BATIK
1. INTRODUCTION
• History
2. REGIONS
3. PRODUCER COMMUNITIES
4. RAW MATERIAL
• 3.1. Specification
• 3.2. Rate
• 3.3. Availability
1
5. TOOLS
• 4.1. Specification
6. MAKING OF THE CRAFT
7. PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES
8. PRIMARY MARKET
9. DEVELOPMENT OR CHANGES IN THE CRAFT OVER THE YEARS
10. APPENDIX (SOURCES OF SECONDARY INFORMATION)
2
1. Introduction
Batik, an art which originated in India, has come a long way from being a mere handicraft.
The word batik actually means 'wax writing'. It is a way of decorating cloth by covering a
part of it with a coat of wax and then dyeing the cloth. The waxed areas keep their original
color and when the wax is removed the contrast between the dyed and undyed areas
makes the pattern.
1.1 History
The beauty of batik lies in its simplicity and the fact that one need not be an artist to
achieve results. Some of the best effects in batik are often achieved by chance. The
history of Indian batik can be traced as far back as 2000 years. Indians were conversant
with the resist method of printing designs on cotton fabrics long before any other nation
had even tried it. Rice starch and wax were initially used for printing on fabrics. It is
believed that after initial popularity of batik in the past, the tedious process of dyeing and
waxing caused the decline of batik in India till recent times.
Batik is very often considered a craft like ceramics, pottery or even needlework. Although
it is a household word all over the world, it is still overlooked by art critics who do not
consider it an art form. There are several countries known for their batik creations,
starting with India where it originated. After that it moved to Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri
Lanka, Thailand and the West.
2. Regions
The revival of batik in India began in the 20th century when it was introduced as a subject
at the famous University of Shantiniketan in Kolkata. In the south, near Chennai, the well‐
known artist's village of Chola‐Mandal is where batik gets an artistic touch. Batik that is
produced in Chennai is known for its original and vibrant designs.
3
Batik printing is done in:
Gujarat: Block and Hand Batik
Rajasthan: Block and Hand Batik
Kolkata
Andhra Pradesh: Kalamkari Batik
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Batik printing can be done anywhere but each area and region has its own specialty in
designs and colors.
3. Producer communities
In present times batik printing is not associated with any particular caste or community.
Earlier, in Gujarat though only Khatri caste was involved in the craft but now people have
taken batik printing as a source of livelihood like any other skill.
4. Raw Material
i) Cotton or silk cloth is used for batik (synthetic materials are generally not used).
4
[Photographs showing white cotton fabric being measured]
ii) Paraffin wax is used in the process.
iii) Dyes ‐Napthol, Direct and Vat dyes are all used in the dyeing process
iv) Firewood and kerosene for heating the wax
[Photograph‐ Paraffin wax before use and after it has been used twice]
Rate: Cotton cloth for wax printing and dyeing is bought from the south (Tamil Nadu)
between Rs. 14‐25 per meter. Paraffin wax is bought from Rajkot‐Gujarat and Mumbai for
Rs. 44‐48 per kilogram. Dyes are available in Jamnagar, Anjar‐‐Gujarat and Mumbai.
Vat dyes have more color fastness but have a limited color range. They are the most
expensive of the lot (Rs. 1550‐2200 per kilogram). Napthol dyes are used more for dark
base colors like maroon and blue. They cost anywhere between Rs. 230‐400 per kilogram.
Direct dyes are used more for over dyeing after the pattern and the other colors have
been done. They cost Rs. 90‐220 per kilogram.
Availability: All the raw material required for batik is easily available though it is difficult
to find some of the old block designs that were used earlier for printing.
5. Tools
i) Wooden blocks for printing
5
[Photograph: Wooden Blocks used for patterns]
ii) Vessel to heat wax in
iii) Plastic bucket or big bowls to mix colors
iv) A frame/ table to fix the cloth (table has sand on it so the wax does not spread)
v) Brushes for making free‐hand designs. These brushes can be used only for waxing.
6. Making of the Craft
Batik’s true origins are a mystery. The word (pronounced bateek) is translated in many
different ways—some sources say it means 'to dot’; some translate it as 'wax writing' or
'drawing with a broken line'. Batik is the art of waxing a surface, usually cloth, to make it
resist dyeing, and then removing the wax, re‐waxing, re‐dyeing and creating intricate
patterns and designs. It is a very old form of art, as evidence of early batik has been found
all over the Middle East as well as India and Central Asia from about 2000 years ago.
In very true batik, wax is painstakingly applied to the cloth to resist successive dyes so that
wherever the cloth is waxed, dyes cannot penetrate.
6
[Photograph: Applying wax on to the cloth, wax is kept in a container next to the printing
table]
For example, if the desired design is a red flower on a blue background, wax is first
applied to the area that will become the flower. The white cloth is then immersed in blue
dye and dried. After dyeing, the wax, which covered the flower pattern, is scraped off the
cloth. Because the wax resisted the blue dye, there is now a white flower on a blue
background. To make the flower red, the blue background is covered with wax and the
entire cloth is immersed in red dye. When the wax is scraped off the cloth for a second
time, a red flower emerges on a blue background. This process is repeated over and over
again as more colors are used. The finest batik is reversible; motifs are drawn, waxed and
dyed first on one and then the other side of the fabric.
