NAME: MANARIN, RODOLFO III A.

DATE: 05 October 2017

YR & SEC.: 5th Yr. Sec. 2 RATING: _________________

GROUP NO.:______________ INSTRUCTOR: Engr. AIVEN DELA ROSA

Activity No. 11
Take-off Performance Analysis

Item Sea Level (Standard Symbols Values Remarks

No. Conditions)
1 Flap Angle, deg δf 0 Given
2 Wing Area, sq. ft Sref 97.92 Given
3 Wing Span, ft b 24.46 Given
4 Aspect Ratio A 6.11 Given
5 Max CL CLmax 1.60 Taken from
Activity No. 3
6 CL CL 1.1111 VLOF
C L= MAX

2
( LOF)

Lift-off V LOF
()
VS
7 CL during ground run (free CL Taxi(OGE)
0.5657 √ πAe C D O

air)
7A CL during ground run (IGE) CL 0.6883 CL
C L =C L Δ αO
Taxi α (IGE)
−C L
( IGE) (OGE)
CL α (OGE)
α ( IGE)

8 CD during taxi CD 0.0480 CD =0.023+0.059 C L2

(OGE)

9 Coefficient of Friction 𝞵 0.03 Assumed

10 9 x 7A 𝞵C L Taxi
0.02065
11 Height of MAC above ground, h 3.1266
ft
12 h/b h/b 0.1278
13 Ground Effect Factor σ' 0.4165 h
1−1.32( )
b
h
1.05+7.4( )
b
14 CL 2
Δ CDi -0.0010
ΔC Di=σ ' TAXI( OGE)

πAe
15 CD(CORRECTED)=CD + ΔCDi, CD Taxi
0.0470
8 + 14
16 15 - 10 C D - 𝞵C L
Taxi Taxi
0.0264
Ite Sea Level (Standard Symbols Values Remarks
m Conditions)
No.
17 2W 15 VS 65.9843 Taken from Activity
Stall Speed

mph
√ x
ρC L S 22
max
, No. 9

18 Lift-Off Speed, mph VLOF 719.1812 VLOF = 1.2VS

19 Dynamic Pressure at q́ LOF 16.0290 1
q́ LOF = ρ V LOF2
Lift-Off, psf 2
20 Dynamic Pressure at q́ 8.0145 1 V 2

VLOF/√ 2 q́ = ρ ( LOF )
2 √2
21 Take-Off Thrust at VLOF/ T 218.1389 375 √ 2 THP AV
T =
√2 V LOF
THP AV = 46.06
22 Net Force for Fm 144.1477
Acceleration at VLOF/√ 2,
lb
FLOF = (T - 𝜇W) -
(𝐶𝐷𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼−𝜇𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸))𝑞̅S
23 2
W V LOF SG 2535.70
SG=
2 g Fm
24 Rotation Distance, ft SR 0
25 Thrust at Lift-off, lb T 218.1389 375 √ 2 THP AV
T =
V LOF
THP AV =
26 CLTR/CLMAX 0.8
27 Transition Radius, ft R 2757.750
9
28 Transition CD CDTR 0.1469
29 Drag in Transition DTR 115.2841
30 T −D 25−29 0.05898
,
W W
31 Climb Angle, deg θCL 3.3811 T −D
θCL=sin−1 [ ]
W at V =V LOF

32 Transition Distance, ft STR 162.6441 STR=RsinθCL

33 HTR, ft 4.80 S
hTR = TR ( 1−cos θCL )
sin θCL
34 Climb Distance, ft SCL 765.0653 50 ft −hTR
SCL=
tan θCL
35 Total Take-off Distance, ST/O 3463.411 ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL
ft 7
Computation for Total Take-Off Distance

CL
C L =C L Δ αO
α (IGE)
−C L
( IGE) (OGE)
CL
α (OGE)
α ( IGE)

Where:ᴧ
CL (OGE )
= Lift Coefficient in the appropriate configuration out of Ground Effect
1
C D =0.024 πAe=
O
0.075
C L =√ πAe C D
(OGE ) O

1
CL = (
(OGE )
√ 0.075
)(0.024)

C L =0.5657
(OGE )

CL (OGE )

2 πA
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √ A 2 ¿ ¿ ¿
Where:
A=6.11
ᴧC /2=0°

