BRITISH STANDARD BS 3416:1991

Reprinted,
incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Specification for

Bitumen-based
coatings for cold
application, suitable
for use in contact with
potable water

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 BS 3416:1991

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Pigments,

Paints and Varnishes Standards Policy Committee (PVC/-) to Technical
Committee PVC/27, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Aluminium Federation
Aluminium Finishing Association
Aluminium Window Association
British Railways Board
British Telecommunications plc
Consumer Policy Committee of BSI
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
European Resin Manufacturers’ Association
Institute of Corrosion
Institute of Metal Finishing
Institution of Structural Engineers
Institution of Water and Environmental Management (IWEM)
London Regional Transport
Metcom
Ministry of Defence
National Federation of Painting and Decorating Contractors
Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association
Paint Research Association
Paintmakers’ Association of Great Britain Ltd.
Society of Chemical Industry
Steel Window Association
Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians
Zinc Development Association

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Pigments,
Paints and Varnishes
Standards Policy Committee,
was published under the
authority of the Standards
Board and comes into effect on
31 October 1991

© BSI 02-1999
Amendments issued since publication
First published October 1961
Second edition January 1973 Amd. No. Date Comments
Third edition December 1988
Fourth edition October 1991 7288 September Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1992
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PVC/27
Draft for comment 91/51890 DC

ISBN 0 580 20006 X

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 BS 3416:1991

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Classification 1
4 Sampling 1
5 Flash point 1
6 Drying and over-coating times 1
7 Finish 1
8 Protection against corrosion 2
9 Bend resistance 2
10 Effect on potable water 2
11 Shelf life 2
12 Marking 2
Appendix A Guidance on the use of bitumen-based coatings
for cold application 3
Appendix B Methods of test for performance requirements 4
Appendix C Preparation and coating of test panels 5
Publication(s) referred to Inside back cover

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 BS 3416:1991

Foreword

This British Standard was prepared under the direction of the Pigments, Paints
and Varnishes Standards Policy Committee. It supersedes BS 3416:1988, which
is withdrawn.
This edition introduces technical changes but it does not reflect a full review or
revision of the standard, which will be undertaken in due course.
The main technical changes are:
a) introduction of separate immersion periods for type 1 and type 2 materials;
b) a change in the size of the panel used in Appendix B.
NOTE Differences in the text between this edition and BS 3416:1988 are indicated by a line in the
margin.
This edition includes provisions to satisfy the requirements of
EEC Directive 80/778/EEC “The quality of water intended for human
consumption” which specifies admissible concentrations and guide levels for a
wide range of parameters in respect of all drinking water and water used in food
and drink manufacture. It applies to the water at the point where it is made
available to the user. Compliance with the EEC Directive is required by UK law.
The statutory water supplier has a responsibility to ensure that the components
of the water service connected to the water supply do not adversely affect the
quality of the water supplied if that water is likely to be ingested or could be back
syphoned into a part of the service from which it is likely to be ingested. The
various water authorities will therefore require evidence that bitumen-based
coatings in contact with potable water are satisfactory in this respect.
All types and classes of bitumen-based coatings in BS 3416 give films that are
suitable for use in contact with potable water and that may be submitted for
approval by the UK Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme administered by the Water
Research Centre, 660 Ajax Avenue, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4BG.
This British Standard also takes account of recent developments in this type of
paint enabling the use of mineral fillers and alternative solvents.
This British Standard specifies requirements for two types of bitumen coatings
for cold application, each type having three classes relating to the solvent system
used for the solution.
Attention is drawn to BS 6949, which specifies requirements for bitumen-based
coatings not intended for use in contact with potable water.
Guidance on the use of these materials is given in Appendix A, and reference
should also be made to BS 5493 and to BS 6150.
Product certification. Attention is drawn to the fact that bitumen-based coatings
for use in contact with potable water must be certified by the Water Research
Centre under the UK Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme in order to comply with
EEC Directive 80/778/EEC. For full details, apply to the Water Research
Centre, 660 Ajax Avenue, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4BG.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

