Introduction

Transport system in India consists of transport by land, water, and air.

Public transport remains the primary mode of transport for most Indian
citizens, and India's public transport systems are among the most
heavily used in the world.[1]
Motor vehicle population in India is low as per international standards,
with only 24.85 million cars on the nation's roads as per 2013 records.
[2]
 In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers whereas
only 4.7 percent of households in India have cars/jeeps/vans as per
the 2011 Census.[3][4] Despite this, the number of deaths caused by traffic
is amongst the highest in the world and increasing.[5][6] The automobile
industry in India is currently rapidly growing with an annual production of
over 4.6 million vehicles,[7]with an annual growth rate of 10.5%[3] and
vehicle volume is expected to rise greatly in the future.[8]
India's rail network is the third-longest and the most heavily used system
in the world,[1] transporting 8.225 billion passengers and over 970
million tonnes of freight annually, as of 2015.[9] The railways transport
about 18 million citizens daily.
In 2015–16, Government of India, declared 106 National
Waterways (NW) under Inland Waterways Authority of India to reduce
the cost of transportation and lower the carbon footprint by moving the
traffic from surface roads and railroads to waterways.[10]
Despite ongoing improvements in the transport sector, several aspects
of transportation are still riddled with problems due to outdated
infrastructure and lack of investment in less economically active parts of
the country. The demand for transport infrastructure and services has
been rising by around 10% a year[1] with the current infrastructure being
unable to meet these growing demands. According to Goldman Sachs,
India will need to spend US$1.7 trillion on infrastructure projects over the
next decade to boost economic growth.

Aims and Objectives

The main goal of the TMM strategy is the identification and realisation of
more sustainable travel in line with the Surface Transport Master Plan
(STMP) and Vision 2030.
This means delivering an efficient, safe and sustainable way of moving
people around the Emirate of Abu Dhabi whilst achieving associated
benefits and meeting the goals of environmental integrity, social equity
and economic efficiency.
 
The overall Transport Mobility Management goals are to:

 Encourage a change of attitude and behavior towards greater use of

sustainable modes of transport, for example, public transport, collective
transport, walking and cycling;
 Establish a framework for site specific TMM plans in Abu Dhabi;
 Improve access to public transport for all people and organizations by
strengthening the conditions for sustainable transport modes;
 Satisfy mobility needs via a more efficient and integrated use of existing
and planned transport and land-use infrastructure;
 Reduce traffic growth and congestion by achieving a mode shift from
private motorised vehicle trips to a more efficient and sustainable mode
of transport;
 Create an efficient multimodal public transport network that will facilitate
the interconnection and interoperability of associated transport networks;
and
 Increase the economic efficiency of Abu Dhabi’s entire  transport system.

opinion and suggestions

Most of the time when travelling, it’s possible to get from the airport into
the city by public transport or taxi.

While some cities have rideshare apps like Uber, there are still many, many
destinations around the world that don’t. If that’s the case then I’ll
withdraw some cash from the ATM, hop in the taxi line, and see if I can
negotiate a price. The problem is, it’s really easy to be ripped off in a taxi,
and I never quite know if I’m getting a fair deal.

However, it might be sometimes difficult to find any of them: if you have

ever been to Indira Gandhi Airport in Delhi, you know what I mean. That’s
why transfers are a great way to get to and from the airport in a city you
don’t know. When a car is already waiting for you in front of the exit, it is a
different story. Kiwitaxi allows you to choose a car class and order a child
safety seat if you need it. A fixed trip price is another advantage of the
service, since unlicensed drivers can drive you sideways to add up a few
extra kilometres and raise the price.

Data Presentation :
Clear, yet detailed, presentations of transportation planning data to lay
groups as well as to technical groups is becoming more and more of a
necessity in the planning process. The transportation professional is faced
with the challenge of presenting technical analyses in a manner permitting
others to make their own, sound, choices. Increasingly, the choice of a
preferred alternative involves both technical aspects and seemingly
intangibles or quality aspects. Technical analyses often appear to press in
one direction, whereas other considerations give a different perspective on
the preferred solution. Peer groups as well as administrators of programs
are faced with the need to quickly understand complex planning
relationships. Presentation of technical information in understandable
terms has become increasingly critical to the decision-making process.
Professionals develop significant quantitative data to compare and contrast
alternatives under investigation, and there is a need to render the results
comprehensible for those making recommendations and those making
decisions. The application of simple but effective comparison techniques
designed to provide high flexibility to individuals in comparing alternatives
is addressed. The screening techniques used in recent studies for ISTEA
high-priority corridors and feasibility studies are explored and how a
matrix analysis technique has applications in many studies is illustrated.
Methodologgy :
Bus

Buses are an important means of public transport in India. Due to this

social significance, urban bus transport is often owned and operated by
public agencies, and most state governments operate bus services
through a State Road Transport Corporation.[42] These corporations have
proven extremely useful in connecting villages and towns across the
country.[43] Alongside the public companies there are many private bus
fleets: 2012, there were 131,800 publicly owned buses in India, but
1,544,700 buses owned by private companies.[44]
However, the share of buses is negligible in most Indian cities as
compared to personalised vehicles, and two-wheelers and cars account
for more than 80 percent of the vehicle population in most large cities.
[43]
 Many Indian states government have their own fleet of buses which
are run under their State Transport Department. Some of the top bus
fleet are as follows:
Bus Rapid Transit System