The creation of batik is a three‐stage process of waxing, dyeing and de‐waxing (removing
the wax). There are also several sub‐processes like preparing the cloth, tracing the
designs, stretching the cloth on to the frame, waxing the area of the cloth that does not
need dyeing, preparing the dye, dipping the cloth into the dye, boiling the cloth to remove
the wax and washing the cloth with soap.
7
The characteristic effects of batik are the fine cracks that appear in the wax, which allow
small amounts of the dye to seep in. It is a feature not possible in any other form of
printing. It is very important to achieve the right type of cracks or hairline details for which
the cloth must be crumpled correctly. This requires a lot of practice and patience.
Knowing how to use the wax is of prime importance. The ideal mixture for batik wax is 30
per cent beeswax and 70 per cent paraffin wax (but these days mostly paraffin wax is used
as it is easily available and less costly). It is the skillful cracking that is important. While
applying, the wax should not be overheated or it will catch fire. Correct knowledge of
colors is also important. Practicing on small pieces of cloth helps in the beginning.
The cloth used should be strong enough to bear the heat and wax. Cambric, poplin and
voiles are used besides pure silk. Synthetic fabrics are avoided. Along with handmade
batik, blocks are also used for wax printing. Blocks are usually made of wood or metal and
often used during the printing process.
Batik is created in several ways. In the splash method, the wax is splashed or poured on to
the cloth. The screen‐printing method involves a stencil. The hand‐painting one is by a
Kalamkari pen. The scratch and starch resist are the other methods.
The process in brief:
Step 1: Cotton fabric is bleached (with bleaching powder and water) and kept overnight
for whiteness. This process is done by machine or manually.
8
[Photograph: Bleaching Machine]
Step 2: Wax printing is done either with the hand, using a brush or with the blocks
(paraffin wax is melted and kept on the stove right next to the printer).
9
[Photographs‐ Wax Printing with brush]
[Photograph: Paraffin wax on the stove]
The table on which printing is done is kept cool with sand and water so that the wax does
not spread and the design stays consistent throughout.
10
[Photograph: Table covered with sand]
Step 3: After the initial printing, the fabric is dipped in a color fixer.
[Photograph: Stacked waxed fabric with design]
Step4: The fabric is then dipped in napthol dye (say red) for 10‐15 minutes.
Step5: If only a single color is required, then after this the cloth can be dipped in hot water
so that the wax comes off and one gets the required pattern and color.
11
[Photographs: Cloth being washed in hot water to remove the wax]
Step 6: If any white spots are left and one doesn’t want that, then the fabric could be
dipped once more in any direct dye (say yellow). This process is called ‘topping’.
Step 7: If one wants more patterns and colors, reprinting could be done with wax and the
whole process is repeated again.
7. Products and Their Uses
Batik is a textile art similar to tie and dye. Instead of tying the fabric, however, wax is
applied to resist dyes. The wax can be removed and re‐applied several times to make
beautiful and intricate designs.
The striking beauty of batik bedspreads, curtains, tablecloths and placemats is
indescribable. The colors are so vivid and the designs so stunning that it’s hard to believe
they were made with wax and dye. The batik industry is still very much alive today.
Although it is common to see the mass production of batik with machines, it is still made
by hand in many parts of the world. There is a considerable market for this high‐quality
cloth.
12
Perhaps batik is still popular today because of its artistic freedom. The designs become
whatever the artist’s heart desires. Batik is very durable: it has more color fastness than
printed fabrics because through the dyeing process the fabric absorbs the color so well
that it does not easily fade. The batik technique first started out as a decoration for royals.
Today, the striking and intricate patterns can be seen on the ramp, in the office and on
formal occasions. Designers have recently started incorporating batik into everyday
clothing, not only in Asian countries, but all around the world!
8. Primary Market
From a handicraft, batik has acquired the status of an art. Batik is a versatile medium that
can become an ideal hobby for an amateur or a medium of expression for an artist. As an
art form it is quite spontaneous and one can open up new vistas of creative form. Until
recently, batik was made for dresses and tailored garments only but modern batik is
livelier and brighter in the form of murals, wall hangings, paintings, household linen and
scarves.
It has been introduced in many areas as a source of income generation where there isn’t a
sustainable source of livelihood. The market has increased in the last decade and there is
more product diversification and one can see batik on clothes, home furnishings, fabric
and paintings. Beads and mirrors are also added to the fabric to give it a more decorative
look.
13
[Photographs: Some of the famous batik patterns]
Sales are good in metros like Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi and other cities like Baroda
and Ahmadabad.
[Photograph: Showroom with batik clothes and fabric]
The Gujarat state emporium, Gurjari, also stocks the fabric and is a regular buyer. Either
the fabric/products are sold directly at the exhibition or they are supplied to wholesalers
and retailers in the market. There is year‐round demand for the fabric.
Export for batik has also increased in the last decade as its been exported to United
Kingdom, Japan and United States.
9. Development or Changes in the Craft over the Years
People are again demanding the old designs or the blocks that were used earlier.
14
[Photograph: Various kinds of batik prints]
The demand has increased for old intricate designs. There are improved facilities now for
waxing, bleaching and washing the fabric. The process is less cumbersome and easy to
learn for those who are doing it for the first time.
10. Appendix
http://www.india‐crafts.com/textile_products/batikprinting.html
Elliot, McCabe. Batik. New York 1984
15