2 π (6.11)
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √(6.11)2 (1+tan 2 0)+4
C Lα (OGE)=3.1701/rad
0.5413
For Aeff,
A 2h
=
A eff b

Where:
2h 2(3.1266 ft )
= = 0.2557
b 97.92 ft

From Figure 10.8:

2 h 0.2557 , A =¿
@ = 0.5413
b A eff

Therefore,
A
Aeff =
0.5413
6.11
Aeff =
0.5413
Aeff =11.2876

For C Lα (IGE):
2 π A eff
C Lα (IGE)= , per rad.
2+ A eff ( 1+tan 2 Λc /2 ) + 4
√ 2

( 2)(π )(11.2876)
C Lα (IGE) =
2+ (11.2876)2 [1+(tan0 o)2 ] + 4
√
C Lα (IGE) = 4.1025/rad
For Taper ratio, λ:
Ct
λ=
Cr

Where:
C t =4 ft
C r =4 ft

4 ft
λ=
4 ft
λ=¿1

For MAC, ć:

2 λ2+ λ+1
ć =
3
Cr [
λ+1 ]
(1)2+(1)+1
ć =
2
3 ()
( 4 ft)
( 1)+1 [ ]
ć =4 ft
For Δα o:

t
Δα o= c ( )[ 3.5655
h/ ć
−
0.1177
2
π
( h / ć ) ] 180
x o , rad.

3.5655 0.1177 π
Δα o=
( 0.15 )
[ (
3.1266 ft
4 ft
−
) 3.1266 ft
( 4 ft
2

) ] x
180o , rad.

Δα o= 0.0114 rad
Therefore:
C Lα (IGE )
C LTAXI (IGE) = C L(OGE) −C L α ( IGE ) Δα o
C Lα (OGE)

C LTAXI (IGE) = ( 0.5657 ) ( 4.1205/rad

3.1701/rad )
−(4.1205 /rad )(0.0114 rad )

C LTAXI (IGE) =0.6883

For C D(OGE):

CD (OGE)
=0.024+0.075 C L 2(OGE) (Clean Airplane)

CD (OGE)
=0.024+0.075 ¿

CD (OGE)
=0.0480

For ΔC Di :

C L 2(OGE)
ΔC Di = - σ ' ( πAe )
Where:
h
1−1.32( )
b
σ =
h
1.05+7.4( )
b
3.1266 ft
1−(1.32)( )
' 24.46 ft
σ =
3.1266 ft
1.05+(7.4)( )
24.46 ft

σ ' =0.4165

(0.5657)2
C
Δ Di = - (0.4165)
1 /0.075 ( )
 ΔC Di =-0.0010

For Drag Coefficient in Ground Effect, C D(IGE ):

C D(IGE ) = C D(OGE) + Δ C D i

C D(IGE ) = 0.0480+ (-0.0010)

C D(IGE ) =0.0470

For Stall Speed, V s :

V s= (√ Ws )( 2ρ )( C 1 )
LMAX

1743.95 lb 2
V s=
√( 97.92 ft 2 )( 0.002377 slug/ft 3 () 1.601 )
V s = 96.7769 fps x ( 1522 )
V s =65.9843 mph

For Lift-Off Speed, V LOF:

V LOF = 1.2V s
V LOF = (1.2) (65.9843 mph)
V LOF = 79.1812 mph

For Dynamic Pressure at Lift Off, q́ LOF :

1
q́ LOF = ρ V 2LOF
2
2
1 slug 22
q́ LOF = ( )(
2
0.002377 3 79.1812 mph x
ft )(
15 )
q́ LOF =¿ 16.0290 psf
V LOF
For Dynamic Pressure at , q́:
√2
 2
1 V LOF
q́ = ρ
2 ( )
√2
2
1 slug 79.1812mph 22
q́ = ( )(
2
0.002377 3
ft ) [( √2 ) ( )]
x
15

q́ = 8.0145 psf

Approximate Method I for SG

Thrust at Lift-Off V LOF

Sea Level
80.00
THRUST HORSEPOWER AVAILABLE, THPav (hp)

70.00

60.00

50.00 46.06

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

FLIGHT SPEED, V (mph)