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 BS 3416:1991

1 Scope 3 Classification
This British Standard specifies performance and 3.1 Bitumen-based coatings shall be classified into
marking requirements for a range of bitumen-based two types as follows.
solvent-borne coatings. It covers coatings for cold a) Type 1, without fillers.
application by either brushing, spraying, rolling or
b) Type 2, with fillers.
dipping processes intended to give a coat for the
corrosion protection and water-proofing of 3.2 Each type shall be further sub-classified as
substrates including iron and steel. follows.
Two types, each with three classes, are included. All a) Class A, using white spirit complying with
of these give films that are suitable for use on BS 245 as the carrier.
potable water tanks and cisterns as well as for b) Class B, using either a solvent other than
general applications. white spirit, or a solvent mixture with a flash
The level of gloss of the finished film is not specified point of or above 21 °C and below 32 °C as the
in this British Standard. carrier.
NOTE 1 These bitumen coatings are neither intended to c) Class C, using either a solvent other than white
withstand hot conditions, as on boilers, smoke stacks, etc., for spirit, or a solvent mixture with a flash point of or
which special coatings should be obtained, nor to resist above 32 °C as the carrier.
contamination with mineral oils or paint solvents, all of which
conditions will cause softening of the film.
NOTE 2 Guidance on the use of bitumen-based coatings is 4 Sampling
given in Appendix A, BS 5493 and BS 6150.
NOTE 3 The titles of the publications referred to in this Take and store in accordance with BS 3900-A1
standard are listed on the inside back cover. representative samples of not less than 1 000 mL of
the coating either at the filling stage or from one or
2 Definitions more previously unopened containers. Condition the
samples for at least 12 h at 23 ± 2 °C before carrying
For the purposes of this British Standard, the
out any tests.
definitions given in BS 2015 apply together with the
following.
5 Flash point
2.1
bitumen When tested in accordance with B.1, coatings shall
comply with the following.
a viscous liquid, or a solid, consisting essentially of
a) Coatings of classes A and C shall not flash at a
hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which is soluble
temperature below 32 °C.
in trichloroethylene and is substantially
non-volatile and softens gradually when heated. It b) Coatings of class B shall not flash at a
is black or brown in colour and possesses temperature below 21 °C.
waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is
obtained by refinery processes from petroleum, and 6 Drying and over-coating times
is also found as a natural deposit or as a component 6.1 Surface-dry time
of naturally occurring asphalt in which it is
associated with mineral matter When tested in accordance with B.2.1, films of
coatings shall be surface dry:
NOTE The international definition of bitumen relates its
solubility to carbon disulphide but, in the United Kingdom, the a) if type 1, in not more than 4 h;
safer material trichoroethylene is used as the test solvent as
examination has shown no significant difference.
b) if type 2, in not more than 8 h.
2.2 6.2 Over-coating time
bitumen-based coating When tested in accordance with B.2.2, the film shall
a liquid mixture of bitumen in a carrier (solvent or show no cissing, crawling, sinking, lifting or
solvent mixture), usually paraffinic hydrocarbons, wrinkling during application or after 24 h drying
chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic time.
hydrocarbons, with or without fillers, to give a
consistency suitable for brushing, spraying, rolling 7 Finish
or dipping in accordance with the recommendations When tested in accordance with B.3, the film shall
of the manufacturer. The coating may exhibit be smooth, opaque and free from sags or runs or
thixotropy other surface imperfections.

1
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 BS 3416:1991

8 Protection against corrosion 11 Shelf life

8.1 Resistance to tap water immersion The product, if stored in unopened containers for 12
8.1.1 When tested in accordance with B.4.1.1, the months at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C, shall
film shall remain completely adherent to the meet the requirements of clauses 5 to 9. No
substrate. separation shall take place which cannot be
removed by stirring.
Any blistering shall not exceed rating 2 (S3) in
NOTE In the case of thixotropic coatings, sufficient time, as
accordance with BS 3900-H2. advised by the manufacturer, should be allowed after any stirring
8.1.2 When tested in accordance with B.4.1.2, the to redevelop the thixotropy.
surface of exposed metal revealed shall show no
visible rust or pitting. 12 Marking
8.2 Resistance to artificial sea water Each container of bitumen-based coating shall be
immersion clearly labelled with the following information:
8.2.1 When tested in accordance with B.4.2.1, the a) the manufacturer’s identification;
film shall show no signs of breakdown. Any b) the number of this British Standard and the
blistering shall not exceed rating 2 (S3) in appropriate type and class of the
accordance with BS 3900-H2. product, e.g. BS 3416:19911), type 1, class A;
8.2.2 When tested in accordance with B.4.2.2, the c) a statement that it is suitable for use in contact
surface of exposed metal revealed shall show no with potable water;
visible rust or pitting. d) the nominal content by mass or volume;
e) the batch number from which the container
9 Bend resistance
was filled;
When tested in accordance with B.5, the film shall f) the month and year in which the batch was
show no signs of cracking or of becoming detached manufactured;
from the substrate.
g) whether the coating is suitable for brushing,
10 Effect on potable water spraying, rolling or dipping.

