to be hired,
which requires some lead-time in terms of canvassing the market and negotiating acceptable
prices. Equally, material suppliers need to be identified and prices need to be canvassed. Labour
needs prior notice so that they can make appropriate arrangements so their time can be released
for work on the project site.
This work program me will need to be approved by the supervising engineer, before the
contractor commences work.
Generally, the work plan will contain the following information:
 type and amount of work by works location,
 workdays and equipment-days (targets) for each work activity,
 starting and finishing date for each works activity,
 material schedules,
 temporary traffic management arrangements,
 Summary totals.
In order to prepare this plan of works, there are certain types of in formation the planner needs to
access. When starting the preparation of a work plan, it is important to make an assessment of
the required level of detail in the plan. If the project is still in its preliminary stages, there is still
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 no need for detailed planning. It is important to bear in mind that a high level of detail will
require more time to prepare the plan and also require more basic information as inputs to the
plan.

Self-Check #3 Written Test

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 Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page :

1. Describe what the work site for chiseling must be fulfill. ( 10 points)

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 Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #3

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Information Sheet-4 Carry-out chisel works

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 4.1 Measurement of length, width and height

One dimension

Mathematics uses the term length to name the measure of one-dimensional objects like these.
Though we might straighten out a piece of string to measure its length against a ruler, the length
of the string is the same even when it is curled or folded. (For more about length and distance see
either of those topics.)

Two dimensions

We call the measure of a two-dimensional object its area. We may also measure the length of the
boundary of the two-dimensional object -- the line segments or curves that enclose it. The length
of the entire boundary is called the perimeter or circumference. There is more than one correct
way! Any pair of these words can be used, as long as your words are used sensibly.

1 Length: If you use the word length, it should certainly be for the longest sides of the
rectangle. Think of how you would describe the distance along a road: it is the long distance,
the length of the road. (The words along, long, and length are all related.) The distance
across the road tells how wide the road is from one side to the other. That is the width of the
road. (The words wide and width are related, too.)
2 Dimensions
Each measurement type has its own dimension:
Example: length - (L), width – (W), and height - (H)
Area – (L*L) = L2
Volume – (L*L*L) = L3

When a rectangle is drawn "slanted" on the page, like this , it is usually clearest to
label the long side "length" and the other side "width," as if you were labeling a road.

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 Height: If the rectangle is drawn with horizontal and vertical sides, people often use the word
height to describe how high (how tall) the rectangle is. It is then perfectly correct to describe how
wide the rectangle is from side to side by using the word width.

As you can see, when height and width are used together, either one can be greater. (When the
word height is used with base, it has a different meaning.)

Three dimensions

We call the measure of at three-dimensional object its volume. Because edges are one-
dimensional, and faces are two-dimensional, their measures are length and area, respectively.

As for naming the dimensions of a three-dimensional figure, the only rule is be sensible and
clear.

4.2 Calculation of Area and volume

Area
Definition: - The unit of measurement for an area is in square meter (m2).
This term is mostly encountered in determining the area to be:
- Excavated
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 - Compacted
- Surfaced
- Grassed
1m2 is the area of a square having sides whose length is 1m. Consequently every unit of length can be
converted into an area if it is multiplied by itself.

Therefore:

VOLUMES
Definition:-the most frequently used unit of measurement for volume is the cubic meter (m³).
This term is mostly encountered in determining the amount of material to be:
 Excavated
 Used in the construction and compaction of a layer
 Carted away
 Volume of liquids
1m3 is the volume of a cube where each side is 1m. Volumes are calculated by multiplying a base area
(e.g. m2) with a third dimension (height).
The most important units for road works are = cm3 and m3

4.3 Basic principles, procedures and methods of chiseling activities

 Raw material is set into place to obtain maximum efficiency in chiseling.

 Raw material wedged or fixed into place to ensure stable and aligned correctly to chiseling
blade.
 Adjustments made to the Raw material as required by maximum depth of chisel and size of
stone.
 Stone is split into small pieces using different sizes: sharp flat chisels, spiky chisel
 The split Raw material is made ready accordingly as required for the job.

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 4.4 Procedure of storing techniques
Before storing the materials that are used for construction, you should have clear the surfaces from
chemicals, moist, and crushed stones.
The raw material is chiseled into cobblestones and transported to the paving site.
Chiseling can either take place at the quarry site or elsewhere. During chiseling, around 80% of the raw
material is lost, so sites must have enough space to cope with this.
This waste should be crushed and used during the sub-road preparation and for finishing the paved road.
However, experiences show that after a while loss of raw material decreases due to more efficient
chiseling.

