EE 3283
Electrical Machines
11. AC Synchronous Motors
Dr. Umer Amir Khan
Electrical Machines V2019 – Dr Umer Amir Khan
1. Introduction
•Synchronous motors are very similar to synchronous
generator.
•Fundamental difference is reversal of direction of flow of
power
Mechanical
Electrical Generator Energy
Energy
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Motor Examples
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Motor Examples
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Motor Examples
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2. Basic Principles
•A DC current is applied to rotor winding.
•It converts rotor into an electromagnet with its own
magnetic field.
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2. Basic Principles
•A three phase set of voltages is applied to the stator.
•Stator produces a rotating magnetic field of its own.
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2. Basic Principles
•The rotor field tends to line up with the stator magnetic field.
•Rotor starts rotating. Initially the torque is maximum.
•The rotor speeds up and reaches near synchronous speed.
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2. Basic Principles
•Rotor magnetic field aligns it self with stator magnetic
field
•Rotor locks itself in synchronous speed.
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3. Equivalent Circuit
•Synchronous motor is similar to synchronous generators
in all respect except
•The direction of power flow is reversed.
•Thus the equivalent circuit of synchronous motor is
similar to synchronous generator except????
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3. Equivalent Circuit
•Synchronous Generator Circuit
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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3. Equivalent Circuit
Direction of current is
reversed~
The three phase equivalent circuit
maybe be Y or Delta connected
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3. Equivalent Circuit
Direction of current is
reversed~
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3. Equivalent Circuit
•The KVL equations for per phase equivalent circuit will
then be
Similar to generator but the signs
are reversed
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4. Phasor Representation
•Let us assume a generator producing three phase output.
•Phasor diagram is given as
Similar to generator but the signs
are reversed
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4. Phasor Representation
•Now let us assume that prime mover is disconnected
from the shaft.
•The rotor will slow down due to the drag on the
machines shaft and fall behind the net magnetic field.
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4. Phasor Representation
•Now the current will start flowing into the stator.
•Stator will start rotating the rotor magnet.
•Phasor diagram will now result into.
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•Synchronous motor provides load to constant speed
devices load.
•Its frequency is fixed with synchronous speed of the
rotating magnetic field
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•The speed of rotation of motor is locked with electrical
frequency and will be constant despite the amount of power
being drawn from the load.
As the torque
changes
speed remains
constant
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•As the load will increase their will be no change in the
synchronous speed.
Speed regulation of
the motor is zero
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•The speed of the motor will remain constant from no
load torque up to maximum torque.
•Maximum torque is known as pull out torque.
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•Now if the applied torque increases the pull out torque. Machine will
lose its synchronism.
•Rotor will no longer remain locked the rotating stator magnetic field.
Rotor will slow.
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•As the rotor slows down, the stator magnetic field “laps” it
repeatedly.
•Direction of induced torque in the rotor reverses with each pass.
•The resulting torque-surges result in severe vibration of the motor.
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5. Torque Speed Characteristics
•This phenomenon is known as slipping and can result in severe
damage to motor.
•Usually the rated torque of motor is 3 times below the pull out torque
of the motor..
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6. Power Factor Correction
•Synchronous motor when operating in over excited state provided
reactive power to the system they are connected with.
•They are normally used in industrial plants which have lagging
loads.
•They result in cost saving through transmission line losses.
•This phenomenon can be explained through an example
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7. Power Factor Correction
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6. Power Factor Correction
•The ability to adjust the power factor of one or more loads in a
power system can significantly affect the operating efficiency of the
power system.
•Lower the power factor of a system, the greater the losses in the
power lines feeding it.
•Industrial loads are mostly comprised of induction motors, so power
systems are inevitably lagging.
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6. Power Factor Correction
•To increase the power factor of a power system is called
power-factor-correction.
•In industrial plants synchronous motors are used to
achieve this.
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6. Power Factor Correction
•Synchronous motors are used to run loads at constant
speed (the load might have no requirement for constant
speed operation)
• Synchronous motor may cost more than an induction
motor on individual basis, however power factor correction
saves money for industrial plants.
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