A coating of the product applied and left to dry in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
shall comply with BS 6920-1:1988.

1)
Marking BS 3416:1991 on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i.e. a claim by or on
behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of such a claim is therefore
solely the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third party certification of
conformity, which may also be desirable.
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 BS 3416:1991

Appendix A Guidance on the use of The degree of exposure largely controls the rate of
bitumen-based coatings for cold deterioration of the film surface. Bitumen is
application sensitive to sunlight and other strong light, which
quickly cause complete loss of gloss, followed later
A.1 Safety instructions by a form of chalking. This is, however, confined to
Consult the safety instructions of the manufacturer the surface and provided that the film is of adequate
before application and, especially, before spraying thickness it will continue to give protection. In
these materials. situations protected from such attack, the gloss is
NOTE Attention is drawn to the Health and Safety Executive maintained longer.
Guidance Note GS5 “Entry into Confined Spaces” regarding the Crazing sometimes occurs with bitumen coatings
safe working in confined spaces.
but bitumen-coated ferrous metals are seldom
A.2 General properties subject to early corrosion from this cause.
Like some other protective coatings referred to in A.5 Thinning
BS 5493 and BS 6150, bitumen coatings are used to
Where thinning is necessary, e.g. as a first coat on
protect surfaces rather than to decorate them, their
very porous surfaces, only white spirit, in the case of
function being to exclude moisture or other corrosive
agents. It is thus important that each coat is applied class A coatings, or the manufacturer’s
in a continuous manner, without holidays or recommended thinners should be used. In all cases
thinning should be kept to a minimum for the type
“misses”. Bitumen coatings have little power to
of use required.
inhibit corrosion. Hence, if ferrous surfaces are not
adequately cleaned to be free from rust and A.6 Primer
mill-scale before these coatings are applied, In order to prevent under-rusting on ferrous metals,
under-rusting may occur with consequent failure of a system of rust-inhibiting primer and bitumen
the film. They have good adhesion to most surfaces coating is often advocated. Reference should be
commonly found in building, e.g. ferrous metals, made to the bitumen-coating manufacturer. It is
slightly etched galvanized iron and steel, concrete important to allow adequate time for the hardening
and brick, and will withstand moderate of primers prior to the application of bitumen-based
concentrations of acids and alkalis. coatings. Lead-based primers and other primers
These bitumen coatings are neither intended to containing toxic material are not to be used in
withstand hot conditions, as on boilers, smoke conjunction with materials in contact with potable
stacks, etc., for which special coatings should be water.
obtained, nor to resist contamination with mineral A.7 Preparation of surfaces
oils or paint solvents, all of which conditions will Establish that the substrate and the bitumen-based
cause softening of the film. coating are compatible and prepare the substrate
A.3 Precautions according to its type as follows.
Provide adequate ventilation, particularly of closed a) Bare non-porous surfaces. All dirt, including
vessels, while the material is being applied and loosely adhering rust, mill-scale and grease
until it is thoroughly dry. The use of air fed masks should be removed.
for personal ventilation is recommended. When b) Surfaces previously covered with bitumen
painting the interiors of tanks, use a forced air coating. All dirt, grease and loosely adhering
supply to disperse the solvent and prevent residual bitumen coat should be removed by washing or
solvent condensing on the coating and washing it other suitable means. Any bare patches of metal
off. Avoid naked lights in or near the tanks or should be spot-primed with bitumen coating
cisterns during these periods. Use appropriate before the general coating is applied.
barrier creams and protective clothing to prevent
skin sensitization. Skin should be thoroughly c) Porous surfaces. All dirt and dust should be
washed and clothing removed and cleaned as soon removed by thorough brushing and any loosely
as possible after the work has been completed. adhering flakes of material should be detached.
Washing of porous surfaces is not usually
A.4 Durability satisfactory unless adequate time is given for the
The durability of bitumen coatings depends mainly water to evaporate.
upon a) the thickness of the film and b) the degree of d) Other surfaces. Reference should be made to
exposure. It is important to apply the products the manufacturer of the bitumen-based coatings.
liberally in a number of coats, as thick films give
proportionately greater protection than thin ones,
and to ensure that all areas of a surface are covered.

