Introduction to cloud
computing
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Unit objectives
• Define cloud computing.
• Describe the characteristics of Cloud.
• Describe the benefits of Cloud and the factors contributing to its growth.
• Describe cloud services models (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS).
• Describe the cloud deployment options (Private, Public, Hybrid).
• Describe cloud-native applications and development methods.
• Explain the Twelve-Factor App methodology.
• Describe the choices that developers have when building cloud
applications.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Introduction to cloud
computing
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Topics
• Introduction to cloud computing
• Cloud service models
• Cloud deployment models
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Before cloud computing
Traditional on-
premises
Applications
Data
Runtime
Middleware
OS
Virtualization
Servers
Storage
Networking
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Challenges faced before cloud computing
• Cost
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Security
• Mobility
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
What is cloud computing
Cloud computing, often referred to as “the cloud,” is the delivery of on-
demand computing resources (applications to data centers) on a pay-as-
you-go basis.
• Elastic resources
• Metered services
• Self-service
Cloud computing model Traditional on-premises computing model
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Characteristics of the cloud
Cloud makes hardware and platform resources readily available and
quick to configure. Cloud provides the following characteristics to
developers:
• On-demand resources
• Self-service
• Ubiquitous access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Benefits of the cloud
• Achieves economies of scale.
• Goes from CAPEX to OPEX.
• Runs anytime and anywhere.
• Facilitates the agile methodology.
• Ensures global availability.
• Built-in security
• Provides advanced capabilities.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Factors contributing to the growth of the cloud
• Applications with a short lead time to delivery.
• Developers expect to have programming language options and interact
with predefined services.
• Modern applications must be able to scale and be managed
dynamically.
• Developers expect the “pay-as-you-go” utility computing billing method.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud service models
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Topics
• Introduction to cloud computing
• Cloud service models
• Cloud deployment models
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
The pizza analogy
The cloud has different service models. With platform, infrastructure, and
software offered as services, the pizza analogy is an easy way to
understand this approach.
Infrastructure as a Platform as a Software as a
Traditional
Service (IaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (SaaS)
Table & Chairs Table & Chairs Table & Chairs Table & Chairs
Drinks Drinks Drinks Drinks
Oven Oven Oven Oven
Toppings Toppings Toppings Toppings
Dough Base Dough Base Dough Base Dough Base
Make from scratch Buy pizza and bake Dine at Pizza
Get pizza delivered
at home home Restaurant
= you furnish; = vendor furnishes
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud service models
IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service
PaaS: Platform as a Service
SaaS: Software as a Service
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Infrastructure as a Service
Key features:
• Instead of purchasing hardware, users pay
for IaaS on demand.
• Infrastructure is scalable depending on your
processing and storage needs.
• You avoid the cost of buying and
maintaining your own hardware.
• Enables the virtualization of administrative
tasks, which frees time for other work.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Platform as a Service
Key features:
• PaaS provides a platform with tools to test,
develop, and host applications in the same
environment.
• Enables organizations to focus on software
development without having to worry about
the underlying infrastructure.
• Providers manage security, operating
systems, server software, and backups.
• Facilitates collaborative work even if teams
work remotely.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Software as a Service
Key features:
• SaaS vendors provide users with software
and applications through a subscription
model.
• Users do not have to manage, install, or
upgrade software; SaaS providers manage
all of those items.
• Data is secure in the cloud; equipment
failure does not result in loss of data.