Main article: Bus rapid transit in India

Bus rapid transit systems (BRTS), exist in several cities of the country.
[45]
 Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities,[46] and
serve as an important mode of transport. Services are mostly run by
state government owned Transport Corporations.[43] In 1990s all
government State Transport Corporations have introduced various
facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air-conditioned buses
to attract private car owners to help decongest roads.[47]
[48]
 The Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transport System, in 2010 won the
prestigious Sustainable Transport Award from the Transportation
Research Board in Washington.[49]
Rainbow BRTS in Pune is the first BRTS system in the country. Mumbai
introduced air conditioned buses in 1998.[50] Bangalore was the first city
in India to introduce Volvo B7RLE intra-city buses in India in January
2005 .[51][52][53] Apsrtc is the first transport corporation to introduce night
service, online reservation, to nationalize passenger Road Transport
Services in the country - 1932, to introduce long distance night express
services and A/C Sleeper, Hi-tech, Metro Liner, Inter-City Services and
Metro Express, depot computerisation - 1986, to appoint Safety
Commissioner for improving the safety of passengers Bangalore is the
first Indian city to have an air-conditioned bus stop, located near Cubbon
Park. It was built by Airtel.[54] The city of Chennai houses one of Asia's
largest bus terminus, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.
Taxis
Most of the taxicabs in India are either Premier Padmini or Hindustan
Ambassador cars.[83] However, with app based taxi services
like Ubercoming to India as well as homegrown Indian app based taxi
services like Ola coming to the fore, taxicabs now include Sedans,
[84]
 SUVs[85]and even motorcycle taxis.[86] Depending on the city/state,
taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such
as Bangalore,Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, taxis need to be
hired over phone,[87] whereas in cities like Kolkata and Mumbai, taxis can
be hailed on the street. According to government of India regulations, all
taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.[88] There are additional
surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by
the passenger. Since 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly
popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.[89]
In cities and localities where taxis are expensive or do not ply as per the
government or municipal regulated fares, people use share taxis. These
are normal taxis which carry one or more passengers travelling to
destinations either on one route to the final destination, or near the final
destination.[citation needed] The passengers are charged according to the
number of people with different destinations.[citation needed] The city of
Mumbai will soon be the first city in India, to have an "in-taxi" magazine,
titled MumBaee, which will be issued to taxis which are part of the
Mumbai Taximen's Union. The magazine debuted on 13 July 2009.
[90]
 In Kolkata, there are many no refusal taxi available with white and
blue in colour.[91]
Auto[edit]
Main article: Auto rickshaw

An Autorikshaw in Mango Orangevillage, Nilgiris.

An auto is a three-wheeler vehicle for hire that does not have doors and
is generally characterised by a small cabin for the driver in the front and
a seat for passengers in the rear.[92] Generally it is painted in yellow,
green or black color and has a black, yellow or green canopy on the top,
but designs vary considerably from place to place. The color of the
autorickshaw is also determined by the fuel that it is powered by, for
example Agartala, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Delhi have green or black
autos indicating the use of compressed natural gas, whereas the autos
of Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad have green autos indicating the use of
LPG.[citation needed]
In Mumbai and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'rickshaws' as they
are popularly known have regulated metered fares. A recent law
prohibits auto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the specified
fare, or charging night-fare before midnight, and also prohibits the driver
from refusing to go to a particular location. Mumbai and Kolkata are also
the only two cities which prohibit auto rickshaws from entering a certain
part of the city, in these cases being South Mumbai and certain parts
of Downtown Kolkata.[93] However, in cities like Chennai, it is common to
see autorickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and
refuse to use fare meter.[94]
Airports and railway stations at many cities such
as Howrah, Chennai and Bangalore provide a facility of prepaid auto
booths, where the passenger pays a fixed fare as set by the authorities
for various locations.[95]
Electric rickshaw is new popular means of transport, rapidly growing in
number in India, due to low running and initial cost, other economic and
environment benefits, these vehicles are becoming popular in India. E-
Rickshaws are made in fiberglass or metal body, powered by a BLDC
Electric Motor with max power 2000W and speed 25 km/h.
Rail[edit]

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in West Bengal is a World Heritage Site,