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 BS 3416:1991

A.8 Painting e) Application of material when used for coating

All surfaces should be allowed to dry following the drinking water tanks or cisterns. Surfaces should
preparation. Painting during humid weather, or in be dry and cleaned free of mill-scale, rust and
other conditions giving rise to condensation, should dirt. All surfaces, new or otherwise, should then
be avoided. Further details of the establishment of be degreased immediately before coating. Two
conditions and appropriate application of coatings coats are recommended and on bare metal; brush
are given in a) to e) and in BS 6150. application of the first coat is preferable. Full
coats should be applied, particular care being
a) Application to non-porous surfaces. A full coat
taken to coat thoroughly all recesses, edges, rivet
should be applied by the appropriate method
and bolt heads and nuts. In no case should a
taking care to obtain a uniform and continuous
second coat be applied until the first coat is
film at the recommended spreading rate.
thoroughly dry and a period of 48 h should
Particular care should be taken to coat
normally be allowed for this. Drying may be
thoroughly all recesses, edges, joints,
assisted materially by the provision of a forced
intersections of members, rivet and bolt heads
draught. It is essential to use clean brushes or
and nuts.
spray equipment; such tools contaminated with
No subsequent coat should be applied until the other types of bitumen paint or with tar paint are
previous coat has dried thoroughly. unsuitable.
b) Systems of bitumen-based coatings and After thorough drying of the two-coat system,
corrosion-inhibitive primer on bare steel. One or and before being put into service, the tank or
more coats of primer should be applied followed cistern should be filled with cold drinking water,
by at least two coats of bitumen-based coating. and drained after not less than 4 h. If a taste is
NOTE The final coat of bitumen-based coating may, with detected in this water, the flushing should be
advantage, be one which contains leafing aluminium as an repeated. This procedure is necessary as a
additive to minimize the effect of sunlight (see A.4).
safeguard against initial contamination of the
c) Systems of bitumen-based coatings on water because of entrapped solvent in the
cementitious surfaces. These surfaces should be bitumen coat.
sealed with a thinned coating of type 1
bitumen-based coating (see A.5). If the original Appendix B Methods of test for
surface has a high degree of porosity a second
performance requirements
thinned seal coating should be used. Two
subsequent coats of non-thinned bitumen-based B.1 Flash point
coating are usually necessary, all coatings being Test the coating in accordance with the method
applied after ensuring the previous coating is described in BS 3900-A8 or BS 3900-A13.
thoroughly dry. The spreading rate of the
Record the results.
material should be adjusted so as to give a
satisfactory final film. If the original surface has B.2 Drying and over-coating times
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a high degree of porosity, an additional thinned B.2.1 Surface-dry time
priming coat should be used. Apply a single coat of the coating as described in
If the surface is rough, as with some concrete Appendix C to a burnished
surfaces, or irregular or jointed, as with nominal 150 mm × 100 mm steel panel. Test in
brickwork, the method and coating should be accordance with BS 3900-C2.
agreed with the manufacturer. Record the results after 4 h, for type 1 coatings, or
d) Use of bitumen-based coatings with other after 8h, for type 2 coatings.
systems. Bitumen-based coatings are unsuitable B.2.2 Over-coating time
where it is desired to finish the work with many
Allow the coating obtained after the test of B.2.1 to
other types of paint, since bleeding of the bitumen
dry for 24 h with free access of air at 23° ± 2 °C and
through the top coat and crazing of the finish is
a relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %.
likely to result. Where it is necessary to apply an
oil paint over a bitumen coating these faults may Overcoat with a second coat in accordance with C.3.
be mitigated by the use of a barrier coat of a Inspect the film visually, by normal or corrected
preparation made especially for this purpose. vision, during application and again after the
over-coating has been allowed to dry for 24 h.
Record the observations.