• Applications are accessible from almost any
internet-connected device from anywhere in
the world.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Example of cloud services
IaaS PaaS SaaS
• Virtual servers • Run times and development • Email and Collaboration
• Bare metal machines platforms • Customer relationship
• Block storage • Databases manager (CRM)
• File share storage • Analytics • Enterprise resource planning
• Object storage • Integration (ERP)
• Backup • Starter kits • Video streaming
• IP management • Mobile platforms • Marketing
• Virtual private networks • Push notifications • Talent management
• Firewalls • Messaging • Advertising
• Load balancers • Developer tools
• Automation • Continuous integration /
continuous delivery
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud provider and client responsibilities
Managed by client
Managed by the cloud
Traditional on- Infrastructure as Platform as Software as a
provider premises a service a service service
Applications Applications Applications Applications
Data Data Data Data
Runtime Run time Run time Run time
Middleware Middleware Middleware Middleware
OS OS OS OS
Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization
Servers Servers Servers Servers
Storage Storage Storage Storage
Networking Networking Networking Networking
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Choices when building cloud applications
When developing applications for the cloud, developers have many
options to choose from in terms of platforms, frameworks, tools, and
services:
1. Traditional development Cloud Development and Deployment Platforms
− Example: Bare metal or VMs
2. Containerization Serverless and functions
− Example: Docker or Kubernetes
3. PaaS PaaS
− Example: Cloud Foundry
Containers
4. Serverless and functions
− Example: OpenWhisk Virtual machines
Bare metal
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud deployment models
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Topics
• Introduction to cloud computing
• Cloud service models
• Cloud deployment models
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud deployment models
The various types of cloud-computing deployment models include public
cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud.
Public Private Hybrid
Public clouds are owned and A private cloud is A hybrid cloud uses a private
operated by cloud providers infrastructure that is operated cloud foundation that is
that offer rapid access over a solely for a single combined with the strategic
public network to affordable organization. integration and use of public
computing resources. cloud services.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud-native applications
Cloud-native applications capitalize on the scalability and flexibility of the
cloud:
• Applications are broken into separate services called microservices.
• Microservices can be developed in different programming languages
(polyglot development).
• Microservices communicate with each other by using an agreed upon
protocol (such as REST or gRPC).
• Microservices work together as a whole to make up an application, yet
each can be independently scaled, continuously improved, and quickly
iterated through automation and orchestration processes.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud-native development methods
When developing cloud-native applications, developers must understand
and adopt new methods and patterns to maximize the capability that is
provided by the cloud provider:
• Readily available sandbox and production environments
• Programming languages and frameworks
• APIs
• Developer toolchains
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud-native development methods (cont.)
Cloud-native development introduces the 12-factor app methods and
patterns to development:
I. Codebase: One codebase that is tracked in revision control, but there
are many deployments.
II.Dependencies: Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies.
III.Configuration: Store the configuration in the environment.
IV.Backing services: Treat backing services as attached resources.
V.Build, release, and run: Strictly separate build and run stages.
VI.Processes: Run the app as one or more stateless processes.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Cloud-native development methods (cont.)
Cloud-native development introduces the 12-actor app methods and
patterns to development:
VII.Port binding: Export services by using port binding.
VIII.Concurrency: Scale out by using the process model.
IX. Disposability: Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful
shutdown.
X. Dev/prod parity: Keep development, staging, and production similar.
XI. Logs: Treat logs as event streams.
XII.Admin processes: Run admin and management tasks as one-off
processes.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
Unit summary
• Define cloud computing.
• Describe the characteristics of Cloud.
• Describe the benefits of Cloud and the factors contributing to its growth.
• Describe cloud services models (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS).
• Describe the cloud deployment options (Private, Public, Hybrid).
• Describe cloud-native applications and development methods.
• Explain the Twelve-Factor App methodology.
• Describe the choices that developers have when building cloud
applications.
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
References
• What is Cloud Computing?
https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/learn-more/what-is-cloud-computing/
• Cloud Service Models
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/iaas-paas-saas
• IBM Cloud Docs
https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/
• Cloud Native
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/cloud-native
• IBM Cloud Services
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/products
https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/home/alldocs
• Cloud Explained with a Pizza Analogy
https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/government/cloud-explained-with-a-pizza-
analogy/
• 12 Factor Application
https://12factor.net
Introduction to cloud computing © Copyright IBM Corporation 2019