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 Self-Check #4 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page :

1. List down chiseling activities procedures and methods. ( 8 points)

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 Note: Satisfactory rating – 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #4

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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 Information Sheet-5 Complete work process

5.1 Principle and procedure of cleaning and disposing waste materials

 There shall be no burning of wastes generated on the site;

 Domestic waste from site offices and camps including food waste shall be gathered daily
and stored in closed steel containers for removal from site and disposal at an approved
waste disposal site;
 Non-recyclable non-hazardous construction wastes shall be removed from site on an as
required basis for disposal at an approved waste disposal site;
 Rags used in equipment maintenance and other potentially combustible materials will be
kept in a container separate from the above materials until the combustible material can
be removed from site for disposal;
 Solvents, acids and caustic liquid waste will be collected separately and stored for
removal and disposed by a waste management company specializing in liquid and
hazardous wastes.

A. General: Develop and implement a ( CWMP) Construction Waste Management Plan:

consisting of waste identification, waste reduction work plan, and cost/revenue analysis.
Include separate sections in plan for demolition and construction waste.
Indicate quantities by weight or volume, but use the same units of measure throughout the CWMP.
B. Draft Construction Waste Management Plan: Within 30 days after receipt of Notice to proceed,
or prior to any waste removal, whichever occurs sooner, the Contractor shall submit to the Owner and
Architect a Draft Waste Management Plan.
C. Final Construction Waste Management Plan: Once the Owner has determined which of the
recycling options addressed in the draft Waste Management Plan are acceptable, the Contractor shall
submit, within 10 calendar days, a Final Waste Management Plan.
D. Waste Identification: Indicate anticipated types and quantities of demolition, site-clearing, and
construction waste generated by the Work. Include estimated quantities and assumptions for estimates.
E. Landfill Options: Indicate the name of the landfill(s) and/or transfer station(s) and/or incinerator(s)
where trash will be disposed of, the applicable landfill tipping fee(s), and the projected cost of disposing
of all Project waste in the landfill(s).
F. Waste Reduction Work Plan: List each type of waste and whether it will be salvaged, reused,
recycled, or disposed of in landfill or incinerator. Include points of waste generation, total quantity of
each type of waste,
DISPOSAL OF WASTE
Waste materials including, but not restricted to, refuse, garbage, sanitary wastes, industrial wastes, and
oil and other petroleum products, shall be disposed of by the Contractor. Disposal of combustible
materials shall be by burying, where burial of such materials is approved by the Engineer; by burning,
where burning of approved materials is permitted; or by removal from the construction area. Disposal of
non-combustible materials shall be by burying, where burial of such materials is approved by the -
Engineer, or by removal from the construction area. Waste materials removed from the construction area
shall be dumped at an approved dump.

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  Disposal of waste material by Burning
 Disposal of waste material by Removal
 Disposal of waste material by Cleanup

General: Except for items or materials to be salvaged, recycled, or otherwise reused, remove waste
materials from Project Site and legally dispose of them in a landfill or incinerator acceptable to
authorities’ jurisdiction.
1. except as otherwise specified, do not allow waste materials that are to be disposed of to
accumulate on site.
2. Remove and transport debris in a manner that will prevent spillage on adjacent surfaces and
areas.
3. Do not burn or bury waste materials on or off site. Appropriate onsite topical application of
ground gypsum or wood, or use of site paving as granulated fill is considered reuse, not waste.

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 Self-Check 5 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:

1. Explain Principle and procedure of cleaning and disposing waste materials (10 point)

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 Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #5

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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 Operation Sheet 1 Performing Chiseling Works
Apply Safety requirement

Procedure:-
2. Identify the quarry
3. Prepare required tools and materials
4. Excavating
5. Transporting
6. Chiseling by required shape.
7. Storing

Tools and materials:-

1. Stone
2. Pickaxe
3. Shovel
4. Hammer
5. Claw bar
6. Chisel
7. Meter

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 LAP Test Performing Chiseling Works

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________

Instructions: Given necessary templates, workshop, tools and materials you are
required to perform the following tasks within 8 hours.

Task 1: chiseling by = 7cmx7cm, 8cmx8cm, 9cmx9cm, 10x10cm, 15x17cm,10cm

thickness x 20cm - 25cm width and 20cm-30cm length

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