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 BS 3416:1991

B.3 Finish Inspect the film visually by normal or corrected

Apply a single coat of the coating as described in vision.
Appendix C to a burnished Record the observations.
nominal 300 mm × 300 mm steel panel to give the
appropriate dry film thickness for its type given Appendix C Preparation and coating
in C.2. of test panels
Inspect the resultant film visually by normal or C.1 Material and dimensions
corrected vision.
Use test panels of the material specified in
Record the observations. BS 3900-A3 and of the specified dimensions.
B.4 Protection against corrosion C.2 Preparation and coating
B.4.1 Resistance to tap water immersion Prepare the test panels in accordance with
B.4.1.1 Apply two coats as described in Appendix C BS 3900-A3 and then coat by brushing, spraying,
to a burnished nominal 150 mm × 100 mm steel rolling or dipping as recommended by the
panel. Then 72 h after application, test in manufacturer, to give a dry film
accordance with procedure A, Method 1 of thickness of 35 ± 5 µm for type 1 coatings
BS 3900-G5:1976 using tap water and an immersion or 75 ± 10 µm for type 2 coatings.
period of 4 days for type 1 material and 14 days for C.3 Drying of test panels
type 2 material.
Dry the test panels in a vertical position at a
Inspect the film visually by normal or corrected temperature of 23 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity
vision. of 50 ± 5 % for the specified time.
Record the observations. Allow the first coat to dry for 24 h before application
B.4.1.2 Remove the film with a non-corrosive paint of the second coat.
remover complying with BS 3761. For the tests required in clause 8 coat the backs and
Inspect the surface of the exposed metal by normal edges of the panels with a protective paint system.
or corrected vision.
Record the observations.
B.4.2 Resistance to artificial sea water
immersion
B.4.2.1 Apply two coats as described in Appendix C
to a burnished nominal 150 mm × 100 mm steel
panel. Then 72 h after application, test in
accordance with procedure A, method 1 of
BS 3900-G5:1976. Use artificial sea water
complying with 6.1 of BS 3900-F4:1968, with an
immersion period of 4 days for type 1 material
and 14 days for type 2 material.
Inspect the film visually by normal or corrected
vision.
Record the observations.
B.4.2.2 Remove the film with a non-corrosive paint
remover complying with BS 3761.
Inspect the surface of the exposed metal by normal
or corrected vision.
Record the observations.
B.5 Bend resistance
Apply a single coat as described in Appendix C to a
burnished nominal 100 mm × 50 mm × 0.3 mm
thick tinplate panel. Allow to dry for 7 days.
Test as described in BS 3900-E1, using type 1
apparatus. For type 1 coatings use a 6 mm mandrel.
For type 2 coatings use a 10 mm mandrel.

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 BS 3416:1991

Publication(s) referred to

BS 245, Specification for mineral solvents (white spirit and related hydrocarbon solvents) for paints and
other purposes.
BS 2015, Glossary of paint terms.
BS 2523, Specification for lead-based priming paints.
BS 3761, Specification for solvent-based paint remover.
BS 3900, Methods of test for paints.
BS 3900-A1, Sampling.
BS 3900-A3, Standard panels for paint testing.
BS 3900-A8, Test for flash/no flash (closed cup equilibrium method).
BS 3900-A13, Test for flash/no flash (rapid equilibrium method).
BS 3900-C2, Surface-drying test (ballotini method).
BS 3900-E1, Bend test (cylindrical mandrel).
BS 3900-F4, Resistance to continuous salt spray.
BS 3900-G5, Determination of resistance to liquids.
BS 3900-H2, Designation of degree of blistering.
BS 5493, Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion.
BS 6150, Code of practice for painting of buildings.
BS 6920, Suitability of non-metallic products for use in contact with water intended for human consumption
with regard to their effect on the quality of the water.
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BS 6920-1, Specification.
BS 6949, Specification for bitumen-based coatings for cold application, excluding use in contact with potable
water.
EEC Directive 80/778/EEC. The quality of water intended for human consumption (also referred to under
the reference EEC Council Directive of 15 July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human
consumption [Official Journal of the European Communities L229 pp 11-29)].
UK Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme Information and Guidance Note No 5-01-02.
Health and Safety Executive Guidance Note GS5 — Entry into Confined Spaces (obtainable from HMSO).

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