[96]
 and one of the only few steam locomotive operated railway lines in
India
Country-wide rail services in India, are provided by the state-run Indian
Railways under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. IR is divided
into seventeen zones including the Kolkata Metro Railway.[97] The IR are
further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional
headquarters.[98][99]
The railway network traverses through the length and breadth of the
country, covering more than 7,000 stations over a total route length of
more than 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and track length of about 115,000 km
(71,000 mi).[100] About 22,224 km (13,809 mi) or 34% of the route-
kilometre was electrified as on 31 March 2012.[101] IR provides an
important mode of transport in India, transporting over 18 million
passengers and more than 2 million tons of freight daily across one of
the largest and busiest rail networks in the world.[100] IR is the world's
largest commercial or utility employer, with more than 1.4 million
employees.[102][103] As to rolling stock, IR owns over 200,000 (freight)
wagons, 50,000 coaches and 8,000 locomotives.[102] It also
owns locomotive and coach production facilities. It operates both long
distance and suburban rail systems on a network of broad gauge
The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher
priority. The Rajdhani trains introduced in 1969 provides connectivity
between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states. On the
other hand, Shatabdi Express provides connectivity between centres of
tourism, pilgrimage or business. The Shatabdi Express trains run over
short to medium distances and do not have sleepers while the Rajdhani
Expresses run over longer distances and have only sleeping
accommodation. Both series of trains have a maximum permissible
speed of 110 to 140 km/h (81 to 87 mph) but average speed of less than
100 km/h.[citation needed]. The Duronto Express (without any commercial stop
between the origin and the destination but with a few technical stops for
crew change and food intake) and Garib Raths express that provide
cheap no-frill airconditioned rail travel.
Besides, the IR also operates a number of luxury trains which cater to
various tourist circuits. For instance, the Palace on Wheels serves the
Rajasthan circuit and The Golden Chariot serves the Karnataka and Goa
circuits.[citation needed] There are two UNESCO World Heritage Siteson IR,
the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus[104] and the Mountain railways
of India.[105] The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in
different parts of India, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway,
a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West
Bengal, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre
gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka-Shimla
Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in
Himachal Pradesh.[105]
In India, freight (goods) trains can carry standard containers double-
stacked on flat-bed wagons with normal axle load of about 22 tonnes
and do not require special low-bed wagons unlike in other countries that
have (relatively narrow) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. They
carry almost 4000 tonnes per rake which is almost twice the load a
normal goods train can haul. Some double-stacked container freight
trains on the route through Rewari station also carry "high cube"
containers that are 2896 mm (9 ft 6-inch) high (higher than standard
containers that are generally 8 ft or 2.438 mm high) on special low-well
wagons owned by private clients. Some private logistics operators have
built container storage yards north of Rewari near Garhi Harsaru for this
purpose.[citation needed]
In 1999, the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll
off (RORO) service, a unique road-rail synergy system, on the section
between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa,[106] which was
extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004.[107][108] The RORO
service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported
on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular,[109] carrying about 110,000
trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the
corporation till 2007.[110

Airways[edit]
Main article: Aviation in India

Air India, the flag carrier of India

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the national regulatory body for
the aviation industry. It is controlled by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The
ministry also controls aviation related autonomous organisations like
the Airports Authority of India (AAI), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
(BCAS), Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi and Public Sector
Undertakings including Air India, Pawan Hans Helicopters
[137]
Limitedand Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
Air India is India's national flag carrier after merging with Indian
(airline) in 2011[138] and plays a major role in connecting India with the
rest of the world.[139] IndiGo, Jet Airways, Air
India, Spicejet and GoAir are the major carriers in order of their market
share.[140] These airlines connect more than 80 cities across India and
also operate overseas routes after the liberalisation of Indian aviation.
Several other foreign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities
across the globe. However, a large section of country's air transport
potential remains untapped, even though the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor
was ranked 10th by Amadeus in 2012 among the world's busiest routes.
[141][142]

Airports[edit]

While there are 346[143] civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved

runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as
"airports" as of November 2014.[144] Of these, Indira Gandhi International
Airport in Delhi is the busiest in the country.[145][146][147] The operations of
the major airports in India have been privatised over the past 5 years
and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The
terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.
India also has 33 "ghost airports," which were built in an effort to make
air travel more accessible for those in remote regions but are now non-
operational due to a lack of demand. The Jaisalmer Airport in Rajasthan,
for example, was completed in 2013 and was expected to host 300,000
passengers a year but has yet to see any commercial flights take off.
Despite the number of non-operational airports, India is currently
planning on constructing another 200 "low-cost" airports over the next 20
years.[148]

Conclusion

Transportation is, both a traded services in its own right as well as pre-
requisite for trade in goods and services. Transport is an integral part of the
production process and therefore has a direct bearing on a country's economy
and development. The very survival of a nation depends fundamentally on the
movement of goods it produces and receives in exchange from other nations.
It is a life line of international trade. Effective and efficient transportation
brings about enhanced international trade, increased foreign exchange, and
hence the GDP of a country which brings about overall development of the
economy. Transportation services are included in chapter 11 of GATS
classification. They are further classified into: maritime transportation services,
internal waterways transport, air transport services, space transport, rail
transport services, road transport services, pipeline transport, and services
auxiliary to all modes of transportation. Though eight sectors are included
under the GATS, only maritime transportation service is the main focus of the
negotiations. Maritime transportation is just one mode of transport which
picks up cargo from one port in a country to a port in another country.

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K.D., 1997. Principles of Transportation Economics. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

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K., 2010. Transport Economics (3rd ed.). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Jara-
Diaz, S., 2007.

Transport Economic Theory. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Small, K., and E. Verhoef,

2007. The Economics of Urban Transportation (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
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