375THP AV
T=
V LOF
 375 ( 46.06 hp )
T=
79.1812 mph
T =¿218.1389 lb

For Static Force, F S

F S=T −μW

F S=218.1389lb−(0.03)(1743.95lb)
F S=¿ 165.8204 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

1
F Lof =T −μW −(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s at V =V Lof
2
1
F Lof =T −μW −(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s
2

F Lof =218.1389 lb−(0.03)(1743.95 lb)−(0.0470−(0.03)(0.6883)) ( 12 )(0.002377 slug

3
ft ) ( 79.1812 mph x
22
15

F Lof =¿ 124.4610 lb

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=k F s
F Lof
1−
Fs
k=
F
ln s
F Lof

124.4610 lbs
k=
1− ( 165.8204 lbs )
165.8204 lbs
ln (
124.4610 lbs )
k =¿0.8693
Therefore:
 F m=k F s

F m=(0.8693)( 165.8204 lbs)

F m=¿144.1477 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
2g Fm )
2
22
SG =
[(
1743.95lb
2 32.174
ft
sec 2
[) ] ( 79.1812 mph x
15
144.1477 lbs
) ]
SG =¿ 2535.7023 ft

Approximate Method II for SG

Thrust at Take-off

Sea Level
80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00
32.95
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

375 √2 THP AV
T=
V Lof
 375 ( 32. 95 hp ) √ 2
T=
7 9.1812mph
T =¿220.6885 lbs
Static Force, F S
F S=T −μW
F S=¿220.6885 lb−( 0.03 ) ( 1743.95 lb )
F S=168.37 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

F Lof =T −μW −( C D( IGE )−μ C L( IGE ) ) ( q́ s ) at V =V Lof / √ 2

F Lof =220.6885 lb−( 0.03 ) ( 1743.95lb )−¿

F Lof =¿ 147.6902 lbs

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=( F s + F Lof ) /2

F m=( 168.37 lbs+147.6902lbs ) / 2

F m=¿158.0.31 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
g F s + F Lof )
22 2
SG =
[(
1743.95lb
32.174
ft
sec 2
[)] ( 79.1812 mph x
15 )
168.37 lbs+ 147.6902lbs ]
SG =¿ 2312.9496 ft
For Transition Radius, R

V Lof 2
R=
2
CL
g
[( ) ( )
V Lof
Vs CL
MAX
TR
−1
]
Where:

CL
( )
CLMAX
TR
=0.8

R=¿ ¿
R=¿2757.7509 ft

Transition C D , C D TR

C D =0.02 4+ 0.075 C 2L
TR TR

Where:
C L =0.8 C L
TR MAX

C L =0.8(1.6 0)
TR

C L =¿1.28
TR

C D =0.02 4+ 0.075 (1.28)2

TR

C D =0.1 469
TR

Drag in Transition
D TR =C D q́ LOF s
TR

DTR =(0.1 469)(8.0145 psf )(97.92 ft 2 )

DTR =¿115.2841 lbs
Figure 10.3 Geometry to Take off Flare Path

Take-off Flare Path Geometry

Climb Angle Angle, deg

θCL=sin−1 |T −D
W | at V =V Lof

218.1389 lbs−115.2841 lbs

=sin | |
−1
θCL
1743.95lbs at V =V Lof

θCL=¿3.3811 °

Transition Distance, STR

STR =R sin θCL

STR =(2757.7509 ft )sin(3.3811 °)

STR =¿ 162.6441 ft

Climb Distance, SCL

50 ft −hTR
SCL=
tan θCL

Where:
 STR
hTR = ¿
sin θCL
162.6441 ft
hTR = ¿
sin(3.3811° )
hTR =4.80 ft
50 ft−4.80 ft
SCL=
tan ⁡(0.4401 °)
SCL=¿ 765.0653 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method I for SG
ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL
ST / O=2535.7023 ft+ 0 ft +162.6441 ft +765.0653 ft
ST / O=¿ 3463.4117 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method II for SG
ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL
ST / O=2 312.9496 ft +0 ft +162.6441 ft +765.0653 ft
ST / O=¿ 3240.6590 ft
CONCLUSION

Upon the completion of this activity I was able to determine the take-off
performance of my designed aircraft. Data from previous activities were utilized
in order to complete the analysis of the designed aircraft’s take